1、国外口译笔记符号图例consequences developmentrelations agricultureagreement environmentrole energysuccess tradeproblem politicsrepression democracyimpact workcountry moneymeeting inflationindustry deficit surpluslook forward to changewant to needknow continuedecide joinpropose listen/hearlead to, cause sayprom
2、ise attackagree thankson the one hand always (toujours in French).on the other hand untilon behalf of from that time onas opposed to beforerecently more than/less thanall anynow similar endstartOrganic symbolsWhen we talk about ORGANIC SYMBOLS we mean simply that one symbol is taken as the root for
3、several related symbols. The most obvious example is the underlining. You can underline any symbol to add emphasis big . bigYou can also double underline, draw a squiggly line or a dotted line underneath a symbol or word denote differing degrees of emphasis or certainty. There is a system for noting
4、 verbs that ties in with this idea.verb tenses work work g work | | work | w 魊 k working worked will work would workHere are some more examples of one symbol giving rise to several more. al national (adjective) ally Nationally ze to nationalize tn nationalisation o national (noun), citizen return, c
5、ome back, reverse, regress rise, increase, grow, climb etc. fall, decline, slide, slip, drop, shrink, exchange, relations, lead to, consequence of, therefore continue, ?o:p pleased. annoyed, unhappy, unimpressed, etc. very unhappy, disgusted, etc to think to know, (for me, the straight line denotes
6、certainty, in comparison to the squiggly line for 搕 o think?) The circle can also be used to denote a person who is associated with that symbols meaning. This can be done by adding a raised circle to another symbol. al national (adjective) o citizen econ Economy econ o economist E Energy E o energy
7、expert, supplier, Policy o politician that, which o who Where to find symbolsYou can get your symbols from anywhere that suits you.as long as you stick to some basic RULES. Here are a few ideas. Only use these symbols if they click in your mind, dont just use them because youve seen them here. You d
8、ont have to use the meanings assigned them here either. Symbols should be instantly associated FOR YOU with the meaning you give them. Maths = + Punctuation marks ? ! ( ) “ : Vehicle registrations D DA UK CH F (beware of mixing up China & Switzerland, or Poland and Portugal)Short words in other lang
9、uages so hi ta ok / bo ale juz / deja / ergo etc / pero /Currencies $ Y L Periodic table Fe Na Po Ag CO2 CO NO2 H3SO4What to note - Lederer/Seleskovitch1. The ideas. The essence. A single symbol or word can represent an entire idea. 2. Fulcra. Causality, consequence, links etc. and the relation of t
10、he ideas to one another in time. 3. Transcodable terms. Words than must be repeated rather than deverbalised and interpreted. 4. Numbers. Note the numbers immediately, interrupting whatever you are noting to note the number as they cannot be remembered from context and noted later as ideas can. 5. P
11、roper names. If you dont know a name, note it phonetically and see if you can work out how to say it properly in your target language later. If you cant then substitute a generic like “the UK delegate“ rather than mangling the name. 6. Technical terms. Specific to the context of the speech. 7. Lists
12、. Lists of words which are not integral parts of the sentences in which they are held overload the memory. So note them. 8. The first sentence of each new idea should be noted with particular care. This does not mean verbatim but with care. 9. LAST sentence of the speech should be noted with particu
13、lar care. 10. Striking usage. If the speaker uses a word or expression that stands out he has probably used it deliberately and will want it to appear in the interpretation. What to note - Taylor-BouladonMost beginners tend to write down too much but with experience you will see that your memory is
14、better than you think and a few clear notes are infinitely preferable to a whole page of notes written so fast you cant read them back.As to what you should note, W. Keiser suggests the following:l. Always ideas, arguments, never just words. But write down all proper names, figures, titles, quotes.2
15、. Who speaks and about whom or what.3. Tense of the action, i.e. present, past or future.4. Whether the statement is negative, positive, interrogative or exclamatory.5. Connections between ideas and arguments.6. Emphasis and stress.Notes should arranged vertically on the page, with indentations such
16、 as for new paragraphs to indicate new thoughts and a system of arrows and connecting signs.What to note - JonesThe first thing to be noted should be the main ideas, first because they are the most significant elements of a speech, and secondly because they are the pillars of its structure. It is al
17、so important to systematically note the links between the different ideas as well to divide them very clearly. Another element which has to be clear is the point of view being expressed: the audience must immediately realize who is speaking. As far as verbs are concerned, there are two basic things
18、which must appear in the notes: verb tenses, with special attention to conditional forms, and modal verbs, whose semantic role in the sentence is always of paramount importance.Other fundamental data are numbers, dates and proper names, which must be noted accurately, being preferable in a good inte
19、rpretation to miss some elements of another sentence than to get names or statistics wrong.These are some of the basic needs in consecutive interpreting as regards note-taking. Of course, interpreters have their own styles, and they could note down almost everything, or just the main elements, if th
20、ey trust their short-term memory. Anyway, noting down everything, without paying the proper attention to active listening, must be avoided at all costs. Exercises for note-taking in consecutiveWhat and how to note should be part of any interpreting course and may differ greatly from one place to the
21、 next, however, the techniques for which I suggest practice exercises below are widely used. Each of these elements of note-taking can be practised in isolation and without the time pressure associated with live note-taking. By practising elements regularly and in isolation they become automatic mor
22、e quickly, thus when we interpret we can concentrate on the many issues that are more important than note-taking. i.e. listening, Comprehension, analysis and reformulation!(Weber) Noting less 5.1 Listening to the news. Note one word per news item and then try to reproduce each item afterwards. 5.2 R
23、eading newspaper articles. Note one word per paragraph and then try to recreate it afterwards.?Annex 1.1 5.3 One student prepares a short speech containing say 5 clear ideas ?listeners agree to note only five words while listening to the speech and interpret on the basis of those notes. Students mus
24、t listen and analyse in order to decide which 5 words best represent the core ideas of the speech 5.5 Read newspaper articles. Take notes from an article using diagonal/ vertical note-taking techniques - read article back from notes. ?also Annex 1.4 and IV 5 揈 fficient Preparation? 5.6 While still u
25、nfamiliar with the technique practice notetaking from slow, short speeches. Using margins (e.g. for link words) many interpreters swear by the use of margins at the left-hand side of the page (i.e. to highlight link words (conjunctions)/ structural pointers (numbering and paragraph markers) / and vi
26、ewpoints see Jones). Here are some exercises to accustom ourselves to using margins to note link words. Similar exercises can be created for different uses of margin. 5.7 Read articles highlighting the link words. ?Annex 1.3. 5.8 Practice notetaking from articles, noting only the link words in the margin (or only link words plus one word per paragraph). Reproduce as speech. ?Annex 1.2. ?Annex 1.3. Other?/b 5.9 After a speech rewrite your notes in “fair copy“. Concentrate on aspects of note-taking technique that you have been taught but perhaps ignored under the pressure of the moment. Try to
