1、从市场经济到和谐社会 中国城乡二元结构体制下的经济发展与制度变迁Chinas Economic Development & Institutional Transition Under the Typical Dual System温铁军 Prof. Wen Tiejun, 中国人民大学Renmin University of China86-10-62511063 (Secretary)2007.03. Montepulciano, Siena, Italy内 容 1、中国的主要制度经验 2、中国农村基本制度常识 3、集体化:在国家工业化形成的二元结构体制下的 资本原始积累 4、中国农村改革
2、的条件和措施 5、中国农村当前的基本形势 6、和谐社会: 可持续发展的政策调整中国的经济地理鸟瞰Bird View of China Economic landscape资源约束下的差别拉大: 水土资源匹配的平原面积仅占1/8, 主要集中在沿海地区 , 工农业经济和城市也集中在沿海平原;区域差别必然拉大,沿海城市地价必然上升。Natural Resources Constrains & Regional Gap Enlarged The plain is only 12% of total territory, so that the agriculture, industry and cit
3、y can only be hustled in coastal areas made land/labor price went high 问题:中国生存与发展的硬条件约束The Problems: Hardest Constrains of Chinas Human Security中国大陆主要农产品产量在世界上的地位( 1997) 项 目 粮食 棉花 油料 糖料 肉类 蛋类 奶类 水产品 总产量 /万吨 44350 460 2157 9386 5152 2125 780 3602 产量占世界 的份额( %) 21 23 22 6 23 41 1 30 在世界上的位次 1 1 2 3 1
4、1 15 1 人均占有量 /千克 367.8 3.8 17.9 77.8 42.7 17.6 6.5 29.9 人均占有量为世界 平均水平的倍数 1 1.1 1.1 0.3 1.2 0.99 1.4 1、中国的主要制度经验 Part 1. Chinas Major Institutional experience 中国是所有大型发展中国家中长期维持社会稳定的国家 。除了 1960-62年由于重新启动以地方为主的 “再工业化 ”、同时必须偿还俄国对中央政府工业化投入形成的债务,导致过多从农村提取原始积累造成过严重饥饿的事件之外,中国长期保持没有成规模饥饿的纪录 China is the only
5、 one biggest population country has long time social stability with no hunger among the 3rd world countries, except 196062s nation wide hunger caused by more exploitation for local primary accumulations of re-industrializations, also more export for paying back Russian debts for central industrializ
6、ation. 中国其实是在无条件实现并基本放弃了农业现代化制度、全面恢复了小农经济之后,才实现了以 7% 的耕地养活 22%的人口,以及大幅度减贫 China abandoned impossible agri modernization strategy by 1980s rural reform with regenerating traditional small households agri., than gained the success of feeding 22% world population by 7% arable land, and contributed 67%
7、of world poverty reduction 未来的不确定性:劳动力预测Uncertainty: Labour force prediction n 劳动力总量 2020年达到峰值, 2030年以后显著下降 Absolute number of labour force will reduce from 2030n 中国的大规模失业问题可能发生在2010-2020年期间 China will meet the most serious un-employment problem since 2010-2020n 未来 20年内农村劳动力占比 1/2,分散小农户难以形成农业比较优势Rur
8、al labour would remain as a half of total for next 20years, so that scattered farming must be no comparative advantage in next 20 yearsSources: China statistical yearbooks2020年老龄人口超过 15%Strong labor resource through 2020: aging population 15%Aging population to labour forcen Labour supply remains as
9、 Chinas comparative advantage through 2020-n Relatively- well-educated labour with low cost is the source of profit and growthSources: China statistical yearbooks05101520253035401995 2000 2020 2025(%) World China向市场经济转轨:什么 “化 ”?什么 “主义 ”Market Oriented Transition: Whatever-zations / -isms? 发展:工业化 /城市
10、化 /现代化? Development: Industrializations/ Urbanizations/ Modernizations 制度:私有化 /市场化 /货币化资本化? Institution: privatization/ marketization/ monetization/ capitalization 讨论: 世界上是否有任何主义 /制度 /政府 /领袖,能够解决中国现在 8亿、 15年后 9亿多劳动年龄人口的充分就业 ?Discussion: Is there anyisms/ institutions/ Gov./ political leaders in the
11、world, can solve the unemployment problems for 800 mil. Labor age population now, or 900 mil.15 years later? 2、中国农村基本制度常识Part 2. Common Sense of Rural Institution 中国农村基本制度的主要特征 Major Institutional feature: 中国是发展中国家之中的人口过亿的大国之中唯一形成村内平均分配土地的基本制度的大陆国家;其他如印度、孟加拉、墨西哥等都没有这样的制度。 China is the only one “cont
12、inental country” set up the primary rural institution with “families land rights of equal distribution inside of the villages”, among these developing countries with population bigger than 100 mil., such as India/Bangladesh/Mexico, etc. 这种制度是在 20世纪上半叶以 3次土地革命战争(国家独立战争)形式来实现的,因此具有与国家政治建设直接相关的 “政治正确 ”
13、;任何中国领导人,无论毛 /邓 /江 /胡,都向农民承诺这种基本制度不变。 Its the outcomes of 3 times land revolutionary war (the civil war) in upper 20th century, to put “political correct” inside land institution as the legitimacy of state building, so that Mao/Deng/Jiang/Hu, whoever to be the political leader must insist unchangeable policy for satisfying the rural people 建国以来的粮食生产变动The 50 years grain production