1、单词词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割6 数词 numeral num. three 三7 冠词 article art. a 一个8 介词 preposition prep. at 在.9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦前六类叫实
2、词，后四类叫虚词。短语短语:分句或者句子中有机地联系在一起的一组词，短语中含有一个中心词，并且以它为核心，在它的前后可以再添加一些修饰或者辅助它的词，短语，甚至分句名词短语：the center of Australia,their seat.动词短语:didnt know,can do 形容词短语：very good.副词短语：even today.right away介词短语：after graduation,at school.由介词加介词的宾语构成，中心词就是介词。句子按其作用或使用目的，句子可分为：陈述句(包括肯定句和否定句)：This is a truck. 这是一辆卡车。疑问句（
3、包括一般疑问句和特殊疑问句）：Is this a truck? 这是卡车吗?祈使句：（有表示要求和请求两种）Drive the truck away. 把卡车开走。感叹句：（有 what 或者 how 引导）What a big truck it is! 多么大的卡车!句式结构分为五大类：1 主+系动词+表语+ （表语补足语）常用的连系动词：表语是表明主语身份或状态 变成,变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn 保持某种状态：Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay. 看起来，好像：Appear,
4、look, seem. 感官动词：Feel, smell, sound, taste.He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nicc花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before你长得比以前高了。He has sud
5、denly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country他永远不会背叛他的祖国。1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and
6、strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。说明：有些动词同时也有其他意思，这时它就不是系动词了，就不是主系表结构，而是主谓结构的句子。如 look 看， He looked me up and down他上下打量我。（主谓宾结构）如 come 回来，He come back at six.他六点回来。 （主谓结构）如 taste 品尝 They are tasting
7、 the fish他们在品尝鱼。主谓宾结构）2 主语+谓语此结构的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 7. They talked for half an hour.
8、 他们谈了半个小时。 8. The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。She came。她来了。He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out煤气用完了。My ink has run out我的钢笔水用完了。3 主语+谓语+宾语在此句式中，V 是及物动词(vt)，因此有宾语。例如：此句型句子的共同特点
9、是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格 ，1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said “Good morning.“ 他说：“早上好！“7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admi
10、ts that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。She likes English.她喜欢英语。I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children这些孩子他们照
11、看得很好。You should look after your children well你应该好好照看你的孩子。4 主语+谓语+双宾在此句式中，V 是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn 等。1、 “七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8 个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.” 如:He lent some money t
12、o me.类似动词的还有： get,mail,offer,owe(借） ，pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach 等2、 “buy”(买);“draw”( 画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”, 构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。如:Mother bought a new dress for me。类似的动词还有：build ，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购）,reach 等。3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语 for 和 to 于直接宾语之后如
13、：Richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西Give it to me。把它给我4、 有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如 ask,teach,tell,owe, pay.I asked John. 我问约翰I asked a question. 我问了一个问题I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题5、 suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce 等动词后必须跟介词 to,不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。Could you explain your point of
14、view to us?=Could you explain to us your point of view?例如：He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a
15、 favor/a favor for me请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me他问我个问题。 （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I showed him my pictures
16、. 我给他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。7. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。注意，下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money他们抢了老人的钱。Hes warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医生治好了他的病。We must rid the ho
17、use of the erats我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak他们剥夺了他说话的权利。5 主语+谓语+宾语+ 补语（主补或宾补）1, 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。Verb（动词）Object（宾语）to do sth His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他
18、父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。2, Verb（动词）Object（宾语）doing sthMy father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.3, Verb（动词）Object（宾语）doneYesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.4, Verb（动词）Object（宾语）adj(形容词)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。5，Verb（动词）Object（宾语）prep( 介词短语)My father kept
19、me at home6，Verb（动词）Object（宾语）n(名词)We made him our monitor.名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士 .名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松. 名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作. 名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户. 名词
20、/代词宾格 + 分词I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路. （及物） （宾语） （宾补） 1. They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？6. We saw him out. 我们送他出去
21、7. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow 等。 注意：动词 have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch 等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带 to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I h
22、eard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out我发现他出去了。I saw him in我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him come in and go out我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast
