1、1,Difference between CulturesAllan Peng,2,Culture and language,Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs, customs, institutions, objects, and techniques that characterize the life of a human community.,3,Difference between Cultures,1. 词汇中的文化差异1.1 概念意义与文化意义完全对应1.2 概念意义对应，文化意义空缺1.3 概念意义对应，语用意义不同2
2、. 成语习语中的文化差异3. 语用方面的文化差异,4,1. 词汇中的文化差异,反映中国文化特有的事物和现象的词语，如“盘古”、“女娲”、“秀才”、“八股文”、“太极拳”、“个体户”等，虽然在英语里找不到意义完全对等的词语，却不是语义转换的主要障碍，通过阐释或注解总有办法把它们的意思解释清楚并传达出去，所以上述词语只能属于概念意义的空缺，而不列入本章所讲的文化意义。文化意义是指词语意义之外的、能产生联想的内涵意义。具有这类双重意义的词语往往构成翻译的主要障碍，因为它们常常兼指多意，甚至以内涵意义为主。这样的词语，虽然在英语里能找到概念相同的词语，却可能出现文化含义的不对应或假对应。,5,狗(鄙视
3、)龙(高贵) 红（喜庆）白（丧服）蓝（纯净）黄（王权）牧童(悠闲)农民(忠厚朴实) 月亮(团圆) 宣传(中性词),dog(同情)dragon(凶恶)red(暴力)white（婚纱）blue（忧郁、淫秽）yellow（怯懦）cowboy(冒险)peasant(心胸狭窄)moon(虚幻)propaganda(贬义词),6,1.1 概念意义与文化意义完全对应,直译原文的概念意义和文化意义、形象与寓意同时传达到译文当中,7,丢脸露面老手 笑柄 碰壁好心祸不单行 趁热打铁 混水摸鱼 花钱如流水 一只耳朵听，一只耳朵冒,to lose face , face -losing to show one s f
4、ace , up an old hand a laughing stock run one s head against a wall kind heartedmisfortunes never come singly Strike while the iron is hot. to fish in troubled watersto spend money like watersto go in at one ear and out at the other,8,姥姥既是这么说，况且当日你也见过这姑太太一次，为什么不你老人家明儿就去走一趟，先试试风头儿去？（曹雪芹红楼梦）Since this
5、 is your idea, mother, and youve called on the lady before, why not go there tomorrow and see how the wind blows? （杨宪益、戴乃迭译）三月里刘熏宇来信，说互生病了，而且是没有希望的病，医生说只好等日子了。四月底在时事新报上见到立达学校的通告，想不到这么快互生就殁了！（朱自清哀互生）In March I heard from Mr . Liu Xunyu that Husheng was sick and hopelessly sick at that. The doctor sai
6、d there was nothing he could do but wait for the day to arrive . Toward the end of April , I came across an obituary issued by Lida School ,9,1.2 概念意义对应，文化意义空缺,常见于比喻性词语：原文的词语在译入语里有概念意义的对应词，但没有原文的文化意义词语的概念意义是手段，比喻意义是目的意译，或借用英语的喻体,胸有成竹He has long had fully-grown bamboo in his bosom.He has long had a w
7、ell-thought-out plan in his mind.,10,接着他们用绳子五花大绑，把节振国捆得象个粽子似的，又是一阵拳打脚踢。节振国的嘴里鼻孔里鲜血直冒。（王义赤胆忠心）They gave him a good cuff and kick, trussed him up like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking him till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.老王和我算是柳家大院最“文明”的人了。“文明”是三孙子。（老舍柳家大院）Old Wang and I are con
8、sidered the genteel folk in the compound. Gentility be hanged! (Gentility be blowed! Gentility, the deuce take it !),11,“哦，交杯盏还没吃，倒上头了！”霍译：“Fancy! Doing her hair already-before youve even drunk the marriage-cup!” 杨译：“Fancy! You havent yet drunk the bridal cup but already youre doing her hair.”,12,心较
9、比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（红楼梦）霍译：She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan; And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.杨译：She looked more sensitive than Pikan , more delicate than Hsi Shih.（赵辛楣）一肚皮的酒，几乎全化成酸醋.（钱钟书围城）The wine in Hsin-meis stomach turned to sour vinegar in hi
10、s jealousy.The considerable amount of wine Hsin-mei had consumed earlier was burning inside and made him sick with jealousy.,13,1.3 概念意义对应，语用意义不同,一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后大骂其新党。（鲁迅祝福）When we met , after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter, and after saying that immediately started
11、a violent attack on the revolutionaries. (Foreign Languages Press)After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met , he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he launched a violent attack on the revolutionaries.,14,毛主席问陈妻：“你们俩感情好不好？”陈妻答：“好。”主席听了感到非常高兴。Then Chairman Ma
12、o talked with Chens wife. He was pleased to know that they had a happy home life. （凤姐：）“这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是嫡新的孙女儿似的。”（红楼梦）霍译： And everything about her so distingue! She doesnt take after your side of the family, Grannie, shes more like a Jia.”杨译： Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesnt take a
13、fter her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress, but more like a Jia.,15,2. 成语习语中的文化差异,成语、习语的结构、语义和用法在很大程度受到所处具体文化环境的制约，能够比较突出地反映文化的差异。成语、习语的理解超出了文字的本意，其交际价值在于语用意义，具有强烈的文化特征。,16,只因薛蟠是天性“得陇望蜀”的，如今娶了金桂，又见金桂的丫头宝蟾有三分姿色，举止轻浮可爱，便时常要茶要水的，故意撩逗她。（红楼梦）杨译：Now Hsuch Pan was a living example of the saying “To
14、covet the land of Shu after getting the region of Lung.” After marrying Chin-kuei, he was struck by her maid Pao-chans charms. As she seemed approachable as well as alluring, he often flirted with her when asking her to fetch him tea or water. 霍译：Xue Pan was in some respects like the general of old
15、idiom conquest breeds appetite for further conquest, for when, after his marriage to Jin-gui, he discovered that she had an attractive, rather coquettish maid called Moonbeam, he was continually calling to her to bring him things -cups of tea and the like - so as to have an opportunity of flirting w
16、ith her.,17,那个宝玉是个丈八的灯台照见人家，瞧不见自己的的，只知嫌人家脏。这是他的房子，由着你们糟蹋，越不成体统了。（红楼梦）杨译：As for Baoyu, hes like a ten-foot lamp stand that sheds light on others but none on itself. He complains that other people are dirty, yet leaves you to turn his own rooms topsy-turvy. Disgraceful, I call it.” 霍译：And as for Bao-y
17、u: hes like a six-foot lamp stand that lights up others but stays dark itself; for hes always on about how dirty other people are, but look at the mess he allows you to make of his own room! Its a disgrace!,18,3. 语用方面的文化差异,语用意义与文化环境关系密切，以特定的社会文化背景为前提的；失去这个大背景，原有的语用意义就无从体现，或在不同文化背景中被赋予始料不及的其他意义。涉及社会应
18、酬与人际关系的词语有独特的民族文化,中国文化的“自贬”与“客气”“寒舍”、“菲酌”、“薄酒”、“敝人”、“窃以为”、“愚见”“您”、“令尊”、“令堂”、“贵舍”、“鸿论”中国文化的以老为尊“老李”表示亲热， “李老”表示恭敬中国文化的含蓄内敛“不敢当”、“有愧”、“过奖”、“哪里哪里”,19,欢迎，欢迎(幸会；久仰)惭愧(不敢当，哪里),Glad to meet you.Im pleased to see you. Its such a pleasure to see you.Im pleased that you think so.Im pleased to hear that. You f
19、latter me.Thank you for your compliment.,20,您太客气(让你破费，不好意思)请笑纳(别嫌弃，一点意思)多谢(有劳您呢，累您了)别客气(别见外，没什么),Its so lovely!Thank you for the gift.I hope you will like it.Please accept it.Thanks.Many, many thanks. Im much obliged.Dont mention it.Its a pleasure. Not at all. Youre welcome. Never mind.,21,劳驾(请问，有劳您
20、)没错。完全同意 该死！没门儿！,Excuse me.Could you be so kind as to . Would you please.? May I trouble you. Would you mind.?You bet.No mistake. Certainly.I couldnt agree more.How right you are!Damn it.No way.,22,慢走(再会；保重；有空来玩儿)一路顺风！不见不散啊！恭喜发财！,Good-bye.Take care. See you. Do come again.Plain sailing.Have a good j
21、ourney. May the favorable wind accompany you.Please be there on time.Till then. See you.Good luck!,23,Compare,“白象” “芳草”“金三角”“金鸡”,“White Elephant”White elephant means a costly or troublesome possession useless to its owner.Baixiang or Silver Elephant”Fang Cao The transliteration fang is a homonym of
22、English word fang, meaning snakes poison-tooth.“Fragrant Grass” a Golden Triangle”The phrase Golden Triangle is customarily used to refer to an area in Southeast Asia, famous for drug.“Golden Delta”“Gold Cock”The English cock has acquired a jesting, pejorative sense.Golden Rooster”,24,中国是个大陆国家，幅员辽阔，
23、地大物博英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业比较发达，反映在语言中就出现了许多与海洋、船和水有关的短语。,地域文化特色,黔驴技穷人心齐，泰山移不到黄河心不死不到长城非好汉福如东海，寿比南山,all at sea（不知所措）burn ones boats（破釜沉舟）sail before the wind（顺风航行）keep ones head above water（奋力图存）,25,宗教文化特色,周瑞家的听了笑道：”阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿！等十年都未必这样巧的呢。” （曹雪芹红楼梦）杨译：“Gracious Buddha!” Mrs. Zhou chuckled. “How terrible ch
24、ancy! You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.” 霍译：“God bless my soul!” Zhou Ruis wife exclaimed. “You would certainly need some patience! Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.” 世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！（曹雪芹红楼梦）杨译：All men long to be immortals, yet to riches and rank each aspires; 霍译：Men all know that salvation should be won, but with ambition wont have done, have done.,26,The End,
