1、A Survey on England名词解释（Terms）(一) 历史1. Hadrians Wall: About 122 A.D., in order to keep back the Picts and Scots, the Romans built a wall from the Solway to the Tyne which was called Hadrians Wall. 约公元 122 年，罗马人为了抵挡皮克特人和苏格兰人的入侵，修筑了一道从索尔威至泰恩河的长城，史称哈德良长城。2. The Battle of Hastings 黑斯廷斯战役: The battle too
2、k place in 1066, nine miles from Hastings between Duke Williams army and the King, Harolds army. Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. The Battle of Hastings paved the way for the conquest of England. 战役发生在公元 1066 年，离黑斯廷斯九英里外，交战双方分别为威廉公爵及国王哈罗德的两支队伍。战役为最后攻克英格兰铺平了道路。3. The Assize of Arms
3、: It was issued in 1181 by Henry II. It was compulsory for every freeman in England to be provided with arms. Those arms were used only when their owner was called out for national service by the kings command. 武器法令于1181 年由亨利二世颁布。内容包括每一个英格兰自由人都必须强制性地配给武器，这些武器只有在他们的主人受国王的召唤参加兵役时才能使用。4. The Great Char
4、ter（Magna Carta）: The document was signed by King John in 1215. Under great pressure, King John granted the list of demands that the bishops, the barons and the townsmen had drawn up. It contained three sets of provisions and made some restriction to the Kings power. It was made in the interests of
5、the feudal lords and was a feudal document. 大宪章由约翰王于 1215 年签署。迫于压力，约翰国王不得不准予当时由各大主教，男爵以及市民起草的一系列要求。共包括三组条款，限制国王的权利。这是一个旨在维护封建地主利益的条约。5. All Estates Parliament 各等级议会: The Parliament of 1265 is known as the “All Estates Parliament” and is considered the beginning of Parliament.1265 年的议会史称“各等级议会” ，被视为议
6、会制度的开端。6. Model Parliament: King Edward I was engaged in wars with Wales, Scotland and he needed a lot of money. In 1265 he summoned the “All Estates Parliament” which included more than 400 members. This is considered a model for all succeeding ones, and it has been known in history as the “Model P
7、arliament”. 爱德华一世时期，为与威尔士，苏格兰交战筹集战资，国王召集当时由 400 议员组成的“各等级议会”共商对策。这次议会为后继议会树立了典范，因此被称为“模范国会”。7. Black Death: The illness (probably bubonic plague) that killed large numbers of people in Europe and Asia in the 14th century. 这场 14 世纪席卷欧亚的瘟疫（可能是淋巴腺鼠疫）致使大量的人丧命。8. Wat Tylers Rising: Since the Hundred Year
8、s War, the conditions of the peasants were not improved; the villains struggled for full freedom. The government of Edward II and the parliament issued orders which made the people who had no land or other means of living to work for landlords and proprietors at the same rate as before Black Death.
9、This aroused the hatred against the ministers, lawyers and landlords. All of these led to the rising led by Wat Tyler in 1381. It was precipitated by the collections of the Poll Tax. The rising started in Essex and soon spread to the neighboring countries. The peasant believed the king, Richard，who
10、promised, half of them went home, and the leaders remained. But in a conference with Richard, the mayor of London killed Wat Tyler; many peasants were killed and dispersed. 百年战争之后，农民的处境并没有得到真正的改善。这些粗野的农夫揭竿而起，为自由而战。爱德华二世政府及议会发布命令，规定没有土地或其他谋生手段的农民仍以与黑死病之前相同比率的报酬替地主及所有者工作。这一规定引起了农民对牧师，律师及地主的愤恨。所有这一切导致了
11、 1381 年瓦特泰勒起义。人头税的征收促成了这次起义。起义始于艾塞克斯，很快席卷了周边地区。起义中，农民相信了理查德国王的承诺，半数农民放弃起义，返回家园，但起义的领袖们留了下来。在后来与国王的一次会议中，伦敦市市长杀害了瓦特泰勒。许多农民也相继遭到杀戮和遣散。9. The Enclosure Movement: In the end of the 15th century the manufacture woolen cloth in England became an important source of wealth and a major export. The cloth ind
12、ustry increased the value of wool. Raising sheep became more profitable. This encouraged the landlords to covert arable land and the “commons” into pastures. Later some of the nobility and merchants started to enclose the land. Large areas of land were fenced without any warning to the peasants. Thi
13、s process was known as Enclosure Movement. 15 世纪末期，英国的毛纺业已经成了国家财富的重要支柱产业和主要的出口商品。制衣业的发达增加了羊毛的价值。养羊变得有利可图。于是，许多地主把耕地改造成牧场。继后，一些贵族和商人纷纷开始圈地。大量的土地没有通知农民就被围圈起来。这个进程史称“圈地运动” 。10. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴 : Renaissance means “rebirth”再生 Europe rediscovering its origins in the cultures of ancient Greek a
14、nd Rome. It was a cultural movement that arose with rise of the bourgeoisie. The thinkers who worked for freedom and enlightenment were called humanists. The great English humanist was Sir Thomas More 托马斯莫尔, who wrote his masterpiece “Utopia”. The English Renaissance was largely literary. Shakespear
15、e was the greatest dramatist of the age. 指的是欧洲从古希腊，罗马中重新发掘自己文化的起源。这是一场随着资产阶级的崛起而兴起的文化运动。这批为追求自由，启蒙而奋斗的思想家被称为人文主义者。伟大的英国人文主义者代表是托马斯莫尔， “乌托邦”的作者。英国的文艺复兴主要体现在文学领域。莎士比亚是这个时代最伟大的戏剧家。11. Charted Companies: English trade organizations such as the Moscow Company, the England Company, and the East India Comp
16、any. “海外贸易公司”指的是英国的贸易组织，诸如莫斯科公司，英格兰公司，东印度公司等等。12. The East India Company: One of the most well-known English trade companies formed at the end of the 16th century. It served as a tool of exploiting the Indian people. “东印度公司”是最著名的英国贸易公司。创建于 16 世纪末。是英国海外剥削印度人民的工具。13. Glorious Revolution 光荣革命: After th
17、ree years of struggle, the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II, who intended to establish absolutism in England with the aid of France and had restored Roman Catholic in civil government, etc. The leaders of Parliament of the two parties planned a coup d tat. In June 1688 the leade
18、rs of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as “The Glorious Revolution”. 经过三年的抗争，辉格党和保守党的领导终于联合起来对付詹姆士二世。詹姆士二世
19、当时已经在世俗政府恢复了罗马天主教，并企图借助法国的援助，在英国建立专制。议会两党领袖准备策划政变。1688 年六月，议会领袖邀请荷兰的威廉即位。威廉带着军队踏上英国领土，受到了极大的欢迎。詹姆士二世逃离至法国。威廉和玛利被拥戴继承王位，联合治理英国。14. The Treaty of Utrecht 乌得勒支条约 : The treaty was signed in 1723 between Britain and Spain, France. According to the treaty, Spain agreed that England should keep Gibraltar a
20、s a navy base to protect her trade. France gave up claims to various part of Canada handed over Belgium to Austria. 乌得勒支条约由英国，西班牙和法国于 1723 年签订。根据条约，西班牙同意英国把乌得勒支作为其海军基地，以保护其贸易。法国放弃了对加拿大部分地区的所有权，并把比利时移交给奥地利管理。15. The Seven Years War: The war between Britain and Spain, lasting from 1756-1763. 七年战争16. T
21、he Treaty of Paris 巴黎条约: It was signed in 1763 after the war between England and France. It had for points which were mainly about some concessions to England by France and Spain, especially the colonies. Frances power in India was destroyed and Britain became the worlds chief colonial power. 巴黎条约是指
22、 1763 年英法战争之后缔结的条约。内容主要包括法国及西班牙对英国的一些让步，尤其是在殖民地的问题上。法国在印度的势力大损，英国成为世界上最主要的殖民强国。17. The House of Hanover 汉诺威王朝 : George I began the House of Hanover in1714. The cabinet system was established and the monarch reigned by the act of Parliament. 乔治一世于 1714 年开创汉诺威王朝。由此开始了内阁制度，并开创了君主受议会法案支配的先河。18. “Factory
23、 of the World”世界工厂: Britain is called the “factory of the world” because the Industrial Revolution promoted its development of production.英国由于其工业革命极大地推进了生产力发展而被称作“世界工厂” 。19. The Corn Law 谷物法: It refers to a serious of laws for regulating trade in corn, including raising the grain prices and rents by
24、 taxing imported grain in 1815 or so and they were repealed in 1848. 指 1815 年左右为规范谷物交易而颁布的一系列法律，其中包括通过对进口谷物征税来规范谷物交易的提价，提租等。此法律于 1848 年废除。20. Anti-Corn Law League 反谷物法同盟: An organization was formed in 1838 under Bright and Cobden in Manchester, which was against the Corn Laws.1838 年在布赖特和科布登的领导下，在曼彻斯
25、特成立了反谷物同盟，共同反对“谷物法” 。21. The Chartist Movement 宪章运动: It was a movement of the working class for realizing the “peoples charter” which was about universal suffrage. The chartists could be divided into two groups - “moral force”, “physical force”. The Chartist Movement reached its height in 1839-1848.
26、 Three petitions were rejected. The Movement declined after 1848. Although the Chartist Movement failed, it had a great influence. It was after the movement that the English working class entered a period of conducting independent political movements against the bourgeoisie.为了实现“人民宪章”规定的全民普选，工人阶级开展了
27、宪章运动。宪章派可以分为两类道义派和暴力派。宪章运动在 18391848 年达到高潮。抵制了三份请愿书。1848 年之后开始走下坡路。尽管宪章运动失败了，其影响是深远的。正是在宪章运动之后，英国工人阶级步入了一个反对资产阶级，争取独立政府权利的阶段。22. The Crimean War 克里米亚战争: The War broke out in 1845 and ended in 1856. It was a war between Britain, Turkey, France and Russia for the balance of power in Europe and the des
28、ire of the Western powers to keep Turkey as a barrier against Russian expansion into the Balkans. In 1856 peace was signed at Paris. Russia agreed not to fortify Sebastopol which was the great fortress in Crimea. And the Danube River was opened to free navigation. 战争的目的是为了取得在欧洲权力的平衡，并且西方列强企图把土耳其当作防止
29、俄国向巴尔干半岛扩张的屏障。1856 年在巴黎签订了和平协议。俄国同意不在克里米亚的要塞塞瓦斯托波尔修筑防御工事。同时开放多瑙河，可以自由航海。 The Opium War: In 1840 under the pretext of protecting her trade, Britain launched an aggressive war against China 英国借口保护其贸易，发动了对中国的侵略战争. This was the Opium War. The corrupt Qing government surrendered to the British invaders a
30、nd was forced to sign the first unequal Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. 1842 年，英国借口保护其贸易，发动了对中国的侵略战争。史称“鸦片战争” 。腐朽的清政府向英国入侵者妥协，被迫于 1842 年签订了第一个不平等条约南京条约。23. Viscount Palmerton 帕默子爵: The Prime Minister during 1859 to 1865 was the image of the successful bourgeois. In domestic policy he resisted any reform
31、and delayed overdue reform. After his death the question of parliamentary reform was re-opened. 18591865 年期间的首相是成功的资产阶级形象。在国内政策，他抵制任何改革。在他死后，议会改革的问题才重新开放。24. The Fabian Society 费边社: It was founded in 1833-1844, which included intellectuals, such as G.B. Shaw and H.G. Wells, who played an important p
32、art in the 20th century labor policies.费边社成立于 18331834 年期间。它的成员包括萧伯纳，韦尔斯等在二十世纪工人政策的制定中起过重要作用的知识分子。25. Splendid isolation 光荣孤立: The foreign policy carried by Britain from 1863 to the end of the century. 指英国从 1863 年至19 世纪末期奉行的外交政策。26. Clean Air Act: The Act was passed in October 1956. The purpose of t
33、he Act is to ban the burning of untreated coal to prevent a recurrence of the killer smog in London. “空气洁净法”于 1956 年十月通过。其目的是要禁止排放未经任何处理的煤燃烧，以防止再次产生灾难性的伦敦烟雾。27. “Super Mac”: It is nick name for Harold Macmillan; Macmillan was Prime Minister of Brita in from 1957 to 1963. For his efficiency and skill
34、, he was known “Super Mac”. 超级“迈克是对 1957 年1963 年英国首相哈罗德麦克米兰的昵称。因为他的高效和技能，被称为超级“迈克” 。28. IRA: It refers to Irish Republican Army. It is generally regarded as a terrorist organization. 爱尔兰共和军，被认为是一支恐怖分子组织。29. The Treaty of Versailles: The treaty was signed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Accord
35、ing to the treaty Britain took Palestine and Mesopotamia from Turkey and seized a large number of German colonies an Africa and in the Pacific Ocean. 凡尔赛条约在巴黎和平大会上签订。根据条约，英国从土耳其处取得对巴勒斯坦及美索不达米亚的控制权，并攫去了德国在非洲和太平洋地区的许多殖民地。30. The Battle of the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave l
36、egislative recognition to the relation between the British Empire and her dominions. It made the dominions become independent states in all but name.威斯敏斯特条约之争，此条例于 1931 年通过。在立法上认可了英帝国与英联邦自治领域的关系。使得英联邦自治领域成为独立的州。他们只是在名字上与英国还有一丝联系。31. The Battle of London: It occurred on the first day of World War II.
37、 There was a series of air raid on London. Two days before, the evacuation from danger zones began. Outdoor household steel shelters were constructed to protect people against air attack. 伦敦战役发生在二战的第一天。当时在伦敦上空有一系列的空袭。两天前，自危险区撤退就已经开始了。人们在房子外修筑铁障，以防止被攻击。32. The Peterloo Massacre 彼得鲁大屠杀 : In August 181
38、9, a demonstration was organized in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, vote by ballot, and annual Parliament and the repeal of the Corn Laws. It was suppressed by the government with 11 persons killed and over 400 wounded. 1819 年 8 月，曼彻斯特组织了一场游行，呼唤全民普选，投票选举，废除议会及废除谷物法。这场游行最终被征服镇压。11 人被害，400 多人
39、受伤。33. The Downing Street Declaration: This is an agreement between Britain and Ireland. It was signed in 1993, agreeing that the future of Northern Ireland should depend on the wishes of the majority. 唐宁街宣言是英国与爱尔兰之间的协约，于 1993年签订。协约规定北爱尔兰的未来将取决于大多数人的意愿。34. The Reform Bill: It was put forward by the
40、new Whig-led government in 1832. It made three important changes for the election system: (1) A number of “rotten boroughs” were abolished; (2) Additional seats were given to the most populous countries; (3) The total electorate was increased by 217, 000. But the working class and some sections of t
41、he lower middle classes still remained. 改革法案于 1832 年由辉格党领导的政府颁布。它对选举制度做了三大改进：（1）废除许多有名无实的选区 （2）额外的席位给人口稠密地区 （3）全民选民增长 217，000. 但在工人阶级和许多中、低层区仍然保持不变。35. Julius Caesar 朱利叶斯凯撒: He was a Roman general, and between 55 and 54 B.C. he led his army invaded Britain twice. 凯撒是罗马大将，曾在公元前 55-54 年间率领部队两次入侵英国。36.
42、 Alfred 阿尔弗雷德: King of Wessex in Britain in the turn on 8th century who defeated the Danes. He was considered the first national hero in Britain. 阿尔弗雷德是公元八世纪英国韦塞克斯的国王。他率领击败了丹麦人，被认为是英国第一个国家英雄。37. Edmund: Son of the King Ethelred in Britain who fought heroically against the Danes. 埃德蒙是英国国王埃塞雷德的儿子，他曾英勇
43、击退丹麦人的进攻。38. Vikings: The northern warriors, mainly from Norway and Denmark.维京人是北方的武士，主要来自于挪威和丹麦。39. William, the Conqueror 征服者威廉: On Christmas Day 1066 Duke William known in history as William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey. He established a strong monarchy in England. In 1086 Willi
44、am the Conqueror had his officials to go through England to make a general survey of the land, known as Doomsday Book. He retained most of the Old English customs of government. 1066 年圣诞节那天，被称为“征服者威廉”的威廉公爵在威斯特敏特教堂加冕。他建立了强大的英格兰政权。1086 年，征服者威廉让其官员走遍英格兰，对其土地作总体测量，史称“人口土地清册” 。他保留了许多古老的英格兰习俗。40. Henry II
45、: Henry Plantagenet established the House of Plantagenet in 1154 as Henry II. During his reign the power of the crown was intensified further, and he made a serious of reforms, such as the Inquest of Sheriffs. Later the barons rose in revolt and his sons in France took up against him. After crushing
46、 all the revolts Henry II died in 1189. 1154 年，建立金雀花王朝，叫做亨利二世。在他统治期间，王权得到进一步巩固。亨利二世进行了许多改革，如“郡长大调查” 等等。后来男爵发动反抗起义，他在法国的儿子即位。在镇压反抗起义之后，亨利于 1189 年去世。41. The Lollards 罗拉德派: John Wycliffe and his followers who provided ideological preparation for the labor movement of the 14th century. 约翰瓦克里夫和其追随着为 14 世
47、纪的劳工运动提供了意识形态的准备。42. Francis Drake: One of the most well-known navigators in England who set sail on a voyage round the world in 1577. 弗朗西斯德雷克，英格兰著名的航海家之一，曾于 1577 年绕世界航行一周。43. Henry VII: On the battle-field of Bosworth Henry VII was crowned and his title was accepted by Parliament at the end of 1485
48、. He took some measures to consolidate his power, such as, confining his rival Edward in Tower. In order to retain his crown, he took a serried of steps. He strengthened the law courts, increased the income of government. He encouraged education and exploration, increased the trade but he didnt deal
49、 with the problem, the Church. He died in 1509. 在 Bosworth 战场，亨利七世被加冕，后来于 1485 年底，其头衔得到议会的承认。他采取了强有力的措施巩固其政权，如将自己的对手爱德华拘禁在塔里等。为了保留王位，他又采取了一系列的措施。他巩固了法庭，增加政府的收入，鼓励教育和探险，增加贸易等等，但他并没有涉及到教会问题。亨利七世死于 1509 年。44. Francis Bacon: Progenitor in the period of England materialism of the Renaissance in England, a philosopher, a statesman, an essayist. 弗朗西斯培根是英国文艺复兴时期英国唯物主义的先驱。他也是哲学家，政治家和散文家。45. Charles I: King of absolutist rule of the Stuarts, quarreled with Parliament, persecuted the Puritans. After the Civil War, he was beheaded in 1649. 查理一世是斯图亚特王朝专制的国王，和议会不合，最终被清
