1、Computer GraphicsIntroduction I,A Survey of Computer Graphics,What is computer graphics?Interactive computer graphicsThe history of computer graphicsComputer graphics applicationsDevice,What is Computer Graphics?,Some possible definitions:Approaches, Methods, Technics and Tools for virtual world vis
2、ualizationGenerating 2D images of a 3D world represented in computerMain tasksModeling: construct the 3D model of the sceneRendering: compute the color of each pixelAnimation,What is Computer Graphics? (1/2),Computer graphics generally means creation, storage and manipulation of models and imagesSuc
3、h models come from diverse and expanding set of fields including physical, mathematical, artistic, biological, and even conceptual (abstract) structures,Frame from animation by William Latham, shown at SIGGRAPH 1992. Latham uses rules that govern patterns of natural forms to create his artwork.,Will
4、iam Fetter coined term “computer graphics” in 1960 to describe new design methods he was pursuing at BoeingCreated a series of widely reproduced images on pen plotter exploring cockpit design, using 3D model of human body.,“Perhaps the best way to define computer graphics is to find out what it is n
5、ot. It is not a machine. It is not a computer, nor a group of computer programs. It is not the know-how of a graphic designer, a programmer, a writer, a motion picture specialist, or a reproduction specialist.Computer graphics is all these a consciously managed and documented technology directed tow
6、ard communicating information accurately and descriptively.”Computer Graphics, by William A. Fetter, 1966,What is Computer Graphics? (2/2),What is Interactive Computer Graphics? (1/3),User controls contents, structure, and appearance of objects and their displayed images via rapid visual feedbackBas
7、ic components of an interactive graphics systeminput (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus, force feedback device, scanner, live video streams)processing (and storage)display/output (e.g., screen, paper-based printer, video recorder, non-linear editor)First truly interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pi
8、oneered at MIT by Ivan Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.D. thesis,Sketchpad in 1963. Note use of a CRT monitor, light pen and function-key panel.,Before Sketchpad, output via plotters/printers, input via keypunch, both in batch,Card punching (left). IBM 704 (right) took up a whole room and was capable of
9、about 4,000 arithmetic operations/second.Cool facts: Whirlwind, built in early 50s at MIT, cost $4.5 million and could perform 40,000 additions/second. Mac 512K, list price $3,195 in 1984, could do 500,000.,Batch (1950s now),What is Interactive Computer Graphics? (2/3),The Graphics Process,Modeling,
10、Modeling with Maya,Modeling,Modeling from image,Modeling,The tree model (a) without leaves (b) with leaves,Modeling-Geometry Processing,Rendering,Indirect diffusion,Caustic effect,Rendering,“A Rapid Hierarchical Rendering Technique for Translucent Materials”. Jensen, Siggraph2002,Rendering,Questions
11、,Graphics Vs. Image ? - geometric elements and attributes - pixel arraysComputer Graphics Vs. Image ProcessingCG : 3D Models - rendering - imagesI. P : 2D images - analysis - models(other information, special effects.),The History of Computer Graphics,Pioneer: Ivan Sutherland1963: Sutherlands PhD Th
12、esis：“Sketchpad: A Man-machine Graphical Communications System.”, MIT,1963,First time used “Computer Graphics”. CG started to be a novel and independent scientific branch.,Pioneer：Ivan Sutherland,First truly interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT by Ivan Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.
13、D. thesis,Sketchpad in 1963. Note use of a CRT monitor, light pen and function-key panel.,The History of Computer Graphics,Poineer: Ivan Sutherland1962: Pierre Bezier put forward “Bezier curve” for the representation of space curve1967: Wylie added lighting effect in objects representation1969: Xero
14、x developed GUI (Graphic User Interface)1973: Richard Shoup invented Raster-Scan DisplayThe great improvement of graphic techniquesPhong lighting model(1973)；Texture mapping(1974)；Ray tracing(1980)；Radiosity(1984),The History of Computer Graphics,IndustryILM(Industrial Light and Magic): an Academy A
15、ward winning motion picture visual effects company, 1975SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc): 1982Pixar 1986AutoDesk, AdobeDisplay card1994: the first PC display card - by 3DLabs1995.11: Voodoo - by 3DFx1999: Geforce256, the first GPU - by nVidianVidia and ATIGeforce 8800、Radeon HD 2900 XT,The History of Com
16、puter Graphics,Graphics StandardGKS(Germany, 1970s); PHIGS(ISO, 1986); GKS-3D(1988)OpenGL(SGI, 1992); DirectX(Microsoft); Java3D(Sun)Graphics Application Software3DS Max, Maya, LightWave 3DRendermanAutoCAD, Solid Work,Computer Graphics Applications,Computer Aided Design/ManufacturingEntertainmentEdu
17、cation&Science and TrainingVisualization in Scientific ComputingGraphical User Interface,Computer Aided Design/Manufacturing (CAD/CAM),Computer aided design in airplane, car, watercraft, architecture, costume, toy,CAD/CAM,Boeing 777(1990.10 1994.4)All the designing work is in computer graphics stati
18、ons and terminalsNo paperBoeing 747(comparing)16320 meters paper!,CAD/CAM,Computer aided design/Manufacturing in airplane,CAD/CAM,Computer aided architecture design,CAD/CAM,Computer aided design in shoe Manufacturing,Entertainment,Movies, AnimationsGamesNPR (Non-Photorealistic Rendering),Special Eff
19、ects in Movie,Jurassic Park（1993）,Special Effects in Movie,Titanic (1997),3D Animation Movie,Monsters Inc. (2001),Toy story (1995),3D Animation Movie,Final Fantasy (2001),Skin,Hair,Beijing Olympics opening ceremony,Games,NPR (Non-Photorealistic Rendering),Calligraphy generated using computers,Toon S
20、hading,Education & Science and Training,Computer Aided Education and ScienceComputer simulating the phenomenon in biology, geography, physics, chemistry, medicine, political social, economy and other sciencesComputer Aided TrainingSystem for training of ship captains, aircraft pilots ,NMT,Fractal mo
21、dels,Aerial views,Computer Graphics in Geography,Terrain Generation,Landsat,Google Earth,Structure of Protein,Computer Aided Training,War games,Visualization in Scientific Computing,Producing graphical representations for scientific, engineering and medical data sets and processes,Application - Hydr
22、odynamic,The air current around a car,Application - Hydrodynamic,Application - Weather,http:/www.ssec.wisc.edu/billh/vis5d.html,The isolines exhibit the distribution of atmospheric pressure,Application - Medical,The visible human project,Graphical User Interface(GUI),3D operating system,Graphic Devi
23、ces in Computer System,Graphic Devices in Computer System,CPUCPU implements all kinds of computations about graphics such as description, construction and modificationGPU(Graphic Processing Unit)Video Display DevicesInput Devices,Video Display Devices,Primary Output DeviceCathode ray tube(CRT) based
24、 displayLiquid-Crystal DisplayPlasma panelsSteroscopic DisplayThree Dimensional Viewing Devices,Steroscopic Viewing Devices,Three Dimensional Viewing Devices,Transport 3D display systembuilt by Hitachi Human Interaction Laboratory (HHIL),Three Dimensional Viewing Devices,Graphic Devices in Computer
25、System,CPUGPU(Graphic Processing Unit)Video Display Devices: output devicesInput Devices,Input Devices,Primary Input DevicesKeyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Spaceball, Joysticks, Digitizers, Light Pen, Scan machine, Touch panel, Voice SystemData Gloves, Sensor, Tracker, Force Feedback,3D mouse,Data glove,Force Feedback Device,Important conference:,SIGGRAPH (Special Interest Group on GRAPHics and Interactive Techniques),
