1、英语作文文章类型 记叙文 记叙文定义和范围所谓记叙文，是以讲述故事或描述人物为主要内容，以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。叙述就是把与人物或事件有关的东西介绍出来，一般来说，记叙文分为记人和记事两种。记人是以人为主要叙述对象的文章，主要讲述人物的活动、经历、性格等方面。记事是以事件为中心的文章，事件的发生、发展和结果是文章的中心。记叙文要求语言清晰，叙述准确。为了达到这一目的，写记叙文必须掌握六大要素，即：时间 when、地点 where、人物 who、事情 what、原因 why、结果 how。记叙文须交代清楚这六大要素，为读者提供一定的背景知识，以便让读者在阅读时不会感到迷惑不解。但这并不是说记
2、叙文就是要人或事有关的所有内容都记下来，像记流水帐一样。记叙文的选材一定要具有典型性、代表性，能突出表现人物或事件的某一特征、某一方面。这样，才能使文章有声有色，不至于枯燥无味。 写作技巧和特点记叙文常常采用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。一般来说，第一人称更有生动感，以“ 我”作为故事里的角色，好像作者本人就在现场，让人有身临其境之感。但第一人称叙述常常局限在“我” 所见、所闻、所体验的事情，不能直接描写“我”不闻、不见、没有体验的东西。第三人称则较第一人称客观，但却不能描述出人物内心的真实体验。上面提到，记叙文所选的素材应有代表性、典型性。还应注意的一点就是，记叙文并不仅仅是简单的记叙一种经历、
3、一件事或某个人，它传达的是作者心灵的一种感受，一种体验，一种人生态度或人生哲理。所以，在写记叙文时，应注意文章中心思想的升华，让平凡的小事传达出深层次的东西。记叙文的记叙方式主要有四种：顺叙：按时间顺序记叙。倒叙：故事结果在开头，然后再按时间顺序记叙。插叙：在事故中间插入与主题相关的故事。夹叙夹议：一边叙述，一边议论，在事情叙述完了以后再对这件事进行议论。记叙文并不单是记叙，也可掺杂描写、议论，这样不仅可以使文章更生动，还深化了文章的主题。写记叙文还应注意的就是时态一致的问题。记叙文是记述已经发生或正在发生的故事，所以多用一般现在时、一般过去时和现在进行时。记叙文章时应注意全文的时态要保持一致
4、，以免使读者发生混淆。 范例范例一 Summer MemoriesTime certainly does fly! The summer holiday is drawing to an end. I had a wonderful summer.The holiday began after the July 10 exam. The heavy load of intense study was dropped, and I was free. I started to enjoy the holiday.Swimming is my favorite pastime. I often w
5、ent to the beach with my friends to escape the heat, and to soak in the cool, clean seawater. When the sun disappeared beyond the horizon , we would then tramp home reluctantly , but with a happy feeling.On other days, I stayed at home, with the electric fan on, curled up in an armchair, reading a n
6、ovel in cool comfort . The teachers at school had given us a reading list of boring titles to read during the holidays . Unfortunately, I had lost it, and read what I wanted.My constant visits to the public library allowed me to have a convenient and pleasant reading place. Besides enriching ourselv
7、es with useful knowledge, we also got free air-conditioning.I had also spent quite a bit of time in watching television, yet I did not indulge in it excessively, as it is very tiring to my eyes.Cold drinks, ice cream, watermelons, etc. all these aspects of the holiday faded away as the long hot summ
8、er came to an end, and I turned towards the path that leads to school once more. A new term loomed ahead, heralding another year of hard work.本文采用倒叙的方式，使用第一人称叙述手法，记叙了作者所度过的一个美好的暑假。一个人在暑假里或许会干许多事情，但却不能将他们都记叙下来，那样就了流水帐。作者选取游泳，读书这两件有代表意义的事情作为记叙的对象，体现了作者的假期的有意义。范例二A Get-togetherOn my way home, on the ru
9、nning train from south to north, I was so excited that I couldnt control my mind. This was my first time away from home so long and so far away , about six months and 3,000 kilometers. And now my hometown was just ahead. I would get together with my family and old friends. Oh, how beautiful it would
10、 be!Houses, trees, streets, and the familiar local dialect had all appeared in my dream many times during the past few months. Now they were in my ears and eyes. Was it a dream? Suddenly, my feet stopped, and tears came into my eyes. “Mum,“; “Dad“; these were the most beautiful words in the world. I
11、 opened my mouth wide, but I couldnt let out a sound. Yes, Mum and Dad, your daughter was now back. She traveled a long distance with a tired body. Now she is facing you. yes, it is true.My parents stood in the sun, peering at me, smiling. What a nice get-together!This was a beautiful winter morning
12、. My parents and I got together in a small station. We dearly love each other. Perhaps I will go on with my travel for a long time. During my travels, there will be a lot of small stations. But I will never forget this small station, where we had once such a beautiful get-together.本文运用顺序和第一人称，记叙了作者第
13、一次离家远行后回家时与父母相聚的场面。开头第一段交代了时间（第一次离家远行回家），地点（列车上），人物（我），事件（回家与父母相聚），从而为下文事情的发展提供了一定的背景知识。中间段落的发展运用描写手法，生动地记叙了当时团聚的场面。第一人称的运用是读者真切地感受到当时“我”与父母相聚的喜悦与感动。结尾则运用议论，升华文章的主题，使主题不再局限在对团聚这一简单的事件上，而是传达出作者内心所体验到的一种哲理：我与父母彼此深深地爱着对方，父母的爱会伴我永远。 描写文 题材范围及文体特点描写文主要是以描写为主要方式，通过生动形象的文字刻画，真实地再现当时的情景，突出被描写对象的特点，使读者获得一种真实
14、的感觉，与读者分享一种情感、一种感受。描写文运用文字描绘出一幅真实动人的画面，所以又被称为文学绘画 (picture in words)。描写文的题材十分广泛，几乎每种写作题材都可涉及到。描写文的运用，可以使文章增光添彩，更加生动。这样就要求作者拥有很深的文学功底。描写文是一种有较高水平要求的写作方式，要求作者对英文的掌握十分熟练，注重修辞和用词。 写作技巧及应注意的问题写描写文时应注意两个方面的问题。首先，注意使用一定的描写顺序，或由上至下、或由远及近，注意使用一定逻辑顺序，有条理、有层次地展开描写，以便读者理清文章的思路。其次，注意抓住重点，选择一个好的角度，尽量开阔自己的视野，从不同的角
15、度去看问题，使文章的立意明确而新颖。 范例范例一 First SnowThe first snow came. I don know when it began. Maybe it started at midnight , maybe from daybreak. Early in the morning when I woke up from my dream, I found that the whole world had become a white one. How beautiful it was! The snow fell so silently on the mountai
16、ns, on the trees, on the roofs , and on the faces of the children. Only the river is not frozen . It marks its course by a winding black line across the landscape. With the first snow, everywhere seems to be so quiet. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels!这是一篇景物描写文，文章以初雪作为被描述的对象，抓住雪的轻盈与洁白这
17、两个主要特点，为我们描绘出了一幅美丽的冬雪图。作者加用词简单，却十分生动、真实。范例二My Beloved MotherIf you ask me whom I love most in the world , I will say without the slightest hesitation: my mother. Like many other Chinese women, my mother is diligent. She works in a junior middle school . She teaches Chinese. In order to teach well, s
18、he prepares her lectures very carefully and often works very late at night.Mother is very kind and sincere. She gets along well with her neighbors and her colleagues. When they are in difficulties, she is always ready to help them. Therefore, she is loved and respected in our neighborhood.My mother
19、often tells me to be honest and upright. She expects me to be useful to people in the future. Even now, I still remember her saying , “Do as much as you can and youll succeed.“这是一篇以人物为描写对象的文章。文章选取了被描述对象“我”的妈妈的三个主要特点：勤劳、善良真诚，诚实正直，进行描写，在我们面前展现出一个可敬可爱，和蔼可亲的母亲形象。作者用词准确，生动，富有表现力。 说明文 文体特点和题材范围说明文就是用文章的形式
20、介绍清楚某个事物，使读者对其有一个清楚的了解。说明文的目的是把事物的物征、性质、产生、发展、演变、结束及其相互之间的关系表达明白，解说清楚。它的题材涉及十分广泛，可是以某些词的定义、动植物的结构，也柯以是某件工艺的流程，某种活动的重要性等。说明文重在 “说明”，它是为了告诉读者某件事，它忠于客观事实，就事论事，只是对事物进行客观的描述和解释。所以，说明言语的语言应注意明确和平实，不掺杂作者的任何观点，实事求是地说明对象，不夸大其辞和渲染。 写作技巧和应注意的问题说明文的目的是要使读者对某事物有所了解，所以在写说明文的时候，一定要注意安排好段落层次，采用一定的逻辑顺序，使文章清晰、有条理。说明文
21、中常用的写作方法有例证法、类比比较法、因果分析法、过程分析法、定义法等等。在上一章的段落写作技巧中，我们已作过详细的解释和例证，在此就不赘述。 范例范例一How to Make FriendsEveryone needs friends , and if you fail to make friends , it is time to look at yourself and see if something in your personality is to blame.Maybe you have such social faults as snobbishness and talkati
22、veness, etc. Which drive away new acquaintances . Whatever your social fault may be , look at it honestly , and really try to correct it.To be friendly you must first be cheerful . Cheerfulness is the basis of friendship. A cheerful person always smiles. A smile is a magnet which draws people . Smil
23、e at someone and you are also sure to get a smile in return.A friendly person thinks of others , and does not insist on his own “right”. He does his best to make strangers feel at home wherever he happens to be. Put yourself in the others shoes and make him feel welcome. People who refuse to conside
24、r others have few friends.Try to remember names. It makes your new acquaintance feel happy when you call him by his name. It give the feeling that he has made an impression on you, which must mean a lot to him because you remembered him.If we do not agree with people on certain points, we should app
25、ear friendly . Do not argue, but discuss. You will always lost friends if you argue too much.Finally, do not make the mistake of treating people according to their social standard. Real friendship respects all people at all times.文章讲述了怎样交朋友的问题，通过对一些细节的解释，说明要交朋友应该注意的事情。范例二The Three Stages of the Writ
26、ing ProcessThe whole writing process can be divided into three stages: prewriting, writing , and rewriting.In the prewriting stage, you try to get clear in your mind what your specific approach to the subject should be organized and presented to the particular reader you have in mind; in short, you
27、plan the organization and the content of your projected paper. In the writing stage, you work out your plan in detail through the first draft. In rewriting, you examine what you have done and consider where and how the first draft can be improved.The three stages are not always separated as the prev
28、ious paragraph may suggest. Sometimes, of course, of course, they are separated. Especially in working on long research papers, you may get extensive notes and prepare and revise several outlines before you begin the first draft, and then, perhaps days later, you may do a thorough revision of the dr
29、aft . But sometimes, especially in writing short papers, you may plan and revise as you write. And often you will modify your original plan during the writing stage, as the actual writing modifies your ideas.文章用分类的方式，阐述了写作文的三个步骤。对怎样写好作文作出了详细的说明。 议论文 题材范围及文体特点议论文是论证某一正确的观点、看法和主张或者批驳某一错误的观点、看法和主张的文章。其
30、目的是为了阐述某一思想，说服读者接受作者的观点和主张，采取某一行动，或改变读者的行为。议论文的目的是为了以理服人，所以它的语言要求必须准确、严密、有说服力，不说无用或无根据的话。 写作技巧及注意的问题议论文与说明文有着密切的联系，它们二者都含有说明的成分。不同的是，说明文是客观地解释某一事物、方法及观点等，给读者提供某些信息，不期望能改变读者的思想。而议论文则是通过主观说明、严密的论证，使读者认同或放弃已有的观点。这样，逻辑分析在议论文中就显得格外重要。议论文包括三个主要方面：论点、论据和论证。议论文的论点必须有可争论性，这样才能引起讨论，它是议论文的灵魂；其次，论据要充实、可靠，可以使例子、
31、数据、专家或权威人士的评判等客观的事例来证明和支持论点，它是议论文的躯干；再次，议论文的论证必须严谨，避免各种无根据的假设和错误的三段论，合乎逻辑。可使用的方法有分析、对比、举例、归纳、演绎、反证等等。 范例范例一Two-day WeekendsThe advantages of two-day weekends are too much to be listed. They can provide people with enough time to rest after a whole weeks tiring work. Besides, they enable people to ha
32、ve sufficient time to take part in various kinds of activities. Furthermore, they give people adequate time to plan and prepare for the work they are to do next week.However , the disadvantages of two-day weekends are also obvious. Many people d not always know how to make good use of the long weeke
33、nds . Some indulge in such passive entertainment as watching TV and seeing films. Others unwise exhaust themselves by excessive outdoor games, such as football and outing.In spending a meaningful weekend, I think, people should plan their leisure scientifically. Recreation and rest should alternate.
34、 What is more , it should always be remembered that those who sit too much should take up a kind of recreation that will supply their time in the open air and have constant muscular employment ment of their time in the open air an have constant muscular employment should adopt reading and other quie
35、t forms of activities to spend their weekends.文章采用对比的方式，论述了双休日的好处与坏处，明确地阐述了自己的观点。范例二What is Your Idea about GradesGrades are very important for most students. School and society as a whole often value a student just by his or her performance in school. Students with higher grades are considered as w
36、inners. On the other hand, those with lower grades are , unfortunately , looked down upon as losers.Due to this expectation, most students try every hard to get high grades. Some students do not study hard in their daily life. Instead, they try to recite some important facts or rules just before exa
37、minations. Some students do not even do this, they just cheat on the examinations in order to get a high grade.I believe that a grading system is good and necessary for a school, but it is not the only measure of a persons ability. Schools should set up more elective courses, to teach the students h
38、ow to solve practical problems. Schools can also give more consideration to some varieties which can arouse the learning interest instead of just giving grades文章以分数这一敏感的话题作为文章的中心，论述了学生看重分数的原因，并在结尾作出结论，充分阐述了作者自己的观点。 看图作文 特点及注意问题看图作文是通过对图表或画面的人物、背景、情节、数据等观察，对它们进行描述从而组成一篇意思完整的文章。此类作文在考试中一直占有重要地位。一般来说，看
39、图作文主要分两类：一种是图画作文，一种是图表作文。图画作文的体裁多为记叙文或描述文，使图画成为一个完整的故事。图表作文多为说明文或议论文，表明作者的某种立场、观点或使读者了解一种事物。但每一种作文者不是孤立地看图作文，还可以与其他类型的作文相结合，例如有：给关键词作文、段首句读写、规定情景等等。不管是哪一种类型，一般都应注意以下几个方面的内容：（1）仔细观察所给材料、关键词、段首句、图画或图表的各个部分，找出中心思想，进行分析思考，发挥想象力，写成作文。（2）根据所给内容和故事情节，正确地使用时态。常用时态多为：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时和一般将来时。（3）注意使用适当的逻辑顺序进行说
40、明，使段落层次清楚，条理分明。其它方面，只要熟知上述记叙、描写、说明、议论四种基本写作类型，就可以写好看图作文。 范例图略，图画背景：天气很冷，老人看着花儿，觉得花儿也应该暖和一下，就给花儿浇了热水，结果花儿被烫死了。An Old Man and FlowersMr. Wang is retired worker who is very fond of flowers. He grows lots of them and spends most of his time taking care of them. He believes that flowers are much the same
41、 as human beings, they also have feelings.One winter day it was very cold outside. After putting on his worm clothes and warm cap, Mr. Wang still felt cold. Suddenly , he thought of this flowers. “Are they feeling cold? They must be cold, because they are the same as human beings.“ Mr. Want said to
42、himself.He hurried to see the thermometer. “Good havens!“ It is 10 degrees below zero. He thought he must act quickly, otherwise the flowers would freeze to death.He turned on the gas stove, boiled a kettle of hot water and poured the water onto the flower with satisfaction. “Now they will be warm e
43、nough,“ he thought.But a few minutes later , to his surprise, the flowers died. Mr. Wang felt sad. “But why?“ He kept wondering 应用文及英文书信应用文是一个很大范围的写作类型，含有各方面的内容。不管什么应用文，一般来说，都有自己固定的格式。只要掌握好了它们的固定格式，我们就可以写好应用文。应用文有各种各样的类型，我们在此不一一介绍，主要谈一下英文书信的主要组成部分以及各部分的写作特点。（一）英文信封格式（二）英文书信的组成部分（三）英文书信的常用语（四）书信范文 英文
44、信封格式信封格式是指写信人的姓名和地址，收信人的姓名和地址以及信封上所必须注明的说明等在信封上的位置及排列顺序。写信人的地址通常写在信封的左上角，有时将他写在信封背面中上方。收信人的姓名地址位于信封中央或稍微偏右，上方较下方稍微多空一些，行末最好不用标点。信封可采用平头式，也可采用缩行式，但平头式较多用。无论采用哪一种形式，都要与信封上的地址一致。平头式：（如下图）Wang Lin (stamp)Department of Foreign LanguagesGuangdong University ofForeign Studies 510420Guangdong, P.R of ChinaJ
45、ohn SmithDepartment of ChemistryMaryland State UniversityMaryland, MD21810U.S.A缩行式：（如下图）Wang Lin (stamp)Department of Foreign LanguagesGuangdong University of Foreign Studies 510420 John SmithGuangdong, P.R. of China Department of ChemistryMaryland State UniversityMaryland, MD21810U.S.A 英文书信的组成部分英文书
46、信一般由六个部分组。即信头（Heading）、信内地址 (Inside Address)、称呼( Salutation)、正文(Body of Latter)、结束语(Cmplimentary Close)、署名(Signature)，有时在书信后面还有附言(Postscript)、附件(Enclosure) ，这得视具体情况而定。下面分别说明。信头是指写信人的地址和写信日期，一般写在或打在第一页信纸的右上解，先写地址再写日期，地址的写法是从小到大，先写门牌号、路名，再写区名、市名、省名，最后写国名。时间的写法对英国人和美国人机而言是不同的。英国人的习惯按日、月、年的顺序写，而美国人的习惯按月
47、、日、年的顺序写。例如：英式：1st October, 1999美式：October 1, 1999在使用前一种形式时，月和年之间的逗号可用可不用，但是在后一种形式中，必须要使用逗号。信头的写法有缩进式和齐头式。缩进式每行开头向右缩进一两个字母；齐头式左边对齐排列。如下所示：缩进式：Wang LingDept. of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116023Liaoning ProvinceP. R. ChinaMarch 13,2001齐头式：Wang LingDept. of Chemical Engi
48、neeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116023Liaoning ProvinceP. R. ChinaMarch 13,2001信内地址要写出收信人的姓名和地址。一般给比较生疏的亲友的信和公事信件要写出信内地址，而熟悉的朋友可以省去这一步骤。信内地址写在日期下一两行的左上角，第一行写收信人的称呼姓名，然后写出地址。地址也是从小到大写出，分缩进式和齐头式两种。例如：缩进式：The PresidentOxford UniversityEngland齐头式：The PresidentOxford UniversityEngland称号是对收信人的称谓，在信内地址下一两行处顶格写起，自成一行，末尾用逗号或冒号。A当给一位熟悉的人写信时可用 Dear 或是 My Dear。在英国，My Dear 比 Dear 亲切，而在美国， Dear 比 My Dear 亲切。B当给一位你不知婚否的女性写信时，可以用 Ms._，这是指 _女士。C在给不熟悉的人写信时，可以用 Dear sir, Dear Madam, Dear sirs, Gentleman 等等。正文是一封信的主体部分，通常在称呼的下一行写出。正文也可以用齐头式或缩进式的方法。齐头式是反映每段开头一行和后面行并齐，缩进式
