1、Cavalier Poet Gothic novel, in rebelling against the increasing commercialism and rationalism, opened to later fiction the dark, irrational side of human nature that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind; Satire is noted for their wittiness of remark and adeptness of t
2、echnique. Satire:Satire is a composition in verse or prose holding up vice or folly to ridicule or lampooning individuals. The use of ridicule, irony, sarcasm, ect., in speech or writing for the ostensible purpose of exposing and discourage vice or folly. In other words, satire is a particular use o
3、f humor for overtly moral purposes. “A Modest Proposal” by Jonathan Swift is one writings of such feature.MetaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one object or idea is applied to another, thereby suggesting a likeness or analogy between them, as: “I will drink Life to
4、 the lees“-Ulysses by Alfred Tennyson(life is compared to a cup of wine)AllusionAllusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication. Eg. In Musee des Beaux Arts, Auden makes a reference to the Museum of Fine
5、Arts in Brussels, which contains Brueghels Icarus. The Lyrical BalladsThe Lyrical Ballads is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge with a Few Other Poems. Its first publication in 1798 marks the beginning of the English Romanticism.OdeOde is a lyrical verse to prais
6、e someone or something on God, usually in the poets view. Eg, In Ode to the West Wind, Shelley expressed his admiration of the power of nature. In Ode to a Nightingale, John Keats shares his perception of the conflicted nature of human life.Dramatic monologueDramatic monologue is a single speaker sp
7、eaking to an implied listener at a critical moment in a way that reveals (usually indirectly) the speakers temperament and character. My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a dramatic monologue in which the Duke, as he talks about the portrait of his last Duchess, reveals bit by bit his cruelty and p
8、ossessiveness.Modernism in literature characteristics1) A period of experimentation in art. Eg. free verse, cubism, psychology, sexuality2) The interest of the individual and the artist按课本：P3401) Marks a strong and conscious break with the past; 2) Emphasizes on the need to move away from the public
9、 to private, from objective to subjective; 3) Upholds a new view of time by emphasizing the psychic time over chronological one; 4) A reaction against realism.Differences between Romanticism & Neoclassicism (Romanticism, P6-7)Although both ideas celebrate man as the center, Neoclassicism held strict
10、ly to reason and order, to intellect, precision and perfection and also often has serious, heroic, and moral themes, focusing on philosophical and new ideas during the time of enlightenment. Three popular neoclassical authors are Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire. Romanticism emphasizes the inner
11、world of the human spirit, rejects the idea of morals and embraces emotions and a sense of free spirit. It is dominated by feelingsnot logic, as Wordsworth indulge himself in imagination in “Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802”. The Byronic hero (Romantic Poetry, P65, Para.3)The Byro
12、nic hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin created by the leading Romanticist Byron and is to some extent modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself. Superior in his passions and powers, the Byronic hero would dedicate himself to righting all the wrongs in a corrupt socie
13、ty, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral society with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions. He appears first i
14、n Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, and then elaborated in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Don Juan. The Victorian age in literature: characteristics (Victorian Age, P150-155)1. Novel: The novel is often considered the highlight of Victorian literature. One innovation was Realism, whic
15、h presented a detailed portrait of life in nineteenth-century England. The function of a novelist was also extended from mere description and moralization to social criticism, represented by Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray. 2. Non-fiction Prose: Prose in this period was marked by the
16、 high moralism of the dominant puritanical spirituality and the criticism of materialism and lack of purpose, as represented by Thomas Macaulay. 3. Poetry: Victorian poetry is obsessed by the great ideas of a fictionalized past, it functions as a popular encyclopedia or commentary to myth or folklor
17、e and it is, consequently, a fashionable manneristic commentary to a variety of ideas, including idealism, moralism, optimism, pessimism etc. as presented in the dramatic monologue of “My last duchess” by Robert Browning, and the criticism of egotism in “Ulysses” by Alfred Tennyson. 4. The middle of
18、 the Victorian Age is marked by a new Romantic impulse, the Pre-Raphaelite Movement, which sought to bring to their poetry the simplicity and directness notable in medieval Italian art before the Renaissance painter Raphael came on the scene. They wished to renew emphasis on serious emotion, imagina
19、tion, individuality, and fidelity to truth and to elaborate details in a fashion distinctly reminiscent of medievalism. 老师好像没在课上作补充。以上为课本中找出的答案。课本中关于 Victorian Literature 特点的论述很零散。这一段是网上找的，可作参考补充，但作答还是用课本中的句子好。1. Literature of this age tends to come closer to daily life which reflects its practical
20、problems and interests. It becomes a powerful instrument for human progress.2. Moral Purpose: The Victorian literature seems to deviate from “art for arts sake“ and asserts its moral purpose. Tennyson, Browning, Carlyle, Ruskin - all were the teachers of England with the faith in their moral message
21、 to instruct the world.3. Idealism: It is often considered as an age of doubt and pessimism. The influence of science is felt here. The whole age seems to be caught in the conception of man in relation to the universe with the idea of evolution. Tennysons some immature works seem holding doubtful an
22、d despairing stains but his In Memoriam comes out as a hope after despair.4. Though, the age is characterized as practical and materialistic, most of the writers exalt a purely ideal life. It is an idealistic age where the great ideals like truth, justice, love, brotherhood are emphasized by poets,
23、essayists and novelists of the age.Social Darwinism (Twenty-Century Literature, P339, 6th line)Social Darwinism is the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection or “Survival of the Fittest” as plants and animals. The theory was used to j
24、ustify colonialism, jingoism, racism etc. Its mentioned in class that this term is misnamed and is now largely discredited since Darwins theory of evolution only concerns nature. Epiphany （ Twentieth-Century Literature P582）Epiphany means the “sudden revelation of great truth” as shown in the last p
25、aragraph of “Araby” from Dubliners by James Joyce, “ Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity, and my eyes burned with anguish and anger”, depicting an adults view point looking back on a childhood experience. Epiphany is also the manifestation of Christ to
26、 the Gentiles, namely the revelation of God the Son as a human being in Jesus Christ as marked by the visit of the Magi to the infant Jesus (Matthew 2:112). Its mentioned in the first stanza of “Musee des Beaux Arts” by W. H. Auden: “How, when the aged are reverently, passionately waiting/ for the m
27、iraculous birth”. The Glorious Revolution: It refers to the revoluton in 1688. In that year, Parliament invited Jamess Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband to accept the British crown, thus bringing a revolution without bloodshed. Restoration: It refers to the restoration of monarchy to a
28、Suart King in 1660. After Cromwells death, his son failed to rule the country in an efficient way. The English people were happy to restore the monarchy. At the invitation of the Parliament, the eldest son of Charles I returned and assumed the throne as Charles II.Elegy: It is a mournful, melancholi
29、c , or plaintive poem,especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead. The Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray is not a elegy in form, but the last part, the Epitaph belongs to elegy.Logical appeals and ethical appeals: Logical appeals and ethical appeals refer to arousing people
30、s ethical awareness by logical reasoning. In A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift, a master of satire, logical appeals and ethical appeals are based on a false and ridiculous assumption. The authors suggesting people to eat babies,a logically practicable but ethically impracticable propostion gives full demonstration to the appeals of satire.Personification: It is a metaphor in which a thing or abstraction is represented as a person. For example, in “to a skylark” by Shelly,the skylark is personified as a poet to express the authors appealling to the people for the sympathy of mankind.
