1、 外文翻译 原文 Indian Tea Industry Since 1990s Material Source: Social Science Research Network Author: Subhajit Subhajit Sr INTRODUCTION Tea is made from the young leaves and leaf buds of the tea bush Camellia sinensis. Ancient Chinese and Japanese legends refer to a beverage made from an infusion of dri
2、ed tea leaves. In 1833, the East India Company, after losing its legal monopoly of the tea trade between China and Britain, began to look for other sources of supply. As a result, the cultivation of tea in India began in 1834, with the planting of wild tea found growing in Assam in 1823. The tea ind
3、ustry has an important and special place in the Indian economy. Tea is the countrys primary beverage, with almost 85% of total households in the country consuming tea. India is the worlds largest producer and consumer of tea, with India accounting for 27% of the world tea production. Indias expendit
4、ure on beverages and processed foods accounts for 8% of food expenditure in rural areas, and 15% in urban areas. India is also an important tea exporter, accounting for around 12-13% of world tea exports. Further, certain varieties of tea (for example Darjeeling) are grown only in India and are in g
5、reat demand across the world. All Darjeeling teas possess the lightness of flavor and fine coloring that set them apart from all other teas. Indias tea industry exports were estimated at Rs.17.31 billion during FY2006, accounting for 0.4% of Indias exports. In value terms, tea ranks as the fourth-la
6、rgest agricultural product export item from India, with exports of around US$410 million in 2004. In terms of employment, the tea industry employs around 1.27 million people at tea plantations, and 2 million people indirectly, of which 50% are women. The last fact is particularly important when we c
7、onsider that tea industry, to a large extent, drives the economies of the regions where the tea gardens are concentrated, for example Assam. Tea is the prime beverage consumed in India, and private final consumption expenditure (PFCE) on tea, coffee and cocoa aggregated Rs.134.96 billion in FY2005,
8、accounting for around 2% of Indias PFCE on food, and 0.7% of Indias PFCE. The latest available data indicates that tea accounts for 90.6% for Indias consumption of stimulants (tea, coffee, and cocoa beans), followed by coffee (7.7%), and cocoa beans (1.7%). Tea plantations in India are mainly locate
9、d in rural hills and backward areas of North-eastern and Southern States. Major tea growing areas of the country are concentrated in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The other areas where tea is grown to a small extent are Karnataka, Tripura Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh
10、, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Bihar and Orissa. Now if we boil down to the manufacturing counterpart of Indian tea industry then we will see that the sector is comparatively small. In fact the tea as an agricultural output earns more money fot the country than as a manufactured pr
11、oduct. But this by no means indicate that tea manufacturing is a nascent concept in India. As we will see that the only player that has crossed the seven seas to promote braded tea in form of Polypacks etc is Tata Tea. But the fact that there are no other major house which has promoted itself as a t
12、ea manufacturing house provides enough scope to the houses themselves to improve their status. But there are some intrinsic problems which we will discuss about in the report. 1 BASIC ISSUES IN TEA PRODUCTION 1） PRODUCTION Now when we say tea production we must be careful about manufactured tea and
13、unmanufactured tea. Now when we speak of unmanufactured tea we are basically speaking about the tea that we get after fermentation of the tea leafs. In fact this tea is auctioned of and then it is blended so as to get the name manufactured tea. Now this manufactures tea is both packeted and sold as
14、poly packs or other forms (tea bags, cartons, instant tea etc).But unfortunately if we compare the quantity of unmanufactured tea to that of manufactured we will see that the former is much larger compared to that of the later. In fact tea manufacturing sector contributes very less to the Indian man
15、ufacturing sector. Therefore, in this analysis data for manufactured tea was unavailable so what has been reported is production of unmanufactured i.e. black tea. We can use it as a rough estimate of how the tea industry has done actually, as supply of manufactured tea in someway depends upon the ou
16、tput of black tea. The average growth rate of production of unmanufactured tea since 1992 has been around 1.7% annually. The trend in its growth in production can be understood from the following diagram. The major observations are: Tea production increased 3.9% during CY2005, as compared with a gro
17、wth of 1.7% during CY2004. The higher increase in tea production during CY2005 was mainly because of significant increase in Assams production, which offset production declines in TN. During 2004, while tea production had declined in Assam because of floods, tea production in TN was affected by drou
18、ght conditions. We must also make mention about the fact in terms of tea production North India is a leader. This is primarily due to the huge contribution made by Assam in terms of tea production. Assam contributes about 53% of total tea produced in the country. Classification of tea production in
19、terms of regions has been represented in the following graph. 2） EXPORT Indias international competitiveness in tea exports has been on a decline. From being a pre-eminent supplier of the worlds tea, India has lost ground in virtually every export market. In the early 1980s, Indian tea exports accou
20、nted for around 40% of the domestic production. By the end of 1980s, the share of the tea exports fell to 30%. The decline continued until 1994 when exports accounted for only 20% of the domestic production of tea. Thereafter, the proportion of exports improved to around 24% of the domestic producti
21、on during 2003. Now one thing we will notice is that export has gone up till 1998 and but then subsequently has declined till 2003.Now there have been major setbacks in the tea industry during this time span. In fact when we study the market structure later we will see that the major market players
22、have also not done too well during this time zone. Now there are major reasons why the tea sector did not did well during this time span. We can categorize them as follows. Stiff competition from other producing and exporting countries like Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Kenya. Very recent
23、ly, Sri Lanka due to its cheap high quality tea has caused decline in the India share of tea export to the world. Anti export tariff and non-tariff measures imposed by some tea importing countries. Lower off take by Russia (one of the major tea importer due to change in consumer preferences, lower p
24、roduction of orthodox teas which have a larger demand worldwide. Quality problems and the higher cost of production and prices of Indian tea-this is primarily because most of the tea gardens in North Eastern India are closing down due to major labor problems leading to supply of inferior quality of
25、tea. This has led to dent in the goodwill that India has in case of tea export. Due to frictions between Iran and Iraq, there were major structural changes in Iraq who was one of the prime importers of Indian tea. As a result Iraq started to bid very low for Indian tea in international auction. This
26、 caused the India tea market to loose Iraq as a prospective customer. But as a counter reformation of this crisis period one of the major players in India tea market namely Tata Tea promoted the concept of polypacks which actually started doing very well in satisfying the domestic demand from 1998 o
27、nwards. In fact the export crisis in the late 1990s actually allowed the polypacks to take over the domestic market. Now if we try to study the export pattern based on the category of tea then we see that although more amount of packet tea has been exported but if we compare the average annual growt
28、h rate of the three categories we will see that the packet tea category is the laggard category. Until 1998, export of packet tea grew at an average annual rate of 13% while compared to this tea bag and instant tea grew by 31.8% and 18.5% respectively. This shows that with time peoples belief in man
29、ufactured tea has increased. This is primarily due to the successful branding of tea that was done by the major market players. However， since 1998 export of all categories have gone down due to reasons, which we have already discussed. As of now Egypt is likely to become a major destination for Ind
30、ian tea exports. The Egypt government is reported to have directed one of the state-owned agencies, El Nasr, to import 24 million kg of Indian tea in the year of 2007. At present, Egypt, being a member of COMESA(common markets for eastern and southern Africa) imports tea from two other COMESA member
31、s Uganda and Kenya. Till 1998, India used to export nearly 15 million kg of tea to Egypt. But in 1999, when Egypt became a member of COMESA, it imposed a 30% import duty on Indian tea. Subsequently, Indian exports went down drastically. Egypt has now slashed duty on Indian tea to 2% and Indian tea p
32、roducers resumed exporting to the country in a small way. The ITA (Indian Tea Association) has already identified a prime space in Cairo to set up the tea center. Tea Board as well as Consultative Committee on Planters Association (CCPA) will provide the necessary finance to set up the center. 译文 20
33、 世纪 90 年代以来印度茶产业的发展 资料来源 : Social Science Research Network 作者： Subhajit Subhajit Sr 简介 茶是由茶树的嫩叶和叶芽制成。 古代中国和日本所说的茶是指一种由干茶叶泡出的液体饮品。 1833 年，东印度公司在其失去了中国和英国茶叶贸易的垄断地位以后，开始寻找其他供应来源。因此，茶叶在 1834 年开始在印度种植，在 1823 年野生茶叶被发现在 阿萨姆种植。 茶叶 在 印度经济中有着重要和特殊的地位。茶是这个国家最主要的饮料，国内有将近 85%的家庭消费茶。印度作为世界上最大的茶叶生产国和消费国，生产了全世界 27%
34、的茶叶。印度的农村地区在饮料和加工食品上的开支占食品支出的 8%，而城镇地区达到了 15%。印度也是一个重要的茶叶出口国。约占世界茶叶出口量的 12%-13%。此外，一些品种的茶叶（例如大吉岭）的种植仅在印度而且世界各地的需求量很大。大吉岭茶所具有的风味和色泽使它与其他品种茶叶区别开来。 2006 财政年度，印度茶产业的出口额估计在 173.1 亿卢比，占印度总出口额的 0.4%。以货值计算， 2004 年的出口额为 410 万美元。在就业方面，茶行业在茶园直接雇佣了 127 万劳动力和间接雇佣了 200 万劳动力，这其中 50%是妇女。最重要的是茶叶茶叶在很大程度上促使了茶园集中地方经济的发
35、展，例如阿 萨姆。 2005 年，印度在茶、咖啡、可可等基础饮料的个人最终消费支出（ PFCE）达到 1349.6 亿卢比，占了食品 PFEC 的 2%，占了印度 PFCE的 0.7%。最新数据显示，印度茶叶消费占兴奋类饮料（茶、咖啡、可可豆）的90.6%，其次是咖啡（ 7.7%），可可豆（ 1.7%）。 在印度茶叶种植园主要分布在东北部和南部各州的农村山区和落后地区。茶叶的主要生长区也主要集中在阿萨姆邦，西孟加拉邦，泰米尔纳德邦和喀拉拉邦等地区。其他小范围内种植茶叶的地区有卡纳塔克邦，特里普拉邦 喜马偕尔邦，北安查尔邦，阿鲁纳恰尔邦，曼尼普 尔邦，锡金，那加兰邦，梅加拉亚邦，米佐拉姆，比哈尔
36、邦和奥里萨邦。 现在，如果我们讨论印度茶产业的制造业方面会发现它其实是相当 小的一个产业部门。事实上，茶叶作为农业出口比其作为制造业出口所挣的外汇更多。但是这并不意味着茶叶制造产业在印度是一个新兴概念。有目共睹世界上第一家发展品牌茶叶以专业包装等形式的是塔塔茶叶。但是事实上其他大多数的生产作坊并没有将自己发展成为大的茶叶生产商以提升产业地位。在这片文章中将对一些本质问题进行探讨。 1 茶叶生产的基本问题 1） 生产 当我们讨论茶叶生产问题的时候必须注意制成茶和未加工茶的 区别。当我们说未经加工茶的时候是指经过发酵后的茶叶。事实上这种茶叶经过竞拍之后就吧被成为制成茶。现今的制成茶都以聚合包装或者
37、其他形式的的包装（袋装，盒装，速溶茶包装等）出售。但是不幸的是通过比较我们发现未包装过的茶比制成茶的量大的多。事实上，茶叶生产部门对印度制造部门的贡献率很低。因此，仅对制成茶的分析数据时不适用的，而应对未制成茶进行研究，例如红茶。我们可以用它来初步估计茶叶产业如何运作，因为在某种程度上制成茶的供应取决于红产的产量。子 1992 年以来，未经加工茶的年均增长速度保持在 1.7%左右，可以根据以 下图表来理解其生产的增长趋势。 与 2004 年度 1.7%的增长率相比， 2005 年度的茶叶生产增长了 3.9%。 2005 年度茶叶的高增长率主要是因为在阿萨姆的生产显著增加，而抵消 了在 TN 的
38、下降量。在 2004 年，在阿萨姆茶叶产量因为洪水灾害而有所下降，而在 TN 的茶叶生产因干旱而受影响。 我们还必须提及关于北印度在茶叶生产方面的领先地位。这主要是由于阿萨姆在茶叶生产所做的贡献 ，仅 阿萨姆一个地方就生产了 全国 53%的茶叶。下图表列出了以地区划分的茶叶生产状况。 2）出口 印度茶叶出口的国际竞争力已经出现下 降。印度作为一个世界范围内卓越的茶叶供应商，正在渐渐失去其出口市场，在 20 世纪 80 年代初，印度茶叶出口占国内生产的 40%左右。到 80 年代末，茶叶出口份额下降到 30%。这种下降趋势一致持续到 1994 年，而茶叶出口份额只维持在国内茶叶生产的 20%。此
39、后，在 2003 年，这个比例逐渐提高到 24%。 值得我们注意的是，出口在 1998 年之前一直有所增长，但随后又一直下降，直到 2003 年这种下降趋势才有所缓解。在这段期间在茶叶行业遇到一些大的阻碍。事实上从我们之后的研究可以知道一些该产业的主导者在这段时期的表象也差强 人意。我们在以下图表总结了导致这段时间茶叶茶叶低迷的主要原因。 来自斯里兰卡、中国、印度尼西亚、越南和肯尼亚等茶叶生产国和出口国的竞争很激烈。最近由于斯里兰卡的高品质茶叶的价格降低，使得印度出口国外的份额有所下降。 一些茶叶进口国的反出口壁垒和非关税措施的实施。 俄罗斯（主要茶叶进口国之一）的消费者偏好有所改变，原来在世
40、界范围这种传统茶叶的需求量很大的。 导致质量问题、生产成本过高及价格过高的主要原因为东北部大部分茶园因劳动力问题而倒闭导致的茶叶质量低劣。 由于伊朗和伊拉克之间的摩擦使原本为印度茶叶主要进口 国的伊拉克进口结构发生重大改变。结果导致伊拉克在国际竞拍中以非常低的价格竞拍印度茶叶。这使得印度失去了伊拉克这样一个非常有潜力的客户。 在这个危机时期作为一个反对改革的印度茶市场竞争者之一塔塔茶叶提出了聚合包装（一个大包装内装你个小包装）的概念，这在 1998 年之前的国内市场起到了很好的作用。事实上，在 20 世纪 90 年代末发生的出口危机使得聚合包装能够占领国内市场。如过我们根据茶叶种类研究出口格局，我们会发现，尽管更多数量的小包装茶被出口到国外市场，但是和其他三个类别的年增长率进行比较，不难发现，小包装茶类是 增长较慢的。 直到 1998 年，小包装类茶叶年平均出口增长率为 13，而与此相比袋装茶和速溶茶增长了 31.8和 18.5。这表明，随着时间的推移人们的观念对加
