1、英汉词汇现象的对比,词的意义方面,意义对等的词 他们的意义在上下文中都完全相等，主要是一些已有通用译名的专有名词、术语以及日常生活中的一些事物名称。,The U.S. State Department 美国国务院computational linguistics 计算机语言学The Pacific Ocean 太平洋tuberculosis 结核病helicopter 直升飞机minibus 微型面包（面包车）,2. 一些成语，谚语也可适当使用对等译法翻译。成语：cut in a joke 插科打诨speak ones mind 畅所欲言be after ones own heart 称心如意
2、turn up ones nose at 嗤之以鼻fish in troubled waters 浑水摸鱼,聪耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to吹毛求疵 pick a hole in sbs coat得意忘形 have ones nose in the air骑虎难下 hold a wolf by the ears,谚语：Look before you leap. 三思而后行Ill news travels fast. 恶事传千里Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧Make hay while the sun shines. 乘热打铁,欲速则不达More hast
3、e, less speed.拉入篮里就是菜All is fish comes to the net.皇天不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.小巫见大巫 The moon is not seen when the sun shines.,翻译实例：1. I took the news with a grain of salt. 我对这个消息半信半疑。2. Unless youve got an ace up your sleeve, we are dished. 除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们输定了。3. He went through fire and
4、flood to save his mother. 他赴汤蹈火去救他的母亲。4. You have a lucky star above you. 你真是福星高照。,5. She is now between the devil and the deep sea in this matter. 她在这个问题上真是进退维谷 6. He is reaping what he has sown. 他这是咎由自取。7. She is an easy-going woman. She always throws her cares to the winds. 她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外
5、。,8. That little girl has a ready tongue. 那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿。9. The light-fingered gentry frequented these shops. 梁上君子经常光顾这些商店。10. That fellow is always fair without but foul within. 那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。,11. 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade.12. 为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 In orde
6、r to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries.13. 扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错了。 By searching his heart, he could not but admit that he was in the wrong.,14. 我们全力以赴，拿下了这场比赛。 We must do our level best to win this game.15. 他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。 He is shooting off his mouth. H
7、e dose not know anything of economy.16. 我讨厌游手好闲的人。 I dislike the people eating the bread of idleness.,3.词义上的部分对等，以及一词多义的现象。,marriage 娶，嫁gun 枪，炮sister 姐，妹morning 早上，上午,soft pillow soft music soft cushion soft woodsoft moneysoft drinksoft breezesoft lightsoft voicesoft firesoft hatsoft wordssoft answe
8、rsoft goodssoft heartsoft water,a soft aboveground launching site无坚固掩体的地面发射基地The record has been considered soft since it was set last May.自从五月份创造这个记录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour.这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆，即着陆时的飞行速度在每小时18英里左右。,Marijuana is usuall
9、y regarded as a soft drug.大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him from the hip.在目前，关于敌人的意图还只是不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。,2.3 根据词的搭配关系以及上下文联系来选择和确定词义。,to cut wheat 割麦子to cut cake 切蛋糕to cut finger-nails 剪/修指甲,He is the last man to co
10、me.他是最后来的。He is the last man to do it.他绝不会干那件事。He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。He should be the last to blame.怎么也不该怪他。He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to he
11、r, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或换鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已是多年以来的痛苦了。An area the size of the Hornets flight deck was marked off on an airship and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方，他们（机组人员）一次又一次地练习从这样一块有限的面积上起飞。,He always sits on the very edge of
12、his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.一些美国人越过国境线，只是为了吃点可口的墨西
13、哥食物，喝点墨西哥啤酒。,4. 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定句义。Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。,In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发亮。Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。,5. 词序方面,英、汉
14、语句子中的主要成分主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本是一致的。但各种定语的位置和各种状语的词序在英汉语中则有同有异，变化较多，所以英汉语序的比较，主要是指定语、状语位置异同的比较。,1. 定语的位置,1.1 单词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前面，汉语也大体如此。a research-oriented hospital 一所以科研为重点的医院something important重要的事情the bankers little garden银行老板的小花园A little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，
15、满脸短髭。,1.2 短语作定语,修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，汉语了则放在被修饰的名词之前，但间或也有放在后面的，视习惯而定。a building project of high-rise apartment houses一个多层公寓大楼的建筑项目a candidate with little chance of success.一个当选希望极其微弱的候选人particles moving round their atomic nucleus环绕原子核运动的粒子,2. 状语的位置,2.1 单词作状语在英汉两种语言中，单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面。Joh
16、n did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class.约翰当年不是出色的学生，但他在班上很活跃。,2.1.1 英语单词状语修饰动词，一般放在动词之后，而汉语 了一般放在动词之前。Modern science and technology are developing rapidly.现代科学技术正在迅速发展。2.1.2 英语里表程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般是前置。The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast i
17、n all directions.气体的分子非常迅速地向四面八方运动着。He is running fast enough.他跑的够快的了。,2.2短语做状语2.2.1 短语做状语在英语中一般放在被修饰的动词之前或后，译成汉语时，大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的，视汉语的习惯而定。,Then with a bag of toys and books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过了花园。A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me
18、 in spray.一辆坐满人的吉普车疾驰而过，溅了我一身水。North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single hoof beat北美洲的观众注视着英国皇家仪仗队的起步，连一个马蹄步也没有漏掉。,2.2.2 英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而在汉语中时间状语往往在地点状语之前。He was born in Furth on May 27, 1923.他是1923年5月27日在菲特尔出生的。2.2.3 英语中时间短语状语之间的排列一般都是从小到大，而汉语中一般是从大
19、到小，如：At eleven minutes past 1 A. M. on the 16th of October, 1946, Ribbentrop mounted the gallows in the execution chamber of the Nuremberg prison.1946年10月16日凌晨一点十分，里宾特洛甫走上纽伦堡监狱死刑室的绞架。I was born in Burdine, Kentucky, in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country.我出生于阿拉巴契亚山脉煤矿区中心的肯塔基州柏定市。,3. 词义的
20、引申 翻译时，有时会碰到词典上没有合适的词义，硬套或逐词死译会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时应该根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的基本含义出发，加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语来表达。,3.1将词义作抽象化的引申英语中常有一种表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性，一个事物或一种概念。一般可将这些词作抽象化引申，使译文流畅、自然。There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。Every life has its roses and thorn
21、s.每个人的生活都有甜和苦。,3.2 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词。See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。,3.3 将词义作具体话引申。英语中可以用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。,Vietnam was his entre to the new Administratio
22、n, his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。For twins they are very dissimilar, Colin is tall and active and Johnny is short and middle-aged. 这对双胞胎兄弟毫不相似，科林个子高，很活跃，约翰个子矮，很老成。This kind of wood works easily. 这种木料容易加工。,After the fall of France, Germany w
23、as incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea. 法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海军则处于劣势。The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前面的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。,我们吃掉敌人一个团。 We wiped out an enemy regiment.凭他多年的教学经验，这门课他拿得下来。 With many year
24、s teaching experience behind him he has no problem with this course. 必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针，加强精神文明建设。 We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand.,4. 词义的褒贬为忠实原文，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的立场和观点，然后选用恰当的语言手段
25、来加以表达，原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义，就应该把褒贬意义相应地表达出来；但也有些词语孤立起来看是中性的，但翻译时要根据上下文恰当地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。,4.1 本身就是贬褒义的词He was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。,Henry keeps boasting that he has ta
26、lked to the President.亨利总是吹嘘他曾同总统说过话。“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled.她回忆说：“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”The two politicians talked for no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in their careers.两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟，这次谈话是在他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。,4.2 中性词语，翻译时根据上下文恰当确定其贬褒意义He was a man of int
27、egrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成为他进行罪恶勾当的工具。,As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.他是个苛刻
28、的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。,Homework:1. I want you to account for every cent you spent.我要你对你花的每一分钱作出解释。account for：对负有责任；对做出解释；说明的原因；导致；（比例）占2. We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.我们不得不加快车速，以弥补在波士顿所耽搁的时间
29、。make up ：弥补；组成；化妆；整理3. There was no provocation for such an angry letter.写这样一封生气的信简直是毫无道理。There was no reason ,4. Fattys Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years.去发体餐厅就餐，七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情。Institution：制度、习俗；惯例 in the last few year近几年，in the last one year在过去的一年里5. The in
30、vention of machinery had brought into the world a new era-the Industrial Age. Money had become King.机器的发明使世界进入了一个新纪元即工业时代，金钱成为主宰一切的权威。,6. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.汉斯说，这位先生是他所见到过的最有胆识的人。这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。7. 这个消息让我出了一身冷汗。I was
31、 frightened by the news.I was extremely terrified by that news.,8. 他万万没有想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎！He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.9. 我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。I dare not show off in the presence of an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.10. 别人家
32、里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是顺风耳啊！You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed!,词类转译法（一）,英汉翻译时，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方法来逐词对译。原文一些词要转换词类才能使译文通顺。,1. 转译成动词英汉比较而言，汉语中动词比较多。在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，但在汉语中却可以是几个动词或动词性结构连用。英语中不少词类，如名词、前置词、形容词和副词等，在汉译时往往可以转译
33、成动词。,1.1 名词转译成动词1.1.1 英语中许多具有动作意义的名词和由动词派生的名词，往往可根据需要转译成汉语中的动词。例如：The pianist gave a fine performance. 钢琴家演奏得很出色。The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries. 由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接影响到科威特和其它荒凉的沙漠国家。,Rockets have found application for the exploration of the
34、 universe. 火箭已用来探索宇宙。 The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago. 白人向非洲移民开始于500年前。,1.1.2 有些英语被动句式中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”等这类结构。Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views.在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了
35、迫害。Throw a tennis on the floor. The ball bounces back. In the same way, when light falls on certain things it bounces back. When this happens, the light is said to be reflected.将网球扔到地板上，球会弹回来。同样，光照到某些物体上时也会弹回来。这种情况叫做光受到反射。,1.1.3 在汉译英时，也有把汉语名词转换成英语动词的情况： 他在剧中的精彩表演给我留下深刻的印象。His excellent performance i
36、n the play impressed me deeply. 这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。 This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.,1.1.4 汉语里是动词，译成英文转化为名词。 他反对改革。He is an enemy to reform.恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教的好。I am afraid I cant teach you English. I think my daughter is a better teacher than I.希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。 I would very much appre
37、ciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration.,1.2 前置词转译成动词英语中前置词用的相当多的，有很多翻译时可以译成动词。Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, a
38、nd into the porch.“来啦！” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。,I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。Carlisle Street runs westword, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markers, past single-storied homes, until
39、suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.卡列斯尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬了上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然冲着一大片绿色草地终止了。,1.3 形容词转译动词1.3.1 英语中有些表示知觉、情绪、欲望等心理状态的形容词，作表语时，常可转成汉语动词。这类形容词有： able, afraid, angry, ashamed, aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, igno
40、rant，sorry, thankful等。,I am very concerned about her. 我非常挂念她。 I am grateful to you for helping me. 感谢你的帮助。Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。Please let us know if our terms are acceptable . 请告知是否接受我方条款。,1.3.2 汉语动词转换为英语形容词 与英语的形容词转换为汉语的动词相反，汉语动词常转换为英语“b
41、e+ 形容词”的结构。如： 你熟悉这种机器的性能吗？ Are you familiar with the performance of this type of machine? 我为她的健康担忧。 I am anxious about her health.,我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识 。 We should never be content with a little book knowledge only. 他会不会来值得怀疑。 It is doubtful that he will come.,1.4 副词转化为动词 In those years the Republican
42、s were in.那些年是共和党执政。That book will be out pretty soon.那本书不久就要出版了。The sea thundered on, over and past , and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight. 海浪狂啸着滚来，如泰山压顶一般，又怒吼着滚远，巨浪过处，一片狼藉。,1.5 英语介词的转译1.5.1 英语介词转译成汉语动词 The government is behind this project. 政府支持这个项目。 Public opinion was against the propo
43、sal. 舆论都反对这个提议。,The road to development is long but we are firmly on it.发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上了这条路。It is our goal that the people in the underdeveloped areas will be finally off poverty.我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。,5.2汉语动词转译成英语介词 我们全体赞成他的建议。 We are all in favor of his suggestion. 他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持战斗。 They kept
44、on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. 他在公园了散步，手里拿着一把伞。He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his hand.,词类转移法（二）,1. 转移成形容词1.1 形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。The security and warmth of the ward in
45、the hospital were wonderful.医院的病房很安全也很温暖，好极了。He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。,1.2 有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。The blockade was a success.封锁很成功。As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give the necessary
46、 help.他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。,2. 其它词类转译2.1 形容词与副词的相互转译。英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成副词。Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lighting made us turn apprehensive glances towards Zero.偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使我们不时忧虑
47、地朝着零区方向望去。,It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。,2.2 英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。 The film impressed him deeply. 这部电影给了他深刻的印象。 He routinely radioed another agent on the ground. 他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联系。 The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。,
