1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题产业集群的组织信任和知识的获得资料来源战略管理期刊2010年，第31卷，第155页作者KUEIHSIENNIUMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT,CALIFORNIASTATEUNIVERSITY,SACRAMENTO,CALIFORNIA,USA1简介在动荡的商业环境中，许多国家都促进了公司的产业集群的发展，这样公司可以跟世界上最好的竞争对手进行资源、创新能力和知识的共享。一些研究人员已经承认在提高企业的竞争力优势以及区域竞争力集群的价值，并已指出的优势即导致的开发，转让，以及对知识的应用当今快速变化的环境中保持竞争力所必需的。因为产业集群提供了一
2、个独特的环境，为参与公司访问在缩短接近汇集知识资源（SAXENIAN，1994年），组织知识获取具有特别重要的意义。虽然这知识获取和产业集群都得到文学界的关注，许多研究都集中在促进产业集群的发展和增长的外在因素。注重资源，当地的禀赋，劳动力资源和基础设施，支持群集作为一个整体。然而，这种集群的成功，特别是集群内企业，可能有尽可能多的与内源性因素，如与其他企业或信息流的信任，因为它与外在因素。也就是说，集体学习和相互信任的关系，也可能加强产业集群，并在他们的公司的成长和发展。从知识获取的角度来看，知识交流和外溢技术知道如何帮助解释产业集群内的企业的性能。许多研究者（如克鲁格曼，1991年斯塔基，
3、1997年塔尔曼等，2004）也建议，有效和持续的知识，是获得维持公司的竞争优势的关键。其他研究人员认为，信任可以促进组织知识的跨越国界取得的重要推动者（埃德蒙森，1999年）。在随后的页面中，那么，本研究探讨一个公司获得的知识，产业集群内的活动和信任之间的关系。这项研究开始与产业集群，信任，知识获得的现有文献的概述。然后生成特定的假设进行实证试验。研究人员和从业人员得出结果和影响是基于讨论分析的基础。22理论背景21产业集群在过去的20年左右的经济活动最显着的的功能之一是企业地理集中的趋势。该领域的初步成功（例如，在美国硅谷）已导致部分企业和政府在许多不同的地点，以促进类似的集群的努力。通过
4、聚类在一起，企业似乎能够拉池和访问资源的共同，信息，和创新，以提高竞争力，创造竞争优势参与全球竞争的需求。产业集群的研究通常是与他们关系密切的有界性，在地理位置上，这可能会引起一个基于位置的比较优势（邓宁，1988年）。一个群集可以被定义为地理，共享为重点，行业集中度和企业的结合。企业集群是可能促进合作和充分利用每家公司（劳森，1999年）所拥有的不同资源和能力。组件的总和大于各公司或机构的价值，集群创造协同效应。产业集群竞争力的影响在一下几个方面。首先，产业集群可以加强竞争力，增加构成企业的生产力。鼓励群集成员，专注于技术，信息和资源，从而开发独特的功能，可导致盈利（巴尼，1991年）。同时
5、，在集群内企业的分化演变可能会增加品种，这已被证明，以提高盈利能力，学习，创新（牛等，2008）。集群还鼓励和启用新的商业冒险活动，支持创新，进一步扩大产业集群。集群内现有的竞争迫使企业发展动态能力（蒂斯等人，1997年），支持创新。皮奥里和萨贝尔（1984）认为集群内的知识共享，在产业集群的企业追求可持续的竞争优势，如横向合作（即之间的联合行动的企业，要么通过有竞争力的相互作用或通过“工业气氛”在不知情的时尚。竞争对手和纵向合作（即供应链关系）。联合行动的收益是通过在多种不同的制度形式，如战略联盟和生产者的财团，这使他们能够共享和交换的公司之间的合作与协作关系知识和信息迅速（麦考密克，199
6、9年）。陶尔曼等人（2004）区分两种类型可以进一步开发成一个集群的竞争优势的竞争特点1、那些基于交易的相互依存关系；2、那些基于非贸易的相互依赖性。买卖的相互依存关系存在于经济领域，涉及价值价值的正式交流。他们包括联盟，收购或技术诀窍在正式交流到位（陶尔曼等人，2004年）。内交易的相互依存关系的推断，在经济领域存在的反映理性的原则，在努力，以最大限度地提高资源的有效配置和有效利用。斯托波（1997）观察到，交易的相互3依赖性，很容易分散的产业成熟。这可以归结为一个更深入的了解围绕产业集群的经济交易过程。非贸易的相互依赖性“的基础上共享知识，没有或有限的市场机制存在”（1997年，斯托波）。
7、它们存在于经济领域之外的。非贸易的相互依赖性，包括习俗，文化，信仰和机构，导致生产的“世界”目前公司在一个不确定的世界（斯托波和SALAIS，1997年）的行动轨迹。非贸易的相互依赖性反映在空气中的“知识”马歇尔（1890年）被称为“工业的气氛”。这些特殊的竞争特点并行运行在一个产业集群的经济体制，还可以帮助降低交易的相互依存关系（陶尔曼等人，2004年）有关的交易成本。随着时间的推移发生了变化，贸易和非贸易的相互依赖的重要性。传统的集聚经济优势，确定有关交易的相互依存关系，如降低生产成本，专门的劳动力资源，和技术诀窍（克鲁格曼，1991）外溢。然而，全球化和信息技术的出现，预计将减少接近的重
8、要性，在实现这些优势。由于集群仍然能够保持竞争优势，研究的重点逐步转移到非贸易的相互依赖性。这些竞争优势，已归因于互动和由此产生的信任，使产业集群发展马修斯（2003年），是指作为“学习适应模式”。因此，“工业环境的重要性”或“在空中”的知识越来越多的在解释个体企业和集体的竞争优势。22信托发展组织间的信托基金已被确定为一个重要的前提条件，这有利于企业间的知识交流（福山，1995年）。信托也是一种社会现象，使各组织之间的合作成为可能（NOOTEBOOM，1996年）。在增加了不确定性和复杂性的世界，信任被认为是一个更适当的机制，控制比传统的等级权力或直接监测（萨科，1992年）集体组织的行动。
9、除了组织内的信任，合作的日益频繁和组织之间的协作，需要不同的组织之间的信任程度高。4外文文献原文TITLEORGANIZATIONALTRUSTANDKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGININDUSTRIALCLUSTERSMATERIALSOURCESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL2010,VOLUME31,P155AUTHORKUEIHSIENNIUMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT,CALIFORNIASTATEUNIVERSITY,SACRAMENTO,CALIFORNIA,USA1INTRODUCTIONINATURBULENTBUSINESSENVIRO
10、NMENT,MANYCOUNTRIESHAVEPROMOTEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSWHEREFIRMSCANDEVELOPCOMPETENCESANDCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEAGAINSTTHEWORLDSBESTCOMPETITORSBYSHARINGRESOURCES,INNOVATIVECAPABILITIES,ANDKNOWLEDGEANUMBEROFRESEARCHERSHAVEACKNOWLEDGEDTHEVALUEOFCLUSTERSINENHANCINGTHEFIRMSCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEASW
11、ELLASREGIONALCOMPETITIVENESSANDHAVEPOINTEDTOTHEADVANTAGESTHATRESULTINTHEDEVELOPMENT,TRANSFER,ANDAPPLICATIONOFKNOWLEDGENECESSARYFORSTAYINGCOMPETITIVEINTODAYSFASTCHANGINGENVIRONMENTORGANIZATIONALKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGISOFPARTICULARIMPORTANCEBECAUSEINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSPROVIDEAUNIQUEENVIRONMENTFORPARTICIPATIN
12、GFIRMSTOACCESSAPOOLEDKNOWLEDGERESOURCEINSHORTENEDPROXIMITYSAXENIAN,1994ALTHOUGHBOTHKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGANDINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSHAVERECEIVEDATTENTIONINTHELITERATURE,MUCHOFTHERESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONTHEEXOGENOUSFACTORSTHATMAYFACILITATETHEDEVELOPMENTANDGROWTHOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSATTENTIONHASBEENDIRECTEDTOWARDSTH
13、ERESOURCES,LOCALENDOWMENTS,POOLSOFLABOR,ANDINFRASTRUCTURETHATSUPPORTTHECLUSTERASAWHOLEHOWEVER,THESUCCESSOFSUCHCLUSTERS,ANDOFPARTICULARFIRMSWITHINACLUSTER,MIGHTHAVEASMUCHTODOWITHENDOGENOUSFACTORSSUCHASTRUSTWITHOTHERFIRMSORINFORMATIONFLOWASITDOESWITHEXOGENOUSFACTORSTHATIS,COLLECTIVELEARNINGANDTRUSTING
14、RELATIONSHIPSMAYALSOREINFORCETHEGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSANDTHEFIRMSWITHINTHEMFROMAKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGPERSPECTIVE,KNOWLEDGEEXCHANGEANDTHESPILLOVEROFTECHNOLOGICALKNOWHOWCANBEAPPLIEDTOHELPEXPLAINTHEPERFORMANCE5OFFIRMSWITHININDUSTRIALCLUSTERSANUMBEROFRESEARCHERSEGKRUGMAN,1991STARKEYANDBAR
15、NATT,1997TALLMANETAL,2004ALSOSUGGESTTHATEFFECTIVEANDCONTINUOUSKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGISTHEKEYTOSUSTAININGCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEFORAFIRMOTHERRESEARCHERSSUGGESTTHATTRUSTCANBEANIMPORTANTENABLEROFFACILITATINGORGANIZATIONALKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGACROSSBOUNDARIESEDMONDSON,1999INTHEPAGESTHATFOLLOW,THEN,THISSTUDYEXAMIN
16、ESTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENAFIRMSKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGACTIVITIESANDTRUSTWITHINANINDUSTRIALCLUSTERTHESTUDYBEGINSWITHANOVERVIEWOFTHEEXISTINGLITERATUREININDUSTRIALCLUSTER,TRUST,ANDKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGITTHENGENERATESSPECIFICHYPOTHESESFOREMPIRICALTESTINGBASEDONTHEANALYSIS,THERESULTSANDDISCUSSIONOFIMPLICATIONSAR
17、EPRESENTEDFORBOTHRESEARCHERSANDPRACTITIONERS2THEORETICALBACKGROUND21INDUSTRIALCLUSTERONEOFTHEMOSTSTRIKINGFEATURESOFECONOMICACTIVITYOVERTHELAST20YEARSORSOHASBEENTHETENDENCYTOWARDSTHEINTENSEGEOGRAPHICCONCENTRATIONOFFIRMSTHEINITIALSUCCESSOFAREASEGSILICONVALLEYINTHEUSAHASLEDTOEFFORTSONTHEPARTOFBOTHFIRMS
18、ANDGOVERNMENTSTOPROMOTESIMILARCLUSTERSINMANYDIFFERENTLOCATIONSBYCLUSTERINGTOGETHER,FIRMSSEEMTOBEABLETOPULLFROMACOMMONANDACCESSIBLEPOOLOFRESOURCES,INFORMATION,ANDDEMANDFORINNOVATIONTOENHANCECOMPETENCESANDCREATECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESTOCOMPETEGLOBALLYTHERESEARCHONINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSISUSUALLYASSOCIATEDWIT
19、HTHEIRCLOSEBOUNDEDNESSINAGEOGRAPHICALLOCATION,WHICHMAYINDUCEALOCATIONBASEDCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEDUNNING,1988ACLUSTERCANBEDEFINEDASAGEOGRAPHICAL,SHAREDFOCUSED,ANDSECTORALCONCENTRATIONANDCOMBINATIONOFFIRMSCLUSTERINGOFFIRMSISLIKELYTOFACILITATECOLLABORATIONANDTHELEVERAGINGOFTHEDIFFERENTRESOURCESANDCOMPETE
20、NCESPOSSESSEDBYEACHFIRMLAWSON,1999ASTHESUMOFTHECOMPONENTSISOFGREATERVALUETHANEACHINDIVIDUALCOMPANYORINSTITUTION,CLUSTERSCREATESYNERGIESINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSAFFECTCOMPETITIVENESSINSEVERALWAYSFIRST,INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSCANENHANCECOMPETITIVENESSBYINCREASINGTHEPRODUCTIVITYOFCONSTITUENT6FIRMSCLUSTERMEMBERSAREE
21、NCOURAGEDTOSPECIALIZEINTECHNOLOGY,INFORMATION,ANDRESOURCESANDTHEREBYDEVELOPUNIQUECAPABILITIESTHATCANLEADTOPROFITABILITYBARNEY,1991ASWELL,THEDIFFERENTIATIONTHATEVOLVESWITHINFIRMSINTHECLUSTERISLIKELYTOINCREASEVARIETY,WHICHHASBEENSHOWNTOENHANCEPROFITABILITY,LEARNING,ANDINNOVATIONNIUETAL,2008CLUSTERSALS
22、OENCOURAGEANDENABLENEWBUSINESSVENTURINGACTIVITIESTHATSUPPORTINNOVATIONANDFURTHEREXPANDTHEINDUSTRIALCLUSTERRIVALRYEXISTINGWITHINTHECLUSTERFORCESFIRMSTODEVELOPDYNAMICCAPABILITIESTEECEETAL,1997THATSUPPORTINNOVATIONPIOREANDSABEL1984ARGUEDTHATFIRMSWITHINACLUSTERSHAREKNOWLEDGEEITHERTHROUGHCOMPETITIVEINTER
23、ACTIONSORTHROUGHTHEINDUSTRIALATMOSPHERE“INANUNKNOWINGFASHIONFIRMSINANINDUSTRIALCLUSTERPURSUESUSTAINABLECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEBYJOINTACTIONSUCHASHORIZONTALCOOPERATIONIEBETWEENCOMPETITORSANDVERTICALCOOPERATIONIESUPPLYCHAINRELATIONSHIPSTHEGAINSOFJOINTACTIONARECREATEDTHROUGHCOOPERATIVEANDCOLLABORATIVERELA
24、TIONSAMONGFIRMSINAWIDEVARIETYOFDIFFERENTINSTITUTIONALFORMS,SUCHASSTRATEGICALLIANCESANDPRODUCERCONSORTIA,WHICHENABLETHEMTOSHAREANDEXCHANGEKNOWLEDGEANDINFORMATIONQUICKLYMCCORMICK,1999TALLMANETAL2004DISTINGUISHBETWEENTWOTYPESOFCOMPETITIVECHARACTERISTICSTHATCANBEFURTHERDEVELOPEDINTOCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEF
25、ORACLUSTER1THOSEBASEDONTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESAND2THOSEBASEDONNONTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESEXISTINTHEECONOMICSPHEREANDINVOLVEFORMALEXCHANGESOFVALUEFORVALUETHEYINCLUDEALLIANCES,ACQUISITIONS,ORTECHNOLOGICALKNOWHOWINWHICHFORMALEXCHANGESTAKEPLACETALLMANETAL,2004EXISTENCEWITHINTHEECON
26、OMICSPHEREINFERSTHATTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESREFLECTTHERATIONALACTORPRINCIPLEINEFFORTSTOMAXIMIZETHEEFFICIENTALLOCATIONANDEFFECTIVEUTILIZATIONOFRESOURCESSTORPER1997OBSERVEDTHATTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCESAREREADILYDISPERSEDASINDUSTRIESMATURETHISCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOAGREATERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROCESSESSURROUNDINGE
27、CONOMICTRANSACTIONSINANINDUSTRIALCLUSTER7NONTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESAREBASEDONSHAREDKNOWLEDGEFORWHICHNOORLIMITEDMARKETMECHANISMSEXISTSTORPER,1997THEYEXISTOUTSIDETHEECONOMICSPHERENONTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESINCLUDECUSTOMS,CULTURES,BELIEFS,ANDINSTITUTIONSTHATLEADTOTHECREATIONOFWORLDSOFPRODUCTIONWHICHPRES
28、ENTACTIONTRAJECTORIESFORFIRMSWITHINANUNCERTAINWORLDSTORPERANDSALAIS,1997NONTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESREFLECTTHEKNOWLEDGEINTHEAIRASSOCIATEDWITHWHATMARSHALL1890CALLEDINDUSTRIALATMOSPHERETHESEPARTICULARCOMPETITIVECHARACTERISTICSRUNPARALLELTOTHEECONOMICSYSTEMINANINDUSTRIALCLUSTERANDCANALSOHELPREDUCETRANSAC
29、TIONCOSTSRELATEDTOTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESTALLMANETAL,2004THEIMPORTANCEOFTRADEDANDNONTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESHASCHANGEDOVERTIMETRADITIONALAGGLOMERATIONECONOMICSIDENTIFIEDADVANTAGESRELATEDTOTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESSUCHASLOWERPRODUCTIONCOST,SPECIALIZEDLABORPOOLS,ANDSPILLOVERSOFTECHNOLOGICALKNOWHOWKRUGMAN
30、,1991THEEMERGENCEOFGLOBALIZATIONANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,HOWEVER,WASEXPECTEDTOREDUCETHEIMPORTANCEOFPROXIMITYINATTAININGTHESEADVANTAGESASCLUSTERSCONTINUETOBEABLETOSUSTAINCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,THERESEARCHFOCUSHASGRADUALLYSHIFTEDTONONTRADEDINTERDEPENDENCIESTHESECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESHAVEBEENATTRIBUTEDTOI
31、NTERACTIONANDTHERESULTINGTRUSTTHATENABLEDINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSTODEVELOPWHATMATHEWS2003REFERSTOASLEARNEDPATTERNSOFADAPTATIONASSUCH,THEIMPORTANCEOFINDUSTRIALATMOSPHEREORKNOWLEDGEINTHEAIRISGROWINGINEXPLAININGBOTHINDIVIDUALFIRMANDCOLLECTIVECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE22TRUSTTRUSTHASBEENIDENTIFIEDASANIMPORTANTPRERE
32、QUISITEFORDEVELOPINGINTERORGANIZATIONALRELATIONSHIPS,WHICHFACILITATESINTERFIRMKNOWLEDGEEXCHANGEFUKUYAMA,1995TRUSTISALSOASOCIALPHENOMENONTHATMAKESCOLLABORATIONAMONGORGANIZATIONSPOSSIBLENOOTEBOOM,1996INAWORLDOFINCREASINGUNCERTAINTYANDCOMPLEXITY,TRUSTISCONSIDEREDAMOREAPPROPRIATEMECHANISMFORCONTROLLINGC
33、OLLECTIVEORGANIZATIONALACTIONSTHANTRADITIONALHIERARCHICALPOWERORDIRECTMONITORINGSAKO,1992BEYONDTRUSTWITHINORGANIZATIONS,THEINCREASINGLY8FREQUENTCOOPERATIONANDCOLLABORATIONAMONGORGANIZATIONSREQUIRESHIGHDEGREESOFTRUSTAMONGDIFFERENTORGANIZATIONSINTERMSOFINTERORGANIZATIONALCOOPERATION,TRUSTISBELIEVEDTOH
34、AVESEVERALEXTRINSICALLYECONOMICADVANTAGESTRUSTMAYSERVEASANALTERNATIVECONTROLMECHANISMININTERORGANIZATIONALRELATIONSHIPSWHEREITMAYSUBSTITUTE,ORATLEASTCOMPLEMENT,MARKETPRICESANDHIERARCHICALAUTHORITYBRADACHANDECCLES,1989,ESPECIALLYSINCELEGALREMEDIESORCONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPSARECONSIDEREDTOBEWEAKINSTITU
35、TIONALSUBSTITUTESFORTRUSTFURTHER,INTERORGANIZATIONALTRUSTISLIKELYTOENHANCECOLLECTIVELEARNINGWHENITENCOURAGESTHESHARINGANDDISCLOSUREOFORGANIZATIONALINFORMATIONANDKNOWLEDGE,ANDREDUCESTRANSACTIONCOSTSSAKO,1992ONCEESTABLISHED,TRUSTSTABILIZESEXCHANGERELATIONSHIPS,WHICH,INTURN,CONSIDERABLYINCREASESTHECHAN
36、CESTOENHANCETRUSTOVERTIMEINMODERNORGANIZATIONALFORMS,SUCHASANINTERFIRMNETWORKMILESANDSNOW,1986,TRUSTISPURPOSEFULLYREGARDEDASANIMPORTANTCONTROLMECHANISMANDISOFTENASSUMEDTOPROMOTEINTERFIRMKNOWLEDGEEXCHANGENOOTEBOOM,1996ATTHEMACROLEVEL,TRUSTBECOMESANENABLERTOSUSTAINORGANIZATIONALCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETHR
37、OUGHCOEVOLUTIONSAKO,1992THEREFORE,INTERFIRMCOLLABORATIONSCANFACILITATEORGANIZATIONSTOEXPLORENEWSOURCESOFPROFIT,EXCHANGERESOURCES,ANDSHAREKNOWLEDGE23KNOWLEDGEOBTAININGKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGISASSOCIATEDWITHFINDINGABALANCEBETWEENDEVELOPING,TRANSFERRINGANDACCESSINGINFORMATIONWITHINACOMPANY,WHICHFACILITATESE
38、ACHORGANIZATIONALUNITTOAPPLYAPPROPRIATEKNOWLEDGETOITSEXISTINGKNOWLEDGEBASEANDTOCREATENEWADDITIONSPFEFFERANDSUTTON,2000THEDEVELOPMENTOFSTRUCTURESTHATINCLUDETHEPROPERTECHNIQUESANDTOOLS,THECIRCULATIONOFCONSTANTHUMANINPUTS,ANDAPPROPRIATECAPABILITIESTOMAKEQUICKDECISIONSISTHEINDISPENSABLEANTECEDENTOFKNOWL
39、EDGEOBTAININGRAISINGHANI,2000WILSONANDASAY1999DEFINEDKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGASAFIRMSEFFORTSTOWARDTHEACTIVECREATION,TRANSFER,ANDMOBILIZATIONOFKNOWLEDGETOENABLEITTOADAPTTOACHANGINGENVIRONMENTBASEDONTHEDEFINITIONS,ITISCLEARTHATKNOWLEDGEOBTAININGHASA9STRONGPRESCRIPTIVEELEMENT,WHICHISTOMANAGEINFORMATIONTOACHI
40、EVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTONPERFORMANCEBEFOREKNOWLEDGECANBEEFFECTIVELYMANIPULATEDTOMEETTHEGOALSOFANORGANIZATION,HOWEVER,KNOWLEDGEMUSTBEOBTAINEDORLEARNEDNEWKNOWLEDGECANBEOBTAINEDFROMTHEEXTERNALENVIRONMENTORDEVELOPEDINTERNALLYWITHINANORGANIZATIONDUFFY,2000THEPROCESSOFGAININGKNOWLEDGEFROMEXTERNALSOURCESISCALLE
41、DKNOWLEDGEACQUISITIONORGANIZATIONSFREQUENTLYEVALUATETHEIRPRESENTSITUATIONTOIDENTIFYGAPSINCURRENTOPERATIONSANDTHENATTEMPTTOIDENTIFYOUTSTANDINGPRACTICESFROMWELLPOSITIONEDCOMPETITORSAND/ORPARTNERSONCETHESEVARIANCESAREIDENTIFIED,ORGANIZATIONSCANCAPTURETHEKNOWLEDGEFORINTERNALUSETOIMPROVEPERFORMANCEPORTER
42、ANDMILLAR,1985ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEPROCESSOFGENERATINGKNOWLEDGEINTERNALLYISCALLEDKNOWLEDGECREATIONTHEKNOWLEDGECREATIONPROCESSFOCUSESONTHELATENTNATUREOFKNOWLEDGE,WHICHRESIDESINSIDETHEMINDSOFDIFFERENTINDIVIDUALSORGROUPSINANORGANIZATIONUSUALLY,ORGANIZATIONSNEEDTOINITIATEATRANSFORMATIONALPROCESSFROMTACITKNOWLEDGETOEXPLICITKNOWLEDGEINORDERTOENHANCETHEAPPLICABILITYOFKNOWLEDGECOLLABORATIONAMONGEMPLOYEES,MULTIUNITPROJECTTEAMSANDTHERDDEPARTMENTARECOMMONMEANSOFCREATINGNEWKNOWLEDGEINSIDEANORGANIZATION
