1、翻译理论与实践考试理论部分复习提纲一、翻译定义：1. 张培基翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。3. 刘宓庆翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。4. 王克非翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。5. 泰特勒好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。6. 费道罗夫翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。7. 卡特福德翻译的定义也可以这样说：把一种语言（Source Lan
2、guage）中的篇章材料用另一种语言（Target Language）中的篇章材料来加以代替。8. 奈达翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语信息最切近的自然对等物，首先就意义而言，其次就是文体而言。“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” -Eugene Nida纽马克通常（虽然不
3、能说总是如此） ，翻译就是把一个文本的意义按作者所想的方式移译入另一种文字（语言） 。 “Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.” - Peter Newmark10. “Translation is the expression in one language (or target language
4、 译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.” - Dubois12. 13.Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message o
5、r text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text.二、翻译标准1. 翻译的标准概括为言简意赅的四个字：“忠实（faithfulness） 、通顺（smoothness） ”。忠实指的是忠实于原文。通顺指的是译文的语言必须合乎规范、通俗易懂。2. 严复对翻译曾经提出“信（fai
6、thfulness） 、达（expressiveness） 、雅（elegance） ”的标准：“译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。 ”3. “泰特勒三原则 ”：（1）That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work；（2）That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original；（3）That t
7、he Translation should have all the ease of original composition.”（1）译作应完全复写出原作的思想；（2）译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；（3）译作应具备原作所具有的通顺。 ”（谭载喜，2006）泰特勒指出，这三项原则是好的翻译所必备的条件，它们次序的排列是恰当的、自然的，是按重要顺序排列的，如果在不得已的情况下要牺牲某一个原则就要注意到它们的次第和比较上的重要性，决不能颠倒主次，以牺牲思想内容的忠实来求得译文的优美和流畅。5. 奈达提出了著名的“动态对等” 。他对翻译所下的定义: 所谓翻译, 是在译语中用最切近而又最自然的
8、对等语再现源语的信息, 首先是意义, 其次是文体。Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida all questions of semantics relate to translation theory. (Newmark, 1982 /1988:5).(2). C
9、ultural Views on TranslationIn the cultural approach, translation is regarded not only as a transfer of linguistic signs, but also as a communication of cultures, i.e. translation is an “intercultural communication“; hence the terms of “intercultural cooperation“, “acculturation“, and “transculturat
10、ion“.翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化, 还要深入了解自己民族的文化。不仅如此, 还要不断地把两种文化加以比较, 因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们会说：他必须掌握两种语言; 确实如此, 但是不了解语言当中的社会文化 , 谁也无法真正掌握语言(王佐良,1989) 。(4). Semantic Views on TranslationThis view focuses on the semantic equivalence between the two languages,a
11、s well expressed by Eugene Nida(1986):“Translating means translating meaning“.Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark,1988:5).Semantic translation: the translator attempts,within the bare syntactic and semantic constr
12、aints of the target language,to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author (Newmark,1982:22).In semantic translation, greater attention is paid to rendering the authors original thought-processes in target language than to attempting to re-interpret source text in a way which the transla
13、tor considers more appropriate for the target setting (Shuttleworth 达如其分 (to be as expressive as the original);切合风格 (to be as close to the original style as possible).(浑金璞玉集，1994: 9)(7). 许渊冲：三重标准 (three levels of criteria) ( 翻译的艺术，1984: 26)标 准 低标准 中标准 高标准内容忠实(信) 明确 准确 精确(三似) 意似 形似 神似(三化) 浅化 等化 深化形式通
14、顺(达) 易懂 通顺 扬长(雅 ,或传神)(8). Alexander Fraser TytIer (泰特勒): Three Principles of TranslationAlexander F.Tytler, a famous British translation theorist, put forward the classical criteria in his Essay on the Principles of Translation (1790):1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas
15、 of the original work (译作应该完全传达原作的思想)；2) The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with that of the original (译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致)；3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition(译作应当和原作一样流畅).Tytler further points out that the above-said
16、 three principles are arranged and ranked according to the order of their significance, and that, when they are not simultaneously attainable, the first should be held to at the sacrifice of the third principle, then the second .(9). Eugene A. Nida (奈达): Functional Equivalence (功能对等)Eugene A.Nida, a
17、 famous American translation theorist, put forward his recent interpretation of functional equivalence in his Language and Culture: Context in Translating(2001:87):1) A minimal, realistic definition of functional equivalence:The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the poi
18、nt that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it. (最低限度而又切合实际的功能对等定义：译文读者对译文的理解应当达到能够想像出原文读者是怎样理解和领会原文的程度).2) A maximal, ideal definition of functional equivalence: The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate i
19、t in essentially the same manner as the original readers did. (最高限度合乎理想的功能对等定义：译文读者应当能够基本上按照原文读者理解和领会原文的方式来理解和领会译文).3. Classification of translation(1). Jakobson (1896-1982)1) Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.2) I
20、nterlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems.e.g.1) 原文：子曰： “学而时习之，不亦乐乎!有朋友自远方来，不亦乐乎!人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎!”译文一:
21、孔子说:“学习了而时常温习，不也高兴吗！有朋友从远方来，不也快乐吗!别人不了解我，我并不怨恨，不也是君子吗？” (徐志刚 译)译文二: The Master said，“To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt，Is that not after all a pleasure? That friends should come to one from afar, Is this not after all delightful? To remain unsoured even though ones merits are u
22、nrecognized by others, Is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman? (Waley 译)点评 原文同译文一之间的转换属于语内翻译 (intralingual translation), 即用同一语盲的其他语言符号对原文迸行阐释或者重述 (rewording)。原文同译文二之间的转换属于语际翻译 (interlingual translation)，即两个不同语言之间所进行的转换。2) 原文 ：A: What does your watch say?B: It says “five past three”.点评
23、 在这一对话中，B 实际上是在迸行一种翻译，这种翻译叫做符际翻译(intersemiotic translation)，即语言同非语言符号之间的代码转换。当 A 询问 B几点钟的时候，B 只能看钟或者看手表，而钟或者手表并不能说话，B 只能根据钟表的时针和分针来确定具体儿点钟了。而 B 所言实际上是言语传达一个非言语信息 (non-linguistic message)。将非言语信息用言语传达出来是翻译的一种方式，这不是从一种语言到另一种语言的转换过程，而是从非语言交际系统到语言交际系统的过程。非语言交际系统和语言交际系统的共同特征是两者都属于“ 符号系统“(即用于交际的系统)。雅可布逊 Ja
24、kobson)将这种由非语言交际系统到语言交际系统的转换过程称为符际翻译是恰当的。其实，我们每个人每一天、每一刻都在迸行着符际翻译而不自知也。从这个意义上说，我们每个人都是某种意义上的译者 (Hervey et.al 1995:8-9).(2). Peter Newmark (纽马克 ): Communicative and Semantic Translation (交际翻译与语义翻译)Peter Newmark, a famous British translation theorist, put forward his concepts of communicative and sema
25、ntic translation in his Approaches to Translation (1982/1988:39):1) Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. (交际翻译力图对译作读者产生尽可能接近原作读者所获得的效果).2) Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as th
26、e semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. (语义翻译力图在译作语言的语义结构和句法结构允许的情况下，译出原作在上下文中的准确意义).4. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation? Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art, andyet many consider it a
27、 craft, or rather, a skill.Of these varied opinions, which one holds true for our purpose? The answer depends on how we understand or interpret the word “translation“, for the very word “translation“ itself is ambiguous, and the Chinese equivalent “fanyi“ sounds even fuzzier. Fanyi, in Chinese, may
28、either stand for a subject of the curriculum, a job people engage in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself. Sometimes, “fanyi“ may even refer to the translator or interpreter himself/herself.If the word “translation“ refers to a subject, namely, the study of trans
29、lation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by; however, if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the
30、creative hands of the translator; whereas, if it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable
31、. Besides, it entails a lot of practiceparticular craftsmanship and skills are displayed by the touches of different translators.Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages, it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa; in terms
32、of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation; in terms of materials to be translated, there is translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc. , translation of political ess
33、ays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc. , and translation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices , receipts, etc.); in terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation（全文翻译）, abridged translation（摘译） or adapted translation（编译
34、）.5. Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to eva
35、luate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fus “three-character guide“, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely, the principle of “信、达、雅“(faithfulness expressiveness and elegance ).In the past decades Mr. Yans
36、principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.
