1、1,中国的文字,Chinese writing,2,一.汉字的特点The feature of Chinese Character二.汉字的构造方式The construction of Characters三.汉字的发展演变The development of Characters,3,Pictogram / Hieroglyphs, 鱼 fish,4, 人 man,5, 山 mountain,6, 鳥鸟 bird,7, 休 rest,In Egyptian hieroglyphics, the determinative is a glyph that carries no phoneti
2、c value but instead is added at the end of a word to clarify the meaning of the word. This is due to the fact that the writing system does not record vowels, and therefore different words with the same set of consonants (but different vowels) can be written by the same sequence of glyphs. Therefore
3、the determinative became necessary to disambiguate the meaning of a sequence of glyphs,8,9,Pictograph and ideographhieroglyphs。The basic unit of Chinese is strokes, 如：丨亻；一丨丿乀木；亻木休,10,Formation of words,“六书”the six categories of characters: 象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借. But there are only four ways to form a wo
4、rd, the other two ways are simply how to use words; 象形 pictogram 指事 indicative 会意 combined ideogram形声 pictophonetic,11,“象形”pictograph 日 sun,12, 月 moon,13, 水 water,14, 門 门 door,15, 鹿 deer,16, 雨 rain,17, 宫 palace,18, 木 tree,19, 子 child,20, 身 body,21,“指事” indicatives or ideogram 丄 上,22,丅 下,23, 本Origina
5、l meaning: rootExtended meaning: basic; fundamental; original,24, 刃Meaning: the edge of a knife, sword, etc,25,“会意” Combined ideogram: putting together several pictographs to construct an abstract idea;森：Chinese often use “three” to indicate “many”. So three “木” means there are a lot of trees. The w
6、oods, in Chinese , we call it “森林”众：three “people” 人 means crowd or mob明: Using the sun and the moon, to indicate bright or brilliant. 明亮、光明,26,寇：“宀” sinifies a house，“元” is a person，“攴”means stick in somebodys hands. So from this character we know that someone breaks into ones house and robs. The m
7、eaning of “寇” is robber。,27,寒：han,the two dots at the bottom represent ice, indicating its cold inside the house, and straws used to keep people warm. Together the word 寒冷”means cold,28,家: jia, in an agricultural society, it was important to have domesticated pigs; they were a status symbol. Therefo
8、re, the Chinese word for family consists of a roof on top and a pig at bottom.,29,集：ji, birds perk on a tree denote the idea of gathering; collecting, and by extension:集市：ji shi: country fair集团：ji tuan: group诗集：shi ji: a collection of poems,30,In modern Chinese, there are many words coined or formed
9、 by putting together ideographs; for example: 歪：wai, (not upright) inclined泪：lei, (water in the eyes) tears众：zhong, (many people) crowd, mob尖：jian, (small over big) tip 灭：mie, (dirt over fire) extinguish尘：chen, (small dirt) dust,31,形声：picto-phonetic formation combines the pictographic symbol with th
10、e phonetic one to signify both the meaning and pronunciation of a word. For example,“山旁必言山，水旁必言水”the mountain radical connotes relations to mountains while the water radical water. e.g：,32, 它=蛇,33, 莫暮 莫 (mo): Its original meaning is dusk. Since its pronunciation is similar to “nobody”, and its too h
11、ard to make a character for “nobody”. So we use “莫” to indicate “nobody”, and make an other character “暮”(mu) for dusk.,34,1.Radical“犭”stems from（犬, quan）meaning dog，and appears in such animal related words as: 狗 (gou, dog)、猫 (mao, cat)、狼 (lang, wolf)、狐狸 (hu li, fox)、猪 (zhu, pig)、狮 (shi, lion)、狡猾 (j
12、iao hua, conniving)、狠 (hen, cruel)；2.Ridical“饣”originates from the word 食 (shi, eat) and appears in such food related words as 饭 (fan, food)、饿 (e hungry)、饱 (bao, full)、饼 (bing, pancake)、饲 (si, feed)、饺 (jiao, dumpling)、馒 (man, steamed buns)、餐馆 (can guan, restaurant)；3.Radical“宀”(bao gai) appears in s
13、uch words related to houses and dwelling spaces as: 家 (jia, family)、宅 (zhai, house)、安 (an, peace)、客 (ke, guest)、室 (shi, room)、宾 (bing, guest)、宫 (gong, palace)、宿 (shu, dorm)、富 (fu, prosper)、公寓 (gong yu, hotel/apartment)、宽 (kuan, wide)；,35,4.Radical“扌”(ti shou) is always present in action-related word
14、s such as: 打 (da, hit)、扔 (reng, toss)、扶 (fu, support)、扫 (sao, sweep)、摸 (mo, touch)、抖 (dou, handle)、折 (chai, dismantle)、抢 (qiang, seize)、护 (hu, protect)、拥抱 (yongbao, embrace)；5.Radical“心、忄”appears in all words having to do with moods, feelings and human psyche, such as 思想 (sixiang, think)、怀念 (huai ni
15、an, memorize fondly)、忍 (ren, endure)、愤怒 (fennu, anger)、恨 (hen, hate)、怕 (pa, afraid)、急 (ji, in a hurry)；6.Radical“疒” signifies sickness and appears in such words as 疾病 (ji bing, ailments)、癌症 (ai zheng, cancer)、疼痛 (teng tong, pain)、痒 (yang, itch)、瘦 (shou, under-nourished)、痕 (hen, bruise)、痘 (dou, mole)
16、；,36,7.Radical“月”signifies flesh and appears in such words related to physical parts of the human body as:胳膊 (ge bo, arms)、腿 (tui, leg)、脚 (jiao, foot)、肌肉 (ji rou, muscle)、肚 (tu, stomach)、肠 (chang, intestines)、肤 (fu, skin)、脸 (lian, face)、肩膀 (jianbang, shoulders)、肥 (fei, fat)、肺 (fei, lungs)、背 (bei, ba
17、ck)、胖 (pang, obese)、胸 (xiong, chest)；8.Radicals“讠”（言字旁）and “口”signify speech and mouth，often appear in such words as 说 (shuo, speak)、话 (hua, langauge)、读 (du, read)、记 (ji, record)、讨论 (taolun, discuss)、议 (yi, talk)、讲 (jiang, conversation)、许 (xu, permit)、谜语 (miyu, riddle)、吹 (chui, blow)、吵 (chao, quarro
18、w)、喊 (ha, yell)、叫 (jiao, shout)、吓 (xia,threaten)、吸 (xi, inhale)、吞 (tun, swallow)、听 (ting, listen)、吻 (wen, kiss)；,37,9. Radicals“钅” and “金”indicate metals and appear to such words as 针 (zhen, needle)、钉 (ding, nail)、钓 (gou, hook)、钢 (gang, steel)、铁 (tie, iron)、钱 (qian, money);10.Radical“衤、衣”is clothe r
19、adical and often present in such related words as: 衬衣 (chen yi, under harments)、裤 (ku, pants)、袋 (dai, pockets)、袖 (xiu, sleeves)、被 (bei, blankets)、裙 (qun, skirt)；11.“氵”is a water radical and appears in such water-related words as 河 (he, river)、流 (liu, flow)、江 (jiang, river)、湖 (hu, lake)、海 (hai, ocean
20、)、汽 (qi, steam)、泪 (lei, tears)、沉 (chen, sink)、游泳 (you yong, swim)、汤 (tang, soup)；12. “贝”is seashell, which was often used in ancient times as currency, and present in such words as: 贵 (gui, expensive)、赔 (pei, compensate)、费 (fei, fees)、财 (cai, wealth)、贡 (gong, tribute)、赏 (shang, gifts/awards)、赌 (du,
21、gamble)、购 (gou, purchase)、债 (zhai, debt)、货 (huo, goods)、贼 (zei, thief)、赚 (zhuan, profit)、,38,三.Three periods of Development,1. Seal Script（篆体 zhuan）Greater and lesser seal2. Official or clerkly script（隶体 li）3. Regular Script（楷体 kai）4. Running Script （行书 xing)5. Cursive or grass script (草书 cai),39,篆
22、体 zhuan style,The period lasted about 1200 years, from 1400 B.C.to 206 B.C.when Qin Dynasty came to an end; The period included the Yin dynasty, Zhou dynasty and Warring States in which writing appeared on turtle bones (for oracle divination) and bronze vessels (for records and rituals or affairs of
23、 the State).,40,甲骨文,41,金文,42,战国鸟虫书,43,小篆,44,小篆：small seal was the official script after the unification of China (B.C. 221); prior to that, there had been various writing styles, systems of measurement and standards of currency. To better rule the country, the emperor decided to“书同文、车同轨、统一度量衡”(“writ
24、e the same language, standardize vehicle axles, and make uniform benchmarks of measurement). Small or lesser seal script became the standard.隶体/隶书: official script originated in the warring states period prior to the unification and was a popular writing style until the period of the Three Kingdoms,
25、 lasting about 500 years (221 B.C. 300 A.D.),45,隶书,46,隶书：At the time of unification, there were strict laws and criminal offenses that generated massive paper work for prison wardens. To speed up the processing time, the wardens had to develop the small seal script into what was later to be recogniz
26、ed as “official script”. This was nothing less than a revolution in the history of Chinese writing, referred to as the “reform of li scrpt” (隶，slaves). 秦始皇统一时期，国家的法律非常严格，许多人被关到了监狱里，狱吏每天要处理大量的案件。为了能节省时间，更快速地记录下每个案件的审理过程，狱吏们慢慢开始使用一套不同于小篆的写法。这种写法简单方便，对小篆做了很大程度的改变，这就是隶书。隶书在汉字的发展史上有着非常重要的作用，是汉字的一次革命。从小篆变
27、为隶书，俗称“隶变”。隶变使汉字进一步脱离了图画的性质，变为了纯符号的文字。,47,楷 体,Regular script, known as “kai”style, began in Eastern Han (200 A.D.)and became widely adopted during the Sui, Tang and Song dynasties. Even today, over 1600 years later, people still use the script when they write formally.楷书起于东汉末，通行于隋唐，经过宋元一直到今天，已经有1600年以上的历史了。,48,行书Running script,49,草书Cursive or grass script,
