1、1定语从句 思维导图易考易错点总结定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1考查如何正确选择关系词解题思路：找出从句，确定被修饰词，即先行词将先行词代入定语从句，判断先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分:若作主语、宾语、表语、定语，则选择关系代词；若作状语则选关系副词。2考查 whose 的用法whose 可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语， 后跟名词。指物时，whose 名词名词of whichof which名词。如： The classroom whose door/the door of whic
2、h/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.3考查 as/which 引导的非限制性定语从句尤其要重视 which，as 引导的非限制性定语从句和 that，what 引导的主语从句的区别。4考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用 whom，指物时用 which，不能用 that。关系
3、代词作定语时也可用 whose。如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.同时还要注意包含复杂介词或代词短语的定语从句与并列句的区别。如：(1)He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句)(2)He loves his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句)此外， “介词which名词”
4、结构也是一个较为特殊的结构。如：He was very ill, in which case(and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.6考查一些特殊的先行词(1)当 situation, point, position, case, activity, scene, job, race, stage, degree 及 period, festival, occasion（场合/时机）等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析。这类词作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词 that 或 which；作状语时，用关系副词 where，when 或“介词wh
5、ich” 。2(2) the way 做先行词，当它在从句中作方式状语时，其后的关系词用 in which/that/省略；当它作主语/宾语时，其后的关系词用 which/that。7考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别(1)It was this small village where we got to know each other.(定语从句)(2)It was in this small village that we got to know each other.(强调句)(3)It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)导入： e.
6、g. She is a beautiful girl.She is a girl who is beautiful .（一）定语从句定义1.定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某个_或_的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，2.先行词：被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词。3.用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系代词的种类：关系代词_,_,_,_,_,_关系副词： _, where, why 4.定语从句结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing t
7、owards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.（二）定语从句分类限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，对先行词起修饰限定作用，从句与先行词紧密相连缺少它，则句义显得不完整，一般不用逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词关系松散，用逗号隔开。1.The m
8、an who gave me this book is Tom .(_)2.Tom,who is reading a book ,is my classmate (_)（三）关系代词先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。 2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分 。先行词指代 关系词 定语从句在从句中做的成分人 主语( 说明是“ 谁”)人 宾语( 说明是“ 谁”)人 定语( 说明是“ 谁的”)人 / 物 主语 / 宾语物 主语 / 宾语时间 时间状语原因 原因状语地点 地点状语人物/事件/句子 主语/宾语/表语31. who 指人，在定语从句中作 _语，口语中可做_语；that 也可指人，但多用who.e.
9、g. The man _ is sitting under the tree is a German .The students _ speaks German best comes from China .The man _you want to see is here .2. Whom 指_，在句中做_，可省略，但在做介词的宾语是只能用 whom,不能用who.关系代词前有介词时不能省略。e.g. The man (_) you look for has left .I know the girl (_) the teacher is speaking to .I know the gir
10、l to _ the teacher is speaking .3. whose, 作定语，可指人或物=the +n +of which=of which the +ne.g. Everyone heplps the child _parents are dead.They are the lazy students _homework wasnt handed in .针对练习1.【2011全国卷I)】The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination.A. that B. which C. whose D.
11、what2.【2011四川卷） 】The school shop, _ customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays. A. which B. whose C. when D. where3.10 山东Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. A. that B. which C. whose D. What4.10 陕西The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. A. w
12、here B. which C. its D. whose5.10北京Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A. what B. whose C. which D. that 6.10 重庆In china, the number of cities is increasing _development is recognized across the world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that4.that 指 _或 _，多指物，作_语（不
13、能省略）或_语（可省略）e.g. He is the finest comrade_ has helped us .This is a plant _ grows in the north .5. which ,指_，在句中做主语（不能省略），或宾语（可省略）。e.g. This is a plant _ grows in the north . 常用 that 不用 which 的情况只能 that 用做关系代词的情况（共 9 种类型） 。1.当先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one 等不定代词时，只用
14、 that。歌诀助记：不定代词这路货，全用 that 准没错。Pay attention to everything _ I do.2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用 that。歌诀助记：先行词前被限定，千万不要用 which.This is the best novel (_) have read.3.如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用 that。4歌诀助记：两项并列人与物，引导定从用 that.They were talking about the person and things _they remembered in school.4.当先行词
15、被 the only, the last, the very, the same 等等修饰时。This is the last time _I shall give you a lesson.5.在疑问词 which 开头的特殊疑问句中,为了避免重复只用 that。Which of the students _ knows something about history.6. 当先行词被 All, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时，只用 that。He has little time _ he can spare.7.当被修饰的成分是数词时， （被
16、修饰成分是代名词 one，指人时除外）只用 that.Ive got one_ you might be interested in.（3）用 which，不用 that 的情况引导非限制性定语从句。e.g. Football, _is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. 卡罗尔说这项工作将在十月前做，对此我个人表示怀疑。直接放在介词后作宾语
17、时。Language is the most important tool without _ people cant communicate with each other.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。针对练习1.【2011上海卷) 】Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station _ you can hire to reach your host family.A. which B. where C. when D. as2.【2011山东卷） 】The old town has narrow streets and small ho
18、uses _are built close to each other.A. they B. where C. what D. that3.【2011福建卷） 】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other.A. which B. where C. what D. who4.10 湖南Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school I m
19、et in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which5.10 全国I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault. A. who B. that C. as D. what（四）关系副词1.when 指时间 = in / at / on / during + which；（1）在定语从句中作状语，先行词主要为一些时间名词（year ,day ,time,week 等）,但时间名词在从句中作主语，宾语时，应用
20、that，which ，不能用 whene.g. He still remember the day _ he joined the army .做主语 Ill never forget the time _/_ we worked on the farm.作状语 I still remember the day _/_ is his birthay.做主语He regretted the days _/_ he spent on play . 做宾语He rememberes the days_ he spent much money on stories .(2) It is the fi
21、rst time that 句型中， that 是习惯用法，不用 when。5e.g. It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall .2.where 指地点 = in / at / from + which；（1）指前面的地点，在从句中作状语。e.g. I know the factory_/_ I worked twenty years ago .(2) 指地点，在句中作主语，宾语时不能用 where，须用 that/which .e.g. This is the house _/_ he has lived for 20
22、years .This is the house _ he has lived in for 20 years .e.g. This is the shool _/_ we study every year.This is the shool _/_ we visited yesterday. 注：有时 when ,where 相当于 “介词 +which ”.e.g. He left the room _/_ he lived last year. (3) 当先行词为某个方面、情况、阶段、位置等的词时使用关系副词注意；抽象地点名词Stage, occasion, point, case, a
23、ctivity这类词做先行词如果缺状语 wheree.g. I can think of many cases_ drivers know traffic rules but dont follow them. We have reached a point _a change is needed.They have reached the point _they have to separate with each other.Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A which B
24、that C / D where3.why 指原因 = for which“the reason why .that. ”中，不能用 because 代替 that .e.g. Thats the reason_/_ he didnt come to school .The reason why he didnt attend the meeting is that he was ill .但 reason 在从句中做宾语时，关系代词用 that/which ,课省略e.g. I dont believe the reason _/_ he gave me .关系副词针对性练习1.【2011江
25、苏卷） 】Between the two parts of the concert is an interval（ 间隔; 幕间, 休息时间; 距离）, _ the audience can buy ice-cream.A. when B. where C. that D. which2.【2011安徽卷） 】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _ it will keep for two or three weeks.A. when B. which C. where D. while3.【2011浙江卷） 】A b
26、ank is the place _ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. A. when B. that C. where D. there4.【2011 福建卷） 】It was April 29,2001 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.Athat Bwhen Csince Dberore5【2011陕西卷） 】I w
27、alked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.A. which B. where C. who D. that6.10 福建Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. 6A. that B. where C. which D. whose7.10 江西The girl arranged to have pian
28、o lessons at the training center with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. A where B who C which D what8.10 天津-Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?-You should try the barbers I go. Its only 15. A. as B. which C. where D. that9.09 上海Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he composed
29、 The Magic Flute are both museums now。A. where B. when C. there D. which 10.09 四川Shell never forget her stay there _ _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that B. which C. where D. when 11.09 福建Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.A.
30、that B. when C. which D. where 12.09 浙江I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.A. which B. where C. how D. why13.09 重庆Life is like a long race _we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A. why B. what C. that D. where 14.09 北京What do you think of teacher, Bo
31、b？I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. A. where B. which C. when D. that （五） “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当先行词在定于从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关系代词之前，构成“介词+关系代词（whom/which） ”结构。但一些短语东西如 look after 等中的介词不能与动词分开，故不能放在关心代词之前。确定介词时：一是，依据定于从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配，二是，依据先行词的某种习惯搭配
32、，三是，根据所要表达的意思来确定，例如：介词+ 关系代词针对性练习1.10 山东Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which2.09 陕西Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which3.09 江西The
33、 house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which 4.10 浙江The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whom B. which C. them D. those75.08 福建By nine oclock, all the Olym
34、pic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, appeared a rare rainbow soon.A.of which B.on which C.from which D.above which6.08 四川For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, New York is an example.A.for which B.in which C.of which D.from which（六）.非限定性定语从句1. 关系代
35、词在非限定性定语从句中的用法。指人做主语用 who,作宾语用 whom ，指地点用 where，指时间 when，指物只用which，不能用 that，作定语用 whose。e.g. He didnt see the film, which was very interesting .(不用 that)（七）as 引导的限制性定语从句A such .as 和 the sameas 的用法such .as： 像.一样的，像.之类；the sameas： 和.同样的 在这两个句型中，as 是关系代词， such 和 same 作定语，修饰主语里的某个名词（或代词） ，这个名词是由 as 引导的定语
36、从句的先行词， as 在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。Eg： We have found such materials as are used in their factory.( 在从句中作主语)I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.（在从句中作宾语）The result is not the same as they had expected.( 在从句中作宾语) 重点比较 the same as和 the same thatthe sameas:和.相同（代指同类事物） ；th
37、e same that：和.相同（代指同一事物）两者都引导定语从句。as 从句中说明的名词与 the same 修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。that 从句中说明的名词与 the same 修饰的名词是同一个。Eg：He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.This is the same pen that I lost. =This is the pen that I lost.(指同一支笔)This is the sam
38、e (kind/type/sort) of pen as I lost.（指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支）B .such as 的用法.such as 中的 such 为代词，意思是“这样的人或物”，as 在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。Eg： This book is not such as I expect.He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.I have not many, but I will send you such as I have.相关链接：such as 还有“诸如，例如，像 那样
39、的” 的意思，此时后面跟名词或名词短语等。Eg：They bought a lot of fruit, such as apples,oranges,etc.（八）as 引导的非限制性定语从句as 可以像 which 一样引导非限制性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以8是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as 在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。此外，有些as 引导的定语从句已成为固定用法，如：As we know As has been said before 如上所述As is known to all As is often the case 像通常那样As is reporte
40、d As was expected 正如预料的那样Eg： She is very careful, as her work shows.As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. 重点比较as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句的联系和区别 as 和 which 都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句置于主句之后时，as 和 which 可以和互换。Eg：He didnt tell me any news, as/which u
41、pset me. Which 引导的从句，代表的前面的整个主句时，不能放在主句之前。而 as 引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时，可以放在主句之前或之后，有时也可以放在主语和谓语之间。Eg：As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.= Talks between the two countries, as is reported in the newspapers, are making progress.As 与 that 的区别As 引导的定语从句表示它的内容与主句
42、所讲的内容相似，即指同类事物；that 引导定语从句表示的内容与主句相同，即为同一事物。e.g. This is the same pen that I lost yesterday .这正是我昨天丢的钢笔。This is the same pen as I lost yesterday .这正像我昨天丢的钢笔。（九）.同位语从句与定语从句区别：1. 同位语从句和定语从句结构相似，通常位于某一名词或代词之后，但两者存在明显区别：同为语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明，是该名词性成分具体内容的体现（相当于名词的作用） 。That 引导的同位语从句中引导词 that 不在该同位语从句中充当成分，但不能
43、被省略，同位语从句还可以用 whether,how 等连词引导（定语从句则不能） 。定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰，说明先行词的性质或特征（相当于一个形容词的作用） ，定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当成分（that 在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语，宾语或表语，充当定语从句的宾语，that 可以省略）注意体会一下三组例句.（1） 第一组 We cant solve the problem how we can travel faster than light .我们解决不了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。 I cant remember the problem that they have
44、.我记不得他们的问题了。（2） 第二组 I wont believe the fact that he lied to his mother.我不愿相信他对他母亲撒谎的事实 I wont believe the fact (that) he told me .我不愿相信他告诉我的事实。（3） 第三组 The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. 汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.他告诉我的消息是汤姆来年将出国。例题：91.
45、 News came from the school office _ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.A which B what C that D where 2. Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea _ the party is to be held ?A what B which C that D where 3. There is much chance _ Bill recover from his injury in time for the race .A that B which C until D if 4. Is there any possiblility _ you could pick me up at the airport ?- No problem.A when B that C wheth
