1、第 1 页 共 21 页语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。词 法 语法句法简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。复合句：大句套小句一气：虚拟语气二词：非谓语动词、情态动词三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句语法非谓语动词一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词二、 啥样呢？1. 不定式：To do2. 动名词：Doing3. 分词：DoneEg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue.围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的Eg2. My mother ordered the home
2、work to be done.非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 方法一：口诀法非谓语，三要点。变否定，NOT 前。句法目的 结构形容词名词数词代词动词介词副词感叹词冠词连词陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句简单句复合句并列句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句时态、语态非谓语动词情态动词句法目的 结构句法目的结构句法目的结构词法陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句陈述句疑问句祈使句感
3、叹句名词性从句状语从句定语从句第 2 页 共 21 页哼哈将，时逻关。七仙女，记心间。（一） 变否定（二） 哼哈将1.动词不定式主动关系 被动关系一般式 To do To be done完成式 To have done To have been done进行式 To be doing (To be being done)完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg3.
4、 Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years.
5、时间关系时间关系逻辑关系B BBBB BBB第 3 页 共 21 页2.动名词 （同时具有动词和名词的双重性质，Doing）主动关系 被动关系一般式 Doing Being done完成式 Having done Having been done 一般式：动名词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生。AA：谓语动词 B：动名词若非谓语动词动作在谓语动词动作之后发生，则通常用“To do” 完成式：动名词动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。AA：谓语动词 B：不定式Eg6. She didnt acknowledge having received my flowers.Eg7. Xiaoqiang was so
6、lucky that it had just missed being caught.To DoDoing（ 1.固定搭配；2.Eg. mean to do计划 mean doing意味着 ) 某些词(need, demand要求, deserve应得, allow, want, worth, require)后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动。Eg8. The house needs repairing. Be worthy of being done=Be worthy to be doneEg9. Want +to do(想要) / doing(想要被)3.分词1）Doing & Done
7、现在分词与过去分词相区分的三大原则a. 现在分词表示动作正在发生 The falling man过去分词表示已经完成 The fallen manb. 非谓语动词作定语，其逻辑主语就是其所修饰的词The excited man , The exciting man , The exciting film过去分词 现在分词被动 主动Eg10. The amazing man（A）The amazed man（B）A.小丑 B.观众c. 现在分词有时间逻辑上的变化，而过去分词没有主动关系 被动关系逻辑关系时间关系BB一般式时间关系 逻辑关系第 4 页 共 21 页一般式 Doing Being d
8、one完成式 Having done Having been done 三个区分： Done & Being doneDone 已经被 Being done 正在被 Done & Having done Done & Having been done已经被（通常可互换）过去分词更强调一种由始至终的动作，Having been done 更强调分词的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生Eg11. English is a language spoken all over the world.Eg12. Having best shown to the library, we were taken to t
9、he restaurant.2)独立主格自己的 主语Eg13. She was standing behind the door with a book in her hand.独立主格：（两大语法功能）a. 具有自己本身的逻辑主语，这个主语不是句子中真正的主语b. 独立主格结构在整个句子中充当状语adj.adv.介词短语不定式Doing 主动Done 被动Eg14. The job _A_, we went straight home.A. finished B. finishingC. had finished D. was finished（三） 七仙女非谓语主语 宾语 介词宾语宾语补足
10、语状语 定语 表语不定式动名词分词逻辑主语 本身 通常是句子本身主语通常是句子本身主语宾语 句子本身主语所修饰的词通常是句子本身主语1) 作主语区分 Dong 更强调经常性、习惯性动作To do 更强调一次性动作 DoingTo do 转换Eg15. Smoking is harmful to our health.句意将来（With）+n.( 逻辑主语 )+七仙女第 5 页 共 21 页 It is / was+adj./n./done+for/of+sb/sth+to do（To do 做真正主语） It is / was+no good/use+doing2) 作宾语区分 like/lo
11、ve/hate/prefer+to do+doing(To do 更强调一次性动作；Doing 更强调经常性、习惯性动作)Eg16. I like dancing but I dont like to dance with you now. (见例)To do 表将来，Doing 表事已做过Eg17. RememberForgetRegret 方法二：讲故事法 Eg18. mean+to do/doingStop/go on+to do/doing3) 作介词宾语区分 prep.+doingEg19. On being introduced to strangers British peopl
12、e often shake hands.prep+疑问词+to doEg20. Xiaoqiang always gives me some advice on how to express my feelings. Look forward to doing 盼望着做某事Be used to doingBe accustomed to doingDevote oneself / ones life to doingCant help but do = Have to do Used to do 过去习惯做某事（表示现在不干了）Am/is/are used to doing 现在习惯于做某事B
13、e used to do 被用来作为Was/were used to do 过去被用来做某事（不强调现在）4) 作宾语补足语区分 ask sb to do sth. 感官动词：see, look at, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feelEg21. do 看见某人做某事（整个过程）doing 看见某人正在做某事being done 看见某人正在被done 看见某人被 使役动词“使” （共四个）Let, Get, Make, HaveEg22. Let sb doGet sb to do(主) / done(被)
14、To do 表将来Doing 已做过的事习惯于做某事See sb第 6 页 共 21 页I cant get the car start.Make sb do(主) / done(被)Be made to doHave to do / doneHave sth to do注意：区分 have 意思Eg23. Excuse me, where is Room 301/ Just a minute. Ill have Bob show you your room.5) 作状语区分句子， (状语)非谓语动词 成分 不定式作状语通常表示目的、结果、程度常译为“为了” 分词作状语通常表示伴随、条件、方式
15、、原因Eg24. Seeing from the FHS, weve got a wonderful view.Eg25. The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area. 常用搭配：1. To tell you the truth, 2. tooto3. only to(通常引出意想不到的结果)4. Lift a stone only to drop on his own feet.5. enough to 足以6. generally speaking 通常情况下说7. judging from / by 6) 作定语区
16、分 不定式通常放在被修饰词之后，用来表示一次性或将来的动作 动名词通常放在被修饰词之前，用来表示被修饰词的性质、特征、用途 分词既可放在被修饰词之前，又可放在被修饰词之后，通常表示一个动作；现在分词表示主动或一种持续状态；过去分词表被动7) 作表语区分系动词：Like, get, come, see, smell 不定式通常具有名词性质，用来表示主语所具有的内容，更强调一次性或将来的动作 动名词通常具有名词性质，用来表示主语所具有的内容，更强调经常性、习惯性动作第 7 页 共 21 页 分词通常具有形容词性质，用来表示主语所具有的兴趣和特性Eg26. My job is feeding / t
17、o feed pigs.名词性从句一、通常由一个引导词引导的一个小句具有名词的性质，在整个大句中充当一个成分（主、宾、表、同位、补） 主语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 表语从句 补语从句二、1.引导词分类引导词词形 词义 从句中充当的成分 省略That 主、同位不可省；表、宾可省Whether 是连接词If 否联想谐音记头法（千万孤独）Who(ever) 谁 主、表Whom(ever) 谁 宾What(ever) 什么 主、宾、表Which(ever) 哪一个 主、宾、定连接代词特指（泛指） Whose(ever) 谁的 定有选择项用“Which”,没有选择项用“What”“Whose”必须和后
18、面名词同时省略When(ever) 时间Where(ever) 地点Why 原因连接副词 How(ever) 方式、程度Eg27. This is what I like.找查原则找从句 查成分1.（Whoever comes here）knows him.2. We all know that he can fly.3. The news that he succeeded in the end is well-know.4. The problem is that he always eats a lot.5. We are sure (that) he will go to the mo
19、on to date Sister Change.考点 语时俱进引导词“猪头”不省状语第 8 页 共 21 页Eg28. This is where I run析： S+谓（eg. I ran）S+谓+（介+宾）/状Eg29. Mary wrote an article on (why the team had failed to win the match).2.语时俱进1）语序：疑问句在从句中要按正常语序排列（疑问词+S+谓）2）时态：要保持一致Whether 与 If 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中通常用 Whether 介词后，不定式前，通常用 Whether “Whether or
20、 not”与“If”不可互换“Whetheror not”与“If”可互换4. 常见考点1） 主语从句 放在句前，主句谓语动词用单数 固定搭配It is / was +adj./n./done +that 从句 It seems /happens + thatEg30. Which way you turn is up to you.2） 表语从句As As if As though BecauseEg31. He looks as if he were drunk. The reason is /was + that It is /was + the reason + why (定语从句)
21、Because 那是因为Why 那就是的原因Eg32. It is because he has just broken up with his girl friend.3） 宾语从句 S + vt. + OS + vi. + prep + OS + v (tell, teach, give, show, make, send) + O + OEg33. Our thoughts make us what we are. 思想塑造人 S + 谓 + it + adj. + that 从句/to do 疑 + do you think /suppose + 从句主语 + 从句谓语 + 其它 客观
22、真理一般现在时4） 同位语从句 通常由 that 引导，放在某些固定的名词（plan, idea, news, fact, hope）之后 n.= that (同位语从句用来解释说明前面的名词所具有的内容)Eg34. The news that she had received the flowers was true.(同位语从句)vi.Runvi正如 似乎好像 因为虚拟语气 It / That / This + is /was +第 9 页 共 21 页The news that she had heard was true.(定语从句)定语从句Eg35. I saw a flying p
23、ig in the sky. I saw a pig which was flying in the sky.一 关系代词&关系副词 “三板斧”原则1. 砍逗号That, but, why 不引导非限制性定语从句2. 砍先行词（人、物、时间、地点、原因）3. 砍成份（定语从句中缺少的成分主语、宾语、介词宾语、状语、定语）引导词词形 先行词 从句中充当的成分范围Who 1. 人（含人名）2. 拟人的物3. all, those 等,指人时4. 集合名词表个体时（people, police,team, class, enemy,committee, group）1. 主语2. 宾语（口语中）限&
24、非限Whom （同上） 1. 宾语（可省略）2. 介词宾语 prep + whom, whom 不可省略 prep +whom, whom 可以省略限&非限关系代词ThatEg. The girl that /- /whom I wrote a letter to is1. 人2. 物3. 人和物（sb.+sth.）4. 不定代词5. 先行词被最高级序数词（only, 1. 主语2. 宾语（可省）3. 介词宾语prep 不能放在 that 前且可以省略限关系代词 关系副词That WhyWhich WhereWho WhenWhom (But)WhoseAs分类第 10 页 共 21 页ver
25、y, all, few, many, much, little等）修饰Which 1. 物2. 集合名词表物3. 句子4. 不明性别的婴儿1. 主语2. 宾语(可省)3. 介词宾语prep + which, 介词宾语不可省prep + which,介词宾语可省限&非限Whose 1. 人2. 物定语 必须和后面的名词同时出现 Whose = n.+ of + whom /whichEg The Northern Island is famous for the area of hot spring, some of which are throwinto the sky.Eg. New Zea
26、land has population of about 3.1 million people of which 14 percent are Maoris.关系代词或关系副词要尽量靠近先行词限&非限ButEg.Theres nobody but has his faults.1. 人2. 物主句变否定句But = who not= that not主语 限AsAs we all know /expectSuch /That + n. + thatAs often happens1. 人2. 物3. 整句1. 主语2. 宾语3. 表语4. 状语 As VS Which1. Which 不能放在整句句首2. As 要多译一个“正如”限&非限关系Where=prep + which1. 地点2. 时间3. 原因状语 限&非限
