1、1Unit 1 Wise men in history(1)第一课 基础知识点一、 必记单词golden adj. 金的；金色的 Olympics n. pl.奥运会agreement n. 同意；应允 pot n. 罐doubt v. 不能肯定；对 没把握 real adj. 真的；正宗的truth n. 真相；实情 seem v. 好像；似乎solve v. 解决；处理 fill v. 装满；注满bowl n. 碗；盆 brave adj. 勇敢的；无畏的metal n. 金属 certain adj. 确定的；肯定的prison n. 监狱；牢狱 hit v. (hit，hit)( 用手
2、或器具) 击；打correct adj. 准确无误的；正确的 mistake n. 错误less det.（与不可数名词连用）较少的；更少的二、 常考短语in ancient Greece 在古希腊(be) happy with （对某人或事物）满意的 = be pleased/satisfied with fillwith 用把装满 think about = consider 考虑；思考 be filled with=be full of 充满；装满 run over 溢出 go straight to “直奔，直接去” each other 互相；彼此ask sb for sth 向某人
3、要某物 onethe other 一个另一个send sb to prison 把某人关进监狱 tell the truth 说实话make sure 确保；设法保证 something else 别的东西 bothand 和都 pay attention to (to 为介词）leave sb alone 不打扰某人；不惊动某人 （leave me alone）notany longer=no longer send sth to sb-=send sb.sth 把某物寄/送给某人be made of +看得见的原材料 由制成 cut up 切割开；切碎be made from +看不见的原
4、材料 由制成 takeoff 领走；带走；使离开be made by + sb. 被某人制成 at the beginning of 在的开头三、常用句型：1.asas one can 尽可能，相当于 asas possible2.hit sb. in/on +the +身体部位，打某人的某个部位（身体部位较硬或凸起，用 on；部位较软或下凹，用 in） 3.one of the+adj 最高级+可数名词复数 最的之一4.try to do sth.试图做某事，尽力做某事 5.it is believed that 26. be （not）allowed to do sth （不）被允许做某事
5、7.getto do sth 让/使 做某事 8.start to do sth 开始做某事四、辨析1.辨析：win 与 beat及物动词 宾语表示比赛、奖品、战争、荣誉等名词He won the argument.Win（won,won）不及物动词 意为“获胜” Who won?he won.及物动词 意为“击败”宾语为比赛或竞争对象 China beat the United States by two to one.Beat(beat,beaten)不及物动词 意为“（风雨）等拍打；（心脏）跳动” I felt my heart beating faster.2.辨析：else 与 ot
6、herelse 副词 用于不定代词（anything,something,nothing 等）、疑问词（what，who,where ）后other 形容词或代词 做形容词时，放在名词前作定语；作代词时，常与定冠词 the 连用，构成onethe other，表示（两者中）一个另外一个Eg:who else will go with us? Where are the other students? I have two pens,one is red,and the other is blue.3.辨析：discover 与 invent这两个词都用作及物动词，都指人们首先见到新鲜事物，但含
7、义不同。Recently they discovered gold. 最近他们发现了黄金。Edison invented the electric light bulb. 爱迪生发明了电灯泡。4.辨析：at first 与 first of allAt first I didnt want to go,but I soon changed my mind.起初我不想去，可是不久我改变了主意。First of all,open the windows,then turn off the gas,and if necessary,call an ambulance.discover 发现 指发现或
8、偶然发现原本存在的，但一直未被认识或不为人知的东西invent 发明 指创造发明出新的、原来并不存在的东西at first 起初；当初相当于 at the beginning，与后来发生的事相对照，其反义词组为 at last（最后，终于）first of all 首先，第一相当于 first，表示顺序，是时间上或一系列行动的开始，后面往往接next，then 等3首先，打开窗子，然后关掉煤气，如果需要，叫一辆救护车。5.辨析：however 与 but二者都有“然而，但是”的意思，其区别如下：however 然而；不过比较正式，可以放在分句之首、之中或之尾；其前面或后面要用逗号隔开，如在句中
9、，其前后都要加逗号。but 但是 转折的意味比 however 要强，从语序上看，but 总是置于引出的分句之首。Its raining hard,however,theyre still working in the field.雨下得很大，然而他们仍然在地里干活。Id like to go swimming with you,but I have to tidy the garden now.我很想和你一起去游泳，但是我现在必须整理花园。6.辨析：real 与 true7.辨析：be made of 与 be made from【中考链接】Books are made paper whil
10、e paper is mainly made_ wood.A. of;of B. from;from C. of;from D. from;of8.辨析：notany longer/no longer 与 not any more/no morenotany longer/no longer:多指时间上不再延续，与之搭配的词多为延续性动词。not any more/no more 侧重程度或在数量上不再增加I dont want to stay here any more. The poor boy wont come any more./the poor boy will no more c
11、ome.9.辨析：see sb doing sth 与 see sb do sthsee sb doing sth 看到某人正在做某事 I saw her cross the road.(穿过了马路）see sb do sth 看到某人做了某事，指看到动作发生的全过程或看到动作经常发生I saw her crossing the road(正在过马路）与此相同的词（组）：watch,hear,notice,observe,look at,listen to10.辨析：the next day 与 next day real强调客观存在，并非想象的或虚构的，即某物外表与实质之间有一致性Chris
12、tmas Father isnt a real person.圣诞老人不是真实的人物。true强调事实与实际情况相符，并非杜撰、捏造的，符合一定标准、一定模式Is it true that he is dead? 他死了，是真的吗？be made of 看得出原材料 The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是由木头做成的be made from 看不出原材料 The wine is made from grain. 这酒是用粮食酿造的。4the next day 第二天，常与一般过去式连用 The next day,all the books were sold out.
13、next day 明天，常与一般将来时连用 Next day,I will go shopping with him.11. 辨析：dress，wear,put on,have on 与 indress 给（某人）穿衣服 表动作 后接 sb./oneself 作宾语 she dressed himself quickly.wear 穿着 表状态 后接衣服、首饰、鞋帽等名词 we wear uniforms at school.put on 穿上 表动作 后接衣服,鞋帽等名词 please put on your hat.have on 穿着 表状态 接衣服类名词，宾语是代词时，放中间，不用进行
14、时 I have on a pair of jeans today.in 穿着 表状态 后接表颜色或衣服的名词 hes always in green shoes.助记：穿戴动作 put on，状态 wear 已穿上;dress 接人作宾语,in 后颜色或衣裳12.辨析：used to do sth,be used to do sth,与 be used to doing sthUsed to do sth. 过去常常做某事 I used to be afraid of the dark.Be used to do sth 被用来做某事 The room is used to have a m
15、eetingbe /get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事 You will soon be/get used to living in the city.13.辨析：through over acrossThrough 穿过；通过 指从空间内部穿过 The train passed through a tunnel.over 越过 物体上方跨过，无接触面 He jumped over the wall.across 穿过；横过 物体表面的一边到另一边 We went across the road.14.辨析：find find out look forfind 强调“是否
16、找到”这一结果 Have you found your bjike?Find out （找出，查明）经过一番努力找到事情的真相 lets find out when the plane will take offLook for 后接寻找的对象，强调寻找这一过程 The girl is looking for her book. 解析：1. At first, he was very happy with it.be happy with sb./sth 意为“对某人或事物满意的” ，=be pleased/satisfied with sb./sthHis teacher is happy
17、with him. 他的老师对他很满意。She is happy with what Ive done. 她对我做的很满意。2. Later, however, he began to doubt that it was a real golden crown.(1) begin to do sth.意为“开始做某事” ，同义词组为 begin doing sth.。When can I begin to work? 我什么时候能开始工作呢？5When I got there,the singer had already begun singing.当我到那儿时，歌手已经开始唱歌了。(2) d
18、oubt 此处用作及物动词，意为“不能肯定，对无把握” 。He doubts the truth of the news. 他怀疑那件新闻的真实性。I dont doubt that shell come. 她一定来，我不怀疑。【拓展】doubt 用作不及物动词，意为“怀疑” ，其后常接 of,about。She doubts about everything. 她对一切都怀疑。He doubts of his success. 他怀疑他能否成功。doubt 后接宾语从句时，名词从句用 if/whether 引导，名词从句也可用 that 引导。I doubt if/whether she w
19、ill keep her word. 我怀疑她是否会遵守诺言。I dont doubt that we will win. 我们会获胜是没有疑问的做名词，意为“怀疑” ，固定短语：be in doubt “不肯定，不确定 ”No doubt 无疑，很可能” without/beyond doubt 毫无疑问，的确3. “Is it made completely of gold?”he wondered. wonder 想知道，相当于 want to know后接疑问词引导的宾语从句，从句使用陈述语序。 I wonder who she is.后接 if/whether 引导的宾语从句，表示委
20、婉的请求或疑问。I wonder if you would mind giving me a hand.后接“疑问词+不定式”结构 I am just wondering how to do it.拓展：wonder 做动词，还可意为 “感到惊异” ，可与 at/about 连用 I dont wonder at his words.Wonder 作为可数名词，意为“奇迹；奇观”4.“This problem seems difficult to solve. What should I do?”thought Archimedes.（1）seem 用作连系动词，意为 “似乎，好像” ，后常接
21、形容词作表语，可以和 seem to be 和 It seems/seemed that相互转换。He seems very angry. = He seems to be very angry. 他好像非常生气。用作实意动词，可接 to do sth He seems to sing. 他似乎在唱歌。（2）solve vt solution n the solution(s) to ,意为的解决办法5. Archimedes was still thinking about this problem as he filled his bath with water.fillwith 意为“用
22、把装满” ，其被动语态形式为 be filled with，相当于 be full of6. weigh “称重量；重”其名词形式为 weight Please weigh the bananas for me. / she weighs 60 kilos./its about 76kilos in weight.Some gold of the same weight the sameas 与 相同的（）I bought the same car as yours./ this bowl is the same as that one.67. so Im certain that its n
23、ot completely made of gold.certain 用作形容词，意为“确定的，肯定的” 。常用结构：be certain+从句 一定Im not certain where he lives. 我不敢肯定他住在哪儿。be certain to do sth. 肯定要做某事He is certain to finish the task on time. 他肯定会按时完成任务。be certain of/about sth. 对确信，有把握Were certain of success. 我们有把握成功。be certain of doing sth. 有把握做某事He is
24、certain of winning the match. 他确信能赢这场比赛。8. send sb to prison/take sb to prison“把关进监狱” in prison 坐牢，服刑9. go ahead 开始吧 其主要用法表示同意或允许，意为“说吧，做吧，进行吧”继续吧 Go ahead,we are all listening.表示请对方先走或先做某事，意为“你先走一步；你先请”You go ahead and tell him that were coming soon.10. Whats wrong with it?Whats wrong (with sb. /st
25、h)?是用来询问“某人发生了什么事情或某物出了什么毛病/故障”等最常用的句型之一。其同义句型为： Whats the matte/trouble with.?Whats wrong with you? 你怎么了（出什么事了）?11. Thats why Im angry. Thats why. 意为“那就是的原因” ，why 引导的是表语从句，用陈述语序。表语从句是在句中作表语的从句，常位于连系动词 be,look 等的后面。The alarm clock didnt go off. Thats why he was late for school12. be allowed to do st
26、h 被允许做某事allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事 allow doing sth 允许做某事He allows smoking here.他允许在这里抽烟 our teacher allowed us to go out for a walk.13. However,Helen,a brave woman,wanted to watch her son run.watch sb. do sth 意为“看某人做了某事或经常做某事” ，表示看见动作发生、进行 的全过程。其中 do 为省略 to 的不定式，作宾语补足语。I watched her go out of the ro
27、om just now. 刚才我看到她从房间里出来了。注意：Watch sb. doing sth. 意为“看某人正在做某事” ，表示看见动作正在进行。其中 doing 为现在分词，作宾7【拓展】和 watch 用法相同的动词（组）还有 see, hear, make, feel, notice, look at 等。Did you hear Jack call you? 你听见杰克叫你了吗？（动作结束）We often hear the girl sing English songs. 我们经常挺大了那个女孩唱英文歌曲。 （动作经常发生）I heard the song wind blowi
28、ng when it was raining heavily.下大雨的时候我听见狂风呼啸。 （动作正在进行）14. When you have written something, you should check your work to make sure thespelling, grammar and punctuation are all correct.(1) make sure 意为“确保，设法保证” ，后可接宾语从句或 of 短语。同义短语：be sure/be certainMake sure that they know nothing about our plan. 绝对
29、不能让他们知道我们的计划。They scored another goal and make sure of victory. 他们又进了一个球，这就赢定了。(2) correct 此处用作形容词 (=right)，意为“正确的” ，其副词为 correctly(正确地)。【拓展】correct 用作动词，意为“改正；纠正” correct the mistakes 改正错误12. write what kind of mistake it ismistake 用作可数名词，意为 “错误” ，常用短语：make a mistake /mistakes 犯错；by mistake 错误地 You
30、ve made several grammatical mistakes in the composition.I got on the wrong bus by mistake. 我搭错了公共汽车。【拓展】mistake（mistook,mistaken）还可用作动词，意为“弄错，搞错” 。常用短语：mistake for “把误认为”She didnt speak very clearly, so I mistook what she said. 她说话不是很清楚，所以我误解了她的意思。He is often mistaken for a famous actor. / we often
31、mistake him for a famous actor.他常常被误认为是个名演员。13. However, no one could find a scale large enough.enough 此处用作副词，意为“足够地” ，修饰形容词或副词时，要放在其后。 He runs quickly enough. 他跑得足够快。 Its warm enough in the room. 屋子里够暖和了。adv/adj+enough+（for+名词/代词+）to do sth.，意为 “足够做某事” 。可与“sothat+ 肯定句”进行同义句转换。The box is light enoug
32、h for the boy to carry. 这个箱子足够轻，这个男孩能搬动。“not+adj/adv+enough to so sth”不够不能做某事，可与 “tooto do sth”进行同义句转换 the boy is not old enough to look after himself=the boy is too young to look after himself.语补足语。 He stopped to watch us working. 他停下来看我们干活。enough 作形容词修饰名词时，可放在其前，也可放在其后。We have enough money.(=We ha
33、ve money enough.) 我们有足够的钱。注意814. be taken off 是 takeoff 的被动语态，takeoff 意为“领走；带走；使离开”15. go down 的主要用法 （船等）下沉，沉没 their ship went down during an accident.（日，月）落下 the sun has gone down.沿着走 just go straight down that street.16. own vt 拥有 adj.自己的 my own pen owner 物主 the owner of 的主人17. Its believed that 人
34、们相信It is said that 据说 it is reported that 据报道It is known that 众所周知 it is supposed /thought that 人们认为第二课 语法：反意疑问句及句子的类型1、反意疑问句：1、含义：反意疑问句又叫特殊疑问句，它是在陈述句之后附加一个简短的问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出疑问或征求意见。2、构成：由两部分构成，前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简略的疑问句。遵循“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则。前后两部分在人称、数、时态等方面必须保持一致。附加疑问部分通常由两个词组成，第一个词是 be 动词、情态动词、或助动词，若是否定
35、式，通常用上述词与 not 的缩略形式；第二个词是指代陈述部分主语的人称代词主格。3.答语：遵循一个原则，不管问题的提法如何，只要事实是肯定的，就用“yes,肯定回答” ；只要事实是否定的，就用“No,否定回答” 。但在前否后肯的反意疑问句中，其答语与汉语翻译不同，Yes 要翻译成“不” ，No 要翻译成“是” 。You will never forget him,will you? Yes,I will. 不，我会No,No I wont. 是的，我不会4.特殊用法：反意疑问句的特殊用法1）陈述部分为 I am 时，疑问部分用 arent.例：I am late, arent I ? I a
36、m a teacher, arent I ?2）当陈述部分的主语是 everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody 等不定代词时，疑问部分的主语可用 he,也可用 they. 例：No one wants to do it, doesnt he / dont they?3）当陈述部分主语是 something, everything, anything, nothing 等表示物的不定代词时，附加疑问部分的主语要用 it. 例：Everything will be all right, wont it?Something must be done to en
37、d the strike mustnt it?4）当陈述部分带有 seldom, hardly, never, few, little, nothing, nobody 等否定词时，疑问部分宜用肯定式 例：She seldom goes to school late, does she?5）当陈述部分中有否定前缀或后缀的否定词时，疑问部分仍用否定式例：She dislikes her boyfriend, doesnt she? She is careless in writing, isnt she?6）当陈述部分是一个祈使句时，不管是肯定还是否定，附加疑问部分一般用 will you。当陈
38、述部分以 Lets 开头，疑问部分用 shall we?但以“Let us”开头的，附加疑问部分常用 will you? Lets have a cup 9of Chinese tea, shall we?Let us go to the supermarket, will you?在肯定的祈使句后，还可以用 wont you.7) 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词 this，that 或 these，those 时，附加疑问部分的主语分别用 it 或 they。 This is your book,isnt it?8）当陈述部分是带有宾语从句的主从结构，疑问部分的助动词和主语应与主句的主谓要一致，
39、但当句中部分是 I think /I suppose/I believe 等结构时，疑问部分助动词主语则与 that 从句中的主、谓保持一致例：They said that I was right, didnt they? I dont think you have done it, have you?9）当陈述部分的主语是动词不定式或动名词时，附加疑问词部分的主语是 itTo work hard is important,isnt it?10）陈述部分为 there be 结构时，附加疑问部分中仍用 thereTheres something wrong,isnt there?11）当陈述部
40、分带有 used to, 附加疑问部分既可用 usednt 或 didnt 的相应形式 例：He usednt smoke, used he? He didnt use to smoke, did he?12）当陈述部分是 had better,疑问部分应用 had/hadnt ;若陈述部分为 would like和 would rather, 附加疑问部分应用 wouldnt ?例：Youd better take a bus to go there, hadnt you? Youd like some tea, wouldnt you?13）当陈述部分是感叹句，附加疑问部分则用否定式，且主
41、语和感叹句主语要一致 例：What a lovely day, isnt it? What a good man, isnt he?14）有关 have当陈述部分的谓语是 have/has 表示“有”时，附加疑问部分既可用 have/has 的相应形式，也可用do/does 的相应形式例：She has two sister, hasnt /doesnt she? 当陈述部分的谓语 has/has 表示经历、遭受、得到、吃等其他含义时，疑问部分只用 do/does 的适当形式例：He often has breakfast at seven, doesnt he?当陈述部分的谓语动词包括 ha
42、ve to/had to 时，疑问部分通常用 do/ does 的不同形式例：She has to stay at home to look after her baby, doesnt she?15）当陈述部分的谓语动词含有 can, may, shall, will would, ought, be, do 等助动词时，疑问部分用相同的助动词例：You can be there by 10 oclock, cant you?You ought to follow her advice, oughtnt/shouldnt you?16）must 的反义疑问句：陈述部分有 must 的疑问句，
43、疑问部分根据实际情况而定。Amust 表示“应该”，其疑问部分用 mustnt（不应该） ，如：You must work hard next term, mustnt you ? 下学期你应该努力学习，对吗？Bmust 表示 “必须”，其疑问部分用 neednt（不必） ，如：They must finish the work today, neednt they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作，是吗？10C陈述部分含情态动词 mustnt，表示禁止时，疑问部分就可以用 must 或 may，如：You mustnt stop your car here, must you? (may you
44、?)你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？Dmust 表示推测 ，其疑问部分必须与 must 后面的主要动词相呼应。如：对现在动作或存在的情况的推测 ：You must know the answer to the exercise, dont you? 你一定知道这项练习的答案，是不是？ That must be your bed, isnt it? 那一定是你的床，是吗？对过去发生的动作或存在的情况的推测：句中陈述部分没有表示过去的时间状语，这时疑问部分中的动词就用现在完成时。 （havent / hasnt + 主语）You must have told her about it, havent
45、 you? 你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？17）当陈述部分为 I wish 时，疑问部分则用 may I ?I wish to go to Hefei to see you one day, may I ? I wish to use your pen, may I ?18）当陈述部分含有状语从句时，附加疑问部分的主语、谓语应与主句的主、谓语一致When I got to school, the classes had already begun, hadnt they?When the teacher speaks, we have to keep quiet, dont we?总结：1. 在
46、反意疑问句，前面的陈述句如果是 _的，反意疑问句就要用 _形式；前面的陈述句如果是 _的，反意疑问句就要用_形式； 。2. 对于反意疑问句的回答，如果问句的前部分是 肯定 的，那么回答中的 yes,和 no 的意思就和汉语 相同 ；如果问句的前部分是 否定 的，那么回答中的 yes,和 no 的意思就和汉语 相反。2句子类型英语中句子类型可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种陈述句：说明一个事实或者陈述说话人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。疑问句：一般疑问句：以连系动词 be、情态动词或助动词开头，通常用 Yes 或 no 进行回答。特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句以疑问词（组）who,w
47、hat,which,how,how long 等开头，不能用 yes或 no 回答。选择疑问句：提出两个（或多个）选项，两（多个）部分之间由 or 连接。反意疑问句：提出疑问或看法，询问对方是否赞同。祈使句：表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词为动词原形。否定句多在句首加 dont.注意：祈使句主语通常省略，但如果特别强调对方或表达某种情绪时可以有主语或加称呼感叹句：表示喜怒哀乐等情绪1.what 引导的感叹句（1）what a/an+单数可数名词 what a pity!(2) what a/an +adj+单数可数名词（+主语+谓语）what a beautiful park it is!（3）what+adj+不可数名词/复数可数名词（+ 主语+谓语）what good news it is!2.how 引导的感叹句How+adj/adv(+主语+谓语+ 其他） how well she dances! Unit 2 Great
