1、定语从句讲解一定语从句1.注意英汉差异：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英语中的定语则不然，是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，如： .a beautiful girl .a lovely boy 是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面，如： .She is the girl in red. 她就是穿红衣的女孩。 .The lady carried a bag full of money. 那位女士背了个装满钱的包。 .He is the man who you are looking for. 她就是你在找的人。 2.分清主句与从句，看究竟哪个句子缺少成分。 如上面第 5：
2、主句：He is the man 从句：who you are looking for 在从句中，looking for 的宾语是 the man.因此选用关系代词 who(whom)放置于句首，便是定语从句。 3.从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略，故第 5 题可以写成： He is the man you are looking for. 二定语从句（从句部分）1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 Those who are willing to attend the party, sign here please. 3、先行词：被定语从句修
3、饰的词称为先行词 （1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和 no 与-boy, -thing 的合成词；或 all、none 、any、some、that、those 等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。 （2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点： 先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。 This is the place which is worth visiting. 关系词在从句句子中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。 There are many places we can visi
4、t（them ）in China. 4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词 关系代词：which, that, who, whom, whose, as。 关系副词：when, where, why。that 偶尔也作关系副词。 5、确定关系词的步骤 （1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。 （2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。一关系代词 which的用法先行词格主格 所有格 宾格事、物、动物 which whose=of which which1. English is a language.It is spoken all over the world.= English is a langu
5、age which is spoken all over the world. 英语是世界各地都在使用的语言。2. He looked for a car.The engine of the car was in good condition.=He looked for a car the engine of which was in good condition.3. Where is the parcel?We received it this morning.= Where is the parcel (which) we received this morning? 今天早上我们收到
6、的包裹在哪里？二关系代词 that的用法先行词格主格 所有格 宾格人、物、动物 that whose that1. He s in love with a girl that/who has red hair. 他正和一位红发女孩谈恋爱。2. Baseball is the sport that/ which most boys like. 棒球是大多数男孩喜欢的运动。三注意 that/ which区别：在定语从句中，当先行词指物 时，下列情况的关系 词宜用 that而不用 which 、1、先行词被形容词最高级修饰1. Today is the coldest day (that) we h
7、ave ever experienced. 今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。（2）先行词被序数词修饰2. The first thing (that) you have to do is to study mathematics.你必须做的第一件事就是学习数学。、3、先行词中既有人又有物时。3. The driver and the car that had fallen into the sea were quickly recovered.掉到海里的司机和车子很快就被捞起来了。、4、主句中已有疑问词 who 或 which 时4.1 Who is the woman that was pra
8、ised at the meeting? 在大会上被表扬的那位妇女是谁？4.2 Which is the picture (that) Mary painted? 哪一幅是 Mary 画的画？（5）先行词被 only、any、few、little、no、all、one of、the same、the very等修饰时。 5. Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher. 李明是唯一一个想当老师的学生之一。（6）先行词为 all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。 6.1
9、All (that) he said was not true. 他所说的并非全是真的。6.2 We havent got much that we can offer you. 我们没有多少东西能身你们提供。6.3 My brother fixed almost anything that needed repairing. 我哥哥几乎修理了任何一个需要修理的东西。（7）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代 词已用 which,另一个宜用 that.7. Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen
10、 before.爱迪生办了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。在定语从句中，下列情况的关系 词宜用 which 而不用 that(1) 可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个主句或主句中的一部分。(2) 可用于介词之后，即介词 + which (代物)。1.Is that the man? You lent the money to him.Is that the man (whom/that) you lent the money to. 那位就是跟你借钱的人吗？Is that the man to whom you lent the money ?(这里的 whom 不能被 that 代替
11、)2. The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late. 那班我正在等的火车现在已晚了半小时。3. This is the habit which you must try to do with. 这是你必须改掉的习惯。（如果是固定短语，介词不能被提到关系代词前）4、关系代词 who/whom的用法先行词格主格 所有格 宾格人 who Whose = of whom who / whom1. This is the man with whom I worked. 这位就是和我一起工作的人2. This is the teach
12、er who often tells jokes. 这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。5、关系词 who与 that的区 别关系词 who与 that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词 （1）当主句是 there be句型时，关系 词用 who。 （2）先行词是为 anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时，关系 词用 who。 （3）当主句是 who作疑问词时，关系 词用 that。 Who is that girl that is standing by the window? 、4、whom在从句中只作宾语，可被 who取代。6、关系代词 whose的用法先行词
13、格主格 所有格 宾格人、物 - whose=of which -Whose 是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物1. He looked for a car.Its engine was in good condition.= He looked for a car whose engine was in good condition. 他在找一部引擎状况好的车子。7、What的用法先行词格主格 所有格 宾格含先行词 what - what重点：What = the thing(s) which= all that= anything that1. The thing which I wan
14、t is peace of mind. = What I want is peace of mind. 我所析是心灵的平静。 （经典口语句）2. She told the detectives all that they wanted to know.= She told the detectives what they wanted to know. 她告诉侦探们他们想要知道的所有事情。3. I dont know what they were talking about.A. 我不知道他们谈论的事情。 （关系代词）B. 我不知道他们在谈论什么。 （疑问词）注意 what的重点：1. Wha
15、t is called/ what we(you, they) call 所谓的She is what is called /what we call a walking dictionary. 他是所谓的活字典。2. A is to. What B is to . A 之对. 的关系正如 B之对.的关系Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。3. What A is (was/used to be) 今日的 A（昔日的 A）She is not what she was ten years ago. 她不再是十年前的她。4. What
16、is + 比较级 更.的是What is more 更好的是；而且What is worse = to make matters worse 而且更糟的是8、关系代词可省略1. 关系代词作宾语可省略The lady (whom) we met on the street is our teacher. 我们在街上遇见的女士是我们的老师。2. 关系代词作补语可省略She is not the beautiful girl (that) she was. 她现在不像以前那么漂亮3. 在 there(here) is (are)的句型中，关系代词可省略。1. There is someone (wh
17、o) wants to see you. 有人想要见你。2. There are many young men who are against him. 有许多年轻人反对他。注意：在 there be 开头的句子中，要注意 be 动词的单、复数要与关系代词 who后面的谓语动词的单复数保持一致。4. 关系代词后有 there(here) is (are) ,关系代词可省略。This is the only tie (that) there is in this store. 这是这家店里唯一的一个领带。9、one of 与 the (only) one of 的区别1. One of + 复数
18、名词 + 关系代 词 + 动词的复数Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。2. The (only) one of + 复数名词 + 关系代词 + 动词单 数Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克号是好莱坞所制作的唯一一部精彩的电影。10、Which 与 as的区别1. Which
19、 引导 的从句，代表前面的整个主句，此时，不能放在主句之前。2. As 引导的定语从句,代表整个主句，它可以放主句之前或之后,as 在从句中做宾语。As everybody know, Taiwan belongs to China.= As is known to us, Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。3. 先行词是整个句子的非限定性定语从句置于句尾时，既可用 as引导，也可用 which引导.The teacher is from Beijing, as/which they know from his accent.他们从老师的口音中就知道他是
20、北京人。Mary lives in an old castle, whose window faces the sea.= Mary lives in an old castle, the window of which faces the sea.玛丽住在一座古老的城堡中，城堡的窗户面向着大海。11、限定性定语从句和非限定性定 语从句的用法限定性定语从句：对先行词的内容加以限定。非限定性定语从句:对先行词 不加限定，只具有使句子连续的功能，只用来说明前面的主句的部份或全部。关系代词可用（and/but/because/for 等 + 代名词）来替换。1. We have two daught
21、ers who became nurses. 我们有两个当护士的女儿。 （句中没提到女儿的总数）2. We have two daughters, who became nurses. 我们有两个女儿，她们都是护士。 （只有两个女儿）= We have two daughters, and they became nurses.3. I have a sister who is a teacher. 我有一个当老师的姐姐（姐姐不止一个）= I have a sister, who is a teacher. 我有一个姐姐，她是当老师的。 （只有一个姐姐）4. I bought a hat, w
22、hich was too big for me. = I bought a hat, but it was too big for me.我买了一顶帽子，但我戴太大了。12、关系副词1.关系副词的作用：1.1 在定 语从句中代替先行 词。1.2 在从句中做状语，起副词和介词短语的作用。1.3 起 连接作用，它把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。2.关系副词有下列三种：1.1 where :在从句中做地点状语，指代地点。 （可用于非限定性定语从句）即： 表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句1.2 when :在从句中做时间状语，指代时间。 （可用于非限定性定语从句）即： 表时间
23、的名词 + when + 定语从句1.3 why : 在从句中做原因状语，指代原因。即： 表原因的名词 reason + why + 定语从句Why 只用于 reason 之后的限制性定语从句中，作原因状语。3.When, where, why 都可以替 换成“ 介词 + which”,介词的选用取决于先行词和定语从句中的动词。1. This is the house where I was born .这就是我出生的那所房子。= This is the house in which I was born.= This is the house which / that /可省 I was b
24、orn in.4.关系副词 when, where 既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限必定语从句。5. 先行词为 reason 时，限制性定 语从句可以用 why 或 for which 来引导；非限制性定从句则只能用 for which 来引导。1. I had told them the reason, _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. For which B. At which C. For whom D. Why2. I had told them the reason _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. When B. Wh
25、ich C. Why D. For that6.Whom 在限制性定 语从句中可以被 who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中，whom 不能用 who代替。7.关系副词 when与 where、why、thatwhen 指 时间 = in / at / on / during which where指地点 = in / at / from / which why指原因 = for which 当先行词为 way、day、reason、time 时，可用 that作关系副词。 （非正式场合） I dont like the way that / in which / he talks. 我不喜欢他说
26、话的样子。当 time作先行词时，关系词 可以省掉。 This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.8.带 reason 的定语从句与表语从句的区别：1.定语从句: The reason why (that).2.表语从句：The reason is that .（不能用 why, 否则就重复了）1. Do you know the reason why he was late? 你知道他为什么迟到了吗？2. The reason is that I want to invite you to a party. 原因就是我
27、想邀请你参加一个晚会。13、关系副词和关系代词的区 别1. 关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。1. This is the house where I work now. 这就是我现在工作的房子。2. This is the house (that/which) I visited. 这就是我参观过的房子。3. Ill never forget the day when I joined the army. 我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。4. Ill never forget the day (that/which) we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一
28、起度过的那一天。14、such . as .和 the same . as .的用法（as 在从句中作主语，宾语或表语）1. such . As . 像. 一样的,像. 之类2. the same . as . 和. 同样的 1. My best friend is not the same man as he was.我最好的朋友和过去不同了。2. This is the same thing as we are in need of. 这东西和我们所需要的东西是一样的。3. This book is not such as I expect. 这不是一本我所希望的书。15、the same
29、 . as .与 the same . That .的用法1. the same . that .; 和. 相同（同一）2. the same . as .; 和. 相同（同类）两者都引导定语从句，意思相近或相同，但如果从句中省去谓语时，必须用 as代替 that.1. He works in the same shop as / that I do. 他和我在同一个车间干活。2. She is the same age as you. 她和你同岁。注意：1. This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢掉的那一支（指同一支笔）2. This is th
30、e same kind of pen as I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢掉的一模一样（但并不是原来的那一支）12、必须注意的问题 （1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。 （2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。 定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。 强调 it 无意义，that / who 不是引导词。 强调 it is / was 和 that / who 后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。 （3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that 充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。 同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that 不能充当任何成分，不可省。 Word came
31、that their army was defeated.(同位语) We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语) （4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。 关系词作宾语，前无介词时。 关系词作表语。 （5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。 （6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是 which 和 whom。 （7）几个特殊的定语从句句型： He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中 one 为先行
32、词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中 students 为先行词） Is this place the one (that) we visited yesterday? Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening. It may rain, in which case the match will b
33、e put off. 精典名题导解选择填空 1. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（NMET 2001） A.until B.that C.when D.where 解析：答案为 C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词 the hours 和关系词被介词短语 to me 所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词 hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词 when。 2. _ is
34、 known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET 2001) A.It B.As C.That D.What 解析：答案为 B。本题考查 as 引导的非限制定语从句。as 作“正如”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当 as 在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced 等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。 3. After living in Pairs for fifty
35、years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.(NMET 1996) A.which B.where C.that D.when 解析：答案为 B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语 the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词 where 引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。 定语从句的“干扰”作用定语从句，就其功能来说，在整个句子中相当于一个形容词，对某一名词或代词起着修饰作用，作定语。在
36、掌握它的各种功能的同时，我们还要注意到含有定语从句的句子在补充信息的同时，关系词与其他连词容易混淆，尤其是与其他句式的结合，更使得整个句子显得扑朔迷离，使考生感到无从下手，我们说此时定语从句起的是干扰作用。本文结合具体例子来谈此种现象。 一、 把定语从句与强调句型混为一谈，从而构成相互干扰。 本句型变化的特征在被强调部分或其他部分中找出一个先行词，附上修饰该部分的定语从句，这样整个句子结构就变得非常复杂。例如： 1He was nearly drowned once. When was _? _ was in 1998 _he was in middle school. A. that; It
37、; when B. this; This; when C. this; It; that D. that; It; that 简析 ：本题答案为 A。由于定语从句的干扰作用，相当一部分考生选了 D。这样就成了 It was in 1998 that he was in middle school.这样就成了一个强调句型，意为“是在 1998 年他上的中学” ，孤立地看本句虽成立，但联系上下文来看，却属“所问非所答 ”。因为上文问的是“他何时差点每被淹死？”而非“何时上的中学” 。原来 when 是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰 1998。定语从句 when he was in middle sc
38、hool 干扰了强调句型中的 that 结构。 在下面的两个句子里，划线部分均为起干扰性的定语从句。 2It was in the village where he was born that he spent his childhood. 简析 ：划线部分为定语从句，修饰先行词 village。 3It was playing computer games that cost the boy plenty of time （that ）he ought to have spent doing his lessons. 简析 ：划线部分作定语从句修饰先行词 time。本题中有两个 that，最
39、大的误会就是把二者弄混，第一个 that 是强调句型中的；第二个 that 是关系代词引导定语从句的。因其作 spent 的宾语，可以省去。 二、 定语从句干扰主句的谓语。 4The letter we were looking forward to _yesterday. A. coming B. came C. come D. has come 简析 ：由于同学们已经记得很熟，look forward to doing sth(期待去做某事), to 为介词，因此不假思索就选 A。其实，we were looking forward to 为定语从句，修饰先行词即主语 letter，介词
40、to 的宾语实为主语，而不能对其后的谓语起任何作用，结合时态用法，答案为 B。再如： 5Was the car he had repaired? 简析 ：本句看似复杂，尤其是受思维习惯的影响把 he had repaired 连在一起，其实去掉定语从句 he had 则水落石出： Was the car repaired? 三、 定语从句对和名词性从句的相互干扰。 由于形式上的近似，定语从句对名词性从句起着干扰作用，造成考生分不清究竟是定语从句或是名词性从句。做此类题时要慎重，细心。 A定语从句干扰表语从句 6Is this school _your father worked in ten
41、years ago? 7Is this school _your father worked ten years ago? A. where B. what C. that D. the one 简析 ：看了半天，眼睛发酸，才发现两题只有一词(in)之差，正是这一词之差，第一题选 D，your father worked in 作定语从句修饰 the one; 第二题选 A, where 引导后面的句子作表语从句。 下面两句都是定语从句，只不过是关系词的不同。 8Is this the school that your father visited ten years ago? 9Is thi
42、s the school where your father worked ten years ago? 有时虽同为定语从句，但修饰的先行词却不同： 10 Is this room the one he lived in last year? （修饰 the one） 11 Is this the room he lived in last year? （修饰 the room） B 定语从句干扰同位语从句 12 The suggestion _ you should do it at once is not the one _ I gave you. A. what; which B. wh
43、ich; what C. that; that D. which; that 简析 ：定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与 that 从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如 fact, news, belief, truth, reply，promise, suggestion 等。that 在定语从句中做成分，可用 which 或 who/whom 代替；而 that 在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用, 综上所述，答案为 C。试比较： 13 We all have heard the news that our team
44、 won. (同位语从句，that 从句表示 news 的内容，that 在此只起连接作用，不作句子成分。) 14 We dont believe the news that/ which he told us the other day. (定语从句， 关系代词 that/which作 told 的宾语，可以省去) C定语从句干扰主语从句 15 As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China. 简析 ：as 引导非限定性定语从句，指代主句内容，可放在主句前，用逗号与之隔开。 16 It is known to all that Taiwan is pa
45、rt of China. 简析 ：it 作形式主语，代替 that 引导的主语从句。 下面是一些同类的例子，请认真把握： 17 The suggestion he thought of was reasonable. (定语从句) 18 The suggestion was that he (should) leave immediately.（表语从句） 19 The suggestion that he leave immediately is reasonable. (同位语从句) 20 It is my suggestion that he leave immediately. (主语
46、从句) 21 It is a fact that he was a thief. （主语从句） 22 The fact that he was a thief surprised everyone present. （同位语从句） 23 I nearly forgot the fact that he told me yesterday. （定语从句） 24 The war and suffering it caused affected him greatly. （定语从句） 四、 定语从句对状语从句的干扰作用。 25 He is _a clever boy _ we all like hi
47、m. A. such; that B. such; as C. so; that D. so; as 简析 ：本题选 A。许多考生对 such as 结构很熟悉，但没有深入分析 as 的引导功能和在句子中所作的成分而误选B。由于句中 him 的存在，不能使用 as，这是 suchthat 引导的结果状语从句。试比较下列两句： 26 He is such a good student as is liked by everyone. (定语从句) 27 He is such a good student that he is liked by everyone. （结果状语从句） 下面这个题把定
48、语从句和结果状语从句有机地结合在一起，请欣赏： 28 It is such a good place _ everybody wants to go and visit _ it is well known all over the world. A. that; that B. as; as C. as; that D. that; as 简析 ：此类试题可看作一个模式：“such+ 名词+as+定语从句+that+结果状语从句” ，故答案选 C。 五、 定语从句与独立主格结构的相互干扰。 29 With everything she needed bought, she left the shop happily. 简析 ：句中的划线部分为定语从句，修饰先行词 everything，使独立主格结构复杂化。 30 Not far from the club, there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon. A. whose B. its
