高中英语被动语态讲解精华版.doc

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1、高中英语被动语态讲解被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由 be过去分词构成,be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时2) has /have been done 现在完成时3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时4) was/were done 一般过去时5 ) had been done 过去完成时6 ) was/were being done 过去进行时7) shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be d

2、one/ be to be to done 一般将来时8) should/would be done; was/ were going to be done; was/ were about to be done; was/ were to be to done 过去将来时9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时(少用)被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词be过去分词。2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,

3、 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语.例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。 4)在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略,但为为被动结构时,要加 to。例

4、:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如 “动词介词” ,“动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例:I dont like being laughed at in the public.It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据

5、说” 或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型 “Itbe过去分词that 从句”或“ 主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有: It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道,It is believed that大家相信, It is hoped that大家希望,It is well known that众所周知, It is thought that大家认为,It is suggested that据建议。 谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英

6、语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock ,open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例:This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。2. 表示 “发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn o

7、ut 等以主动形式表示被动意义。例:How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例:Your reason sounds reasonable.非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在 need,want ,require, bear 等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。2 .形容词 worth 后

8、面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例:I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系。)试比较:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。)

9、4. 在某些 “形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy,fit,hard,difficult,important , impossible,pleasant,interesting 等。例:This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作 to work out 省略了for me).5 在 too to结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例:This book is too expensive (for me)

10、to buy.6. 在 there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。例:There is no time to lose(to be lost)(用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost,谁 lost time 不明确。)7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例:Who is to blame for starting the fire?介词

11、in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构,表示“ 某事在进行中”。常见的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治疗中) , under repair(在修理中), under discussion(在讨论中), under construction(在施工中)。例:The building is under construction( is being constructed).2 “beyond+

12、名词”结构,“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有:beyond belief (令人难以置信), beyond ones reach(鞭长莫及),beyond ones control(无法控制),beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例:The rumor is beyond belief(=cant be believed)3.“above+名词” 结构 , 表示“(品质、行为、能力等 ) 超过 、高于” 。例:His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enou

13、gh4 “for+名词” 结构,表示 “适于、 为着”。如:for sale(出售), for rent(出租)等。例:That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5 “in+名词” 结构 ,表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有:in print(在印刷中),in sight(在视野范围内),等。 例:The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6 “on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有:on sale(出售),on show(展出), on trial(受审)。例:To

14、day some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名词” 结构 ; 表示 “超出 之外“,常见的有:out of control (控制不了),out of sight (超出视线之外),out of ones reach(够不着 ), out of fashion(不流行) 等。 例:The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8 “within+名词”结构,“在内、不超过”。例:He took two days off within

15、the teachers permission被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词” 作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作;作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时,be 后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下:1如果强调动作或句中有介词 by 引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。例:The glass is broken (系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy (被动语态)2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。例:The door is locked (系表结构)The door has already/jus

16、t been locked(被动语态)3 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,系表结构中的系动词 be 只有一般时态和完成时态。例: The machine is being repaired被动语态与高考试题赏析1高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)A. is serving B. is served C. Serves D. served解析:B 因为 serve 是及物动词,其动作承受者 tea 作主语,表示经常发生的情况,故用一般现在

17、时的被动语态。2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002)A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing解析:C Ted 是 kill 的承受者,用被动语态,且 Ted 救人发生在过去,所以用一般过去时的被动语态。3). - Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being

18、painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting解析:A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系,排除 B,D 。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆,所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作,排除 C。4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. (上海春 2003)A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been

19、 decided解析:D decide 是及物动词,动作的发出者通常是人,句中的主语是动作的承受者,所以 decide 要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词 yet,可判断用现在完成时,不定式做主语用单数,故用现在完成时的被动语态。5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.(上海春 2001)A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked解析:B 句中 tickets

20、是 book(订票)的承受者,主谓为被动关系,又因票已被订出应发生在 entered the office 这个过去动作之前,所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)A. to see B. to be seen C.

21、 seeing D. seen解析:B 根据题意,那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作,应使用不定式,故排除掉 C、D 两项;又因 remains 的逻辑主语 it 是动词 see 说表示动作的承受者,即“到国外旅行” 这件事,这件事有待于“被决定” ,应使用动词不定式的被动形式。2). While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. (上海 1996)A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded解析:C cant help doing “禁不住做某事” ,排除 A 和 D;顾客应是“被劝说”购物的,要用动名词的被动语态。3) . I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. (上海 2002)A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed D. should blame解析: A feel 的宾语从句为强调句型,在 be to do 结构中,在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态,如 to blame,to let 等。

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