1、本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译原文TEAMMANAGEMENTDEVELOPINGCONCERNSINTRODUCTIONBENEFITSOFATEAMMANAGEMENTAPPROACHTHISPAPERHASBEENWRITTENWITHINAPARADIGMTHATHOLDSTEAMWORKASFUNDAMENTALTOCONTINUOUSCORPORATEIMPROVEMENTUNFORTUNATELY,MUCHDISCUSSIONOFTEAMWORKIS,INGENERAL,BASEDUPONSTUDIESCONDUCTEDWITHINTHEPRIVATESECTORTOFILLTHI
2、SGAP,WEWILLDISCUSSBOTHTHECHARACTERISTICSANDBENEFITSOFTEAMMANAGEMENTONANORGANIZATIONWIDEBASIS,ASWELLASEXAMINESTEPSTHATACOMPANYCANTAKETOSUPPORTATEAMMANAGEMENTAPPROACHTHROUGHOUTTHEORGANIZATIONINDOINGSO,WEHOPETOARTICULATETHEFOLLOWINGTHEBESTTEAMSKILLSTHECHARACTERISTICSOFANEFFECTIVETEAMTHEBESTTYPEOFTEAMPL
3、AYERTHEREASONSTEAMSFAILTHEREASONSTEAMSSUCCEEDTHECOMPONENTSOFANEFFECTIVETEAMASAMEANSOFINTRODUCTION,WEWILLFIRSTDISCUSSSOMEOFTHEMORETANGIBLEBENEFITSOFTEAMMANAGEMENTFORTHEORGANIZATION,PERHAPSTHESINGLEGREATESTBENEFITOFADOPTINGASYSTEMOFTEAMMANAGEMENTCANBEUNDERSTOODINTERMSOFTHEINCREASEDPOTENTIALTHATISBESTO
4、WEDUPONTHETEAMMEMBERBECAUSEOFHISORHERAFFILIATIONWITHTHETEAMMEMBERSHIPOFATEAMNOTONLYCHANGESBUTACTUALLYENHANCESBOTHANEMPLOYEESDAYTODAYWORKACTIVITIESANDTHEENDRESULTOFTHOSEEFFORTSANEMPLOYEESPOTENTIAL,IETHEEXTENTTOWHICHHEORSHECANPERFORMHIGHQUALITY,MEANINGFULWORKISTHUSEXTENDEDDESCRIPTIONSOFTHENATUREOFTHET
5、EAMCANNOTBECOMPLETEWITHOUTSOMEDESCRIPTIONOFTHEORGANIZATIONBEHINDTHETEAMWHILETEAMMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDTHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEORGANIZATIONSLEADERSHIPTOTHETEAMARETHEFOCUSOFTHENEXTSECTION,THETANGIBLENATUREOFTHEORGANIZATIONTHATSUPPORTSTHETEAMWILLBEDISCUSSEDHEREINSHORT,INORDERFORANORGANIZATIONTODEMONSTRAT
6、EITSUPPORTSTHEFUNDAMENTALSOFTEAMMANAGEMENT,ITMUSTREMOVESYMBOLSOFHIERARCHYANDTHEREFORESTATUS,INCLUDINGRESERVEDPARKING,EXECUTIVEBATHROOMS,TIMECARDSTHESEELEMENTSREPRESENTBASICSEPARATIONSBETWEENMANAGEMENTANDSTAFFIFTHEYAREAVISIBLEANDPRONOUNCEDASPECTOFTHEORGANIZATION,MANAGEMENTISGOINGTOHAVEDIFFICULTYINSIM
7、ULTANEOUSLYEXPRESSINGEQUALANDHONESTRESPECTFORINDIVIDUALTEAMMEMBERS,TOSAYNOTHINGOFTHEELIMINATIONOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFANYPARTICIPATORYMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESEFFECTIVETEAMMANAGEMENTIFTEAMMANAGEMENTISTOBEFOSTEREDANDEMPLOYEESARETOSHIFTPARADIGMS,THEORGANIZATIONSLEADERSHIPMUSTLEADTHEWAYBYALTERINGITSOWNASSUMPTION
8、SANDBEHAVIORSTOEMBODYTHEFOLLOWINGVALUES1THEBASICFOUNDATIONOFANORGANIZATIONISITSPEOPLE,ANDTHEBASICUNITOFCHANGEISITSPEOPLE2GIVEN1,DECISIONMAKINGINAHEALTHYORGANIZATIONISBESTDELEGATEDTOTHESOURCESOFINFORMATIONRATHERTHANBEINGMADEAFUNCTIONOFASETROLEINARIGIDHIERARCHY3THESUBUNITSOFANORGANIZATIONTENDTOMANAGET
9、HEIRAFFAIRSINTERMSOFPREDETERMINEDGOALSCONTROLSARESETINTERMSOFPRODUCTIONMEASUREMENT,NOTHUMANRELATIONSHUMANRELATIONSMUSTTHEREFOREBEPUTATTHEFOREFRONTOFTHECORPORATEAGENDA4PEOPLESUPPORTWHATTHEYHELPCREATEIDEALLY,INDIVIDUALSTOBEAFFECTEDBYCHANGESHOULDBEGIVENANOPPORTUNITYTOPARTICIPATEINTHEPLANNINGANDIMPLEMEN
10、TATIONOFTHATCHANGEBECKHARD,1992TRUSTISACRITICALCOMPONENTOFTHEENTIRETEAMCONCEPTFIRST,MANAGEMENTTRUSTINDIVIDUALTEAMMEMBERSINORDERTOSTEPBACKANDDELEGATERESPONSIBILITYTHISTRUSTDEVELOPSOVERALONGPERIODOFTIMEANDTHROUGHAPROCESSOFTRIALANDERRORINORDERFORAREALANDGENUINETRUSTTOEMERGEBETWEENTEAMMEMBERSANDMANAGEME
11、NT,ORGANIZATIONLEADERSMUSTLEARNTOFUNCTIONINATRAININGANDFACILITATINGCAPACITYASWELLEACHPERSONINANYTEAMBEGINSWITHADIFFERENTUNDERSTANDINGOFWHATCONSTITUTESTRUST,HOWITCANBEASSESSEDANDWHENTOGIVEONESELFOVERTOAPROCESSWHICHISBIGGERTHANTHEINDIVIDUALONCETRUSTISUNDERSTOODBYTHEINDIVIDUALTEAMMEMBERSANDTHENESTABLIS
12、HEDNOTONLYBETWEENTEAMLEADERSANDTEAMMEMBERS,BUTALSOAMONGSTTHEMEMBERSTHEMSELVES,TASKDELEGATIONCANBEMADEWITHCONFIDENCEANDFAITHINSHORT,TEAMMANAGERSANDORGANIZATIONLEADERSMUSTHONESTLYASSESSTHEABILITIESANDSKILLLEVELSOFTHEIRTEAMMEMBERSANDDIVIDETHEWORKACCORDINGLYEACHPERSONISDIFFERENTFROMTHEOTHERANDEACHMUSTBE
13、EMPOWEREDTOACHIEVEQUALITYSOTHATALLWILLFEELTHEYARECONTRIBUTINGTOTHETEAMINACONSTRUCTIVEANDFAIRMANNERGIVENTHEIMPORTANCEOFTRUST,ITFOLLOWSTHATTHEKEYTOSUCCESSINANORGANIZATIONTHATESPOUSESTEAMMANAGEMENTISTHEEMPOWERMENTOFEMPLOYEESTRUSTREMAINSASTATICCONCEPTIFEMPLOYEESARENOTCOUNTEDUPONTOCOMPLETETHETASKSTHEYARE
14、GIVENTHEINDIVIDUALWHOISEMPOWEREDACHIEVESGREATERLEVELSOFQUALITYANDSUBSEQUENTLYENJOYSHIGHERLEVELSOFSUCCESSTASKSMUSTTHEREFOREBEDELEGATEDANDTEAMMEMBERSMUSTBEALLOWEDTOMAKEDECISIONSINDEPENDENTLYNOTONLYWILLTHISALLOWTEAMMEMBERSTOHONETHEIRSKILLS,ITWILLALSOPROVIDETHEMWITHASENSEOFOWNERSHIPANDTHEREFOREASENSEOFI
15、MPORTANCETOTHETEAMASAWHOLEATEAMMEMBERWHOKNOWSHEORSHEISINFACTVALUEDANDNEEDEDISFARLESSLIKELYTOFAILTHETEAMORTHEORGANIZATIONNATURALLY,INORDERFORTEAMMEMBERSKILLSTODEVELOPTOPOINTWHERETHEYCANBETRUSTED,ALLOWINGEMPLOYEESTOACHIEVEEMPOWERMENT,THEORGANIZATIONSLEADERSMUSTIMPLEMENTATRAININGPROGRAMBYWHICHTHOSESKIL
16、LSCANBEACQUIREDHOWEVER,TRAININGTEAMMEMBERSINVOLVESAMULTILAYEREDSYSTEMOFEDUCATIONWHICHEXTENDSBEYONDTHESIMPLETRANSMISSIONOFSKILLSATMINIMUM,EMPLOYEETRAININGSHOULDBEONTWOLEVELSSKILLBASEDTRAININGWHICHSTRIVESTOMAKEEMPLOYEESCROSSFUNCTIONALSOTHATTEAMMEMBERSCANSUPPORTONEANOTHERANDCOMMUNICATIONTRAININGWHILEIT
17、ISUNDENIABLYCRUCIALTHATTEAMMEMBERSAREUNDERSTOODINTERMSOFTHEIRINDIVIDUALSKILLS,ITISALSOESSENTIALTHATTEAMMEMBERSPOSSESSTHESKILLSNOTONLYTOACCOMPLISHTHEIROWNTASKSBUTALSO,IFNECESSARY,TOASSISTOTHERTEAMMEMBERSINTHECOMPLETIONOFTHEIRTASKSTHESECONDLEVELOFTEAMMEMBERTRAINING,COMMUNICATIONTRAINING,ISPERHAPSTHECO
18、RNERSTONEUPONWHICHTHESUCCESSORFAILUREOFATEAMISBUILTASNOTED,TEAMMANAGEMENTIS,ATBOTTOM,ARADICALDEPARTUREFROMARIGIDHIERARCHICALMANAGEMENTCOMMUNICATIONWITHINTHETEAM,THEVERYDYNAMICWHICHOCCURSAMONGSTTEAMMEMBERSASWELLASBETWEENTEAMMEMBERSANDTEAMLEADERS,MUSTALSOREPRESENTADEPARTUREFROMPARADIGMSOFCONTROLLED,LI
19、NEARHIERARCHIESINSTEAD,ATEAMLEADERMUSTINSTILLWHATPARKERCALLS“OPENCOMMUNICATION”“OPENCOMMUNICATION”ISCHARACTERIZEDBYGOODTEAMMEMBERLISTENINGSKILLS,CIVILDISAGREEMENTS,ANDCONSENSUSDECISIONSPARKER,1996,P33ORGANIZATIONLEADERSMUSTTRAINTEAMMEMBERSTOENJOYTHESETALENTSANDCOMMUNICATEINANEVENANDFAIRMANNERTHATPLA
20、CESTHEINPUTOFALLUNDERSTUDIEDANDSERIOUSCONSIDERATIONPARKER,1996,P138OURSTUDYSRESPONDENTSREGULARLYREFLECTEDONTHECOSTANDMONITORINGOFTEAMTRAININGINARECENTARTICLE,ARROBAANDWEDGEWOODOPPENHEIM1995DESCRIBEDTHISTYPEOFCOMMUNICATIONASLACKING“CENTRIPETALFORCE”,ANELEMENTTHEYASSERTISCOMMONTOORGANIZATIONTEAMCOMMUN
21、ICATIONAFTERCONDUCTINGASTUDYOFTEAMCOMMUNICATIONEXPERIENCEDBY66SERVICEDIRECTORSAND38CENTRALDIRECTORS,ARROBAANDWEDGEWOODOPPENHEIMOBSERVEDTHEFOLLOWINGA“FORCEOPERATINGINTHEGROUPWHICHDRAWSTHECENTRALDIRECTORSTOWARDTHEHUBTOTHEEXCLUSIONOFTHESERVICEDIRECTORS”ARROBAANDWEDGEWOODOPPENHEIMDESCRIBETHISUNSEENFORCE
22、AS“CENTRIPETAL”BECAUSEITPULLSCOMMUNICATIONTOWARDSTHECENTRAL,MANAGEMENTORIENTEDCOMPONENTSOFTEAMSANDORGANIZATIONS,ANDAWAYFROMTHECONCERNSOFTHESERVICEDIRECTORSCONSEQUENTLY,THEFOCUSOFDISCUSSION“REFLECTSTHECONCERNSOFTHECENTRALDEPARTMENTS”ATTHEEXPENSEOFSTAFFNEEDTHEREBYBROADCASTINGTHEMESSAGETHATCERTAINCONCE
23、RNS,OPINIONS,ANDBELIEFSFAROUTWEIGHOTHERSWEAREBACKTOACLASSIC,HIERARCHICALMANAGEMENTTHEINTERVIEWPROCESSDISCUSSED,ANDTEAMMANAGEMENTPRACTICESINGENERAL,CANNOTALLOWA“CENTRIPETALFORCE”TODOMINATECOMMUNICATIONINSTEAD,ORGANIZATIONLEADERSMUSTFACILITATEDEMOCRATICDIALOGUETHATINVOLVESTHEINSIGHTSOFALLTHELASTCOMPON
24、ENTOFEFFECTIVETEAMMANAGEMENTTOBEDISCUSSEDAPPROPRIATELYISTHEREWARDSYSTEMTHATLEADERSHIPINCLUDEASPARTOFTHEIRTEAMMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYTEAMMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESTHATINCORPORATEAREWARDSYSTEMTHATRECOGNIZESGOALACHIEVEMENTTHROUGHTEAMWORKAREHIGHLYEFFECTIVEINCENTIVESSUCHREWARDSSHOULDNOTONLYRECOGNIZETHETEAMSACCOMPLI
25、SHMENT,THEYALSOTELLTHEPARTICULAREMPLOYEETHATTHEGOALWOULDNOTINFACTHAVEBEENACHIEVEDWITHOUTHISORHERSPECIFICCONTRIBUTIONSASLUNDY1994WRITES,ALONGSIDE“SHAREDVISION”MUSTBE“SHAREDCREDIT”WHENTHATVISIONIS,INFACT,REALIZEDCOMPANIESIMPLEMENTINGTEAMWORKAPPROACHESMUSTDESIGNPLANSTHATREWARDEMPLOYEESANDENCOURAGEWORKE
26、RSTOPARTICIPATEENTHUSIASTICALLYINTEAMPROJECTSMANAGEMENTMUSTSETGROUPGOALSTHATARELINKEDTOTHECORPORATESTRATEGICPLAN,DEVELOPAPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTSYSTEMANDDETERMINEALLOCATIONANDPAYMENTMETHODSMUSSELWHITE,1988,P63THERESPONDENTSINOURLEADERSHIPCOHORTREMAINEDSINGULARLYUNEASYABOUTDELIVERYOFINCENTIVESANDREWAR
27、DSTHEYREPORTEDALMOSTUNIVERSALCONFLICT89PERCENTOFRESPONDENTSABOUTTHEIRCONCERNSTHATBOTHTHEINDIVIDUALANDTHETEAMLEADERSSUPPORTEDTEAMCANBEIMPLEMENTEDWITHEFFECTIVELEADERSHIPSUPPORTINGANDENERGIZINGITWHENASKEDWHICHPRECISEPERSONALITYASPECTSDOESONESEEKWHENCHOOSINGLEADERSHIPTOSUPPORTAPARADIGMSHIFTFROMINDIVIDUA
28、LTOTEAM,187OUTOF200RESPONDENTSINDICATEDRESPECTANDHONESTY,OPENNESSTONEWIDEASTEAMMANAGEMENTPROVIDEANENVIRONMENTWHERETHESEQUALITIESCANBEUSEDTOTHEIRFULLESTTEAMMANAGEMENTREQUIRESTHATORGANIZATIONLEADERSRESPECTTHEIRWORKERSBYHONESTLYRECOGNIZINGTHEIRCAPABILITIESANDALLOWINGTHOSECAPABILITIESTOBEUSEDTOTHEIRPOTE
29、NTIALWHILETEAMMANAGEMENTPRACTICESMAYQUALIFYASANEWIDEATHATISNOTPRACTICEDINAMAJORITYOFCORPORATIONS,DRBENJAMINTREGOE,CHAIRMANOFKEPNERTREGOEBELIEVESTHATSELFMANAGINGTEAMSFITTHECULTURALHISTORYOFTHEUSAHEBELIEVESTHETEAMISANATURALFORMOFORGANIZATIONFORAMERICANSYET,WECANNOTFORGETTHATTHEESPOUSALOFTEAMMANAGEMENT
30、PRACTICESISBYNOMEANSANEASY,SEAMLESSPROCESSASNOTED,THEMOVETOTEAMBASED,EGALITARIANCULTUREISARADICALDEPARTUREFROMTHEHIERARCHICALSTRUCTURESTHATDOMINATETHEUSORGANIZATIONSCONCERNSTHETRANSITIONFROMINDIVIDUALTOTEAMMANAGEMENTASINDIVIDUALS,WEREMAINFULLYHUMANFORGETTINGFORAMOMENT,THEPARTICULARSOFTEAMMANAGEMENT,
31、THESIMPLEOFACTOFCHANGEOFTENCAUSESPROFOUNDFEARTEAMMANAGEMENTCHANGESTHEFUNCTIONOFTHEMANAGERORSUPERVISOR,TRANSFORMINGTHISINDIVIDUALFROMBOSSDICTATORTOCOACHFACILITATORFACILITATORSHELPGUIDE,DIRECT,ANDENCOURAGETHETEAM,BUTTHEYDONOTCONTROLITANDTHISCANBEADIFFICULTTRANSITIONFORSOMEUSMANAGERSWHODONOTWANTTOSHARE
32、THEIRPOWERTHEORIENTATIONOFCOMMITMENTITINVOLVESCANNOTBEUNDERESTIMATED“PLAYINGUPTOTHEBOSS”,BEINGA“YESMAN”SIMPLYWILLNOTSURVIVEINATEAMCONTEXTMOSTLEADERSHIPBELIEVESTHISTOBEAPOSITIVECHANGEWHENASKEDABOUTTHECONFLICTSTHATARISEWHENLEADERSHIPISPREDISPOSEDTOTHECEO,168OF200INDICATEDTHATTHETENSIONSRISINGFROMPERSO
33、NALCOMMITMENTS,BETHEYBACKROOMLOYALTIESORQUESTSTOAVOIDHURTINGTHECEOSFEELINGS,OFTENDIMINISHEDTHEIRABILITYTOFOCUSONTHETEAMCONCERNORGANIZINGTEAMSISALONG,HARDPROCESS,NOTAQUICKFIXTHATCANCHANGEACOMPANYINAVERYSHORTTIMEINORDERFORITTOWORK,ORGANIZATIONLEADERSSHOULDINITIATEACAREFULRESEARCHPHASETHATGARNERSTHEINS
34、IGHTS,OPINIONS,ANDBELIEFSOFALLSTAFFWITHTHISINFORMATION,THELEADERSHIPCORRECTSANDMOLDSTHEORGANIZATIONTOANSWERTHEVERYREALCONCERNSOFALLEMPLOYEESIFATEAMMANAGEMENTAPPROACHREFLECTSTHOSECONCERNS,THENTHELEADERSHIPMUSTBEGINASERIESOFPROCEDURES,NOTTHELEASTOFWHICHISCHOOSINGTEAMLEADERS,BETHEYFROMTHEBOARDOFDIRECTO
35、RSORFROMELSEWHEREINTHEORGANIZATION,WHOWILLRESPECTTHEIDEASANDSKILLSOFALLTEAMMEMBERS,ALLOWFORTEAMAUTONOMYANDARTICULATETHETASKSTOBEACCOMPLISHEDTHERESHOULDBECAREFULLYPLANNEDTRAININGPROGRAMS,FOCUSINGNOTONLYTECHNICALEXPERTISEBUTDECISIONMAKINGANDPROBLEMSOLVINGSKILLSANDCOMMUNICATIONANDINTERPERSONALSKILLASWE
36、LLULTIMATELY,TEAMPERFORMANCEISAPROVENMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYTHATMUSTBESTUDIEDANDCORRECTLYAPPLIEDIFTHEREANYHOPESITISTOSUCCEEDSOURCESAMUELMNATALEANDANTHONYFLIBERTELLA,1998“TEAMMANAGEMENTDEVELOPINGCONCERNS”TEAMPERFORMANCEMANAGEMENT,VOL4,NO8,P319330译文团队管理持续性关注简介团队管理效益的方法。本文的企业模式被连续保存到团队工作上。不幸的是,许多工作团队讨论的是,在一
37、般情况下,基于私人研究机构内进行。为了填补这一空白,我们将讨论团队管理组织基础范围内的特点和利益,以及检查步骤,一个公司可以采取支持在整个组织团队的管理办法。这样做,我们希望表达以下内容最好的团队技能;特色的有效的最佳团队成员,团队的原因类型的团队队失败;团队成功的原因。组成部分,作为一种有效的手段引进,我们将先讨论一些管理团队的实实在在的好处。负责组织,也许是唯一一种最伟大的管理团队效益的系统采用的方法是可以理解的团队计算,增加的潜力,赐予的团队成员,因为他或她所属的。小组的成员虽然改变了,但实际上却增强了员工的日常工作,以及这些努力的最终结果。一个员工的潜力,即在何种程度上,他或她因此可以
38、延长进行高品质的有意义的工作。团队说明的性质不能完成,是因为一些团队没有说明该组织的背后。虽然团队的管理实践和团队负责该组织的领导,这里的重点是下一节要讨论的具体性质的组织,支持团队的意愿。总之,在一个组织为了证明它支持团队管理的基本知识,它必须消除等级和身份的象征,因此,包括专用车位,行政浴室,考勤卡。这些代表和工作人员的基本元素之间的分离管理。如果他们是有形的方面,并宣布该组织,管理都将有困难,同时表达策略平等和诚实的尊重个人的团队成员,更不用说参与管理的任何消除的可能性。如果团队的管理是有效的,要培养和员工转移模式,组织的领导必须带头行为的方式,通过改变自己的前提,体现了以下方面(1)一
39、个组织的基本基础是人,和变化的基本单位是人。(2)鉴于(1),决策机构决策中的作用,健康是最严格的层次结构,下放给定的来源所作的函数,而不是一个信息。(3)一个组织的倾向于预定目标管理他们的事务的条款。控制载于生产关系方面的测量,而不是人类。因此,人与人之间的关系必须放在企业议事日程的前列。(4)人们支持他们帮助创立的。理想情况下,改变个人受影响,应给予机会参与规划和执行该变更(BECKHARD,1992)。信任是整个团队概念的重要组成部分。首先,管理团队成员的信任,以退一步,层层落实责任。这种信任的发展在一段长期的过程,并通过试验和错误。为了形成一个真正和真正的信任,团队成员之间出现管理,组
40、织领导者必须学会培训和促进能力。每个小组的人在一开始理解信任是什么是不同的,如何对其进行评估,什么时候给自己交给一个过程比这更重要。一旦信任理解各个团队成员,然后建立团队成员不仅在小组领导人,而且在他们当中的成员,任务代表团可有信心和信念。总之,团队管理和组织的领导人必须诚实地评估自己的团队成员的能力和技能水平和相应的分工。每个人不同于其他每个人都在被授权为实现质量,使所有人都能感觉到他们正在促进和公平的方式有建设性的团队。鉴于信任的重要性,因此,雇员成功与否关键在于组织,团队管理拥护的是能力。信托仍然是一个静止的概念,如果雇员没有指望给定的任务来完成他们。是谁赋予个人的质量达到更高水平,随后
41、享有更高层次的成功。因此,必须委派任务,团队成员必须允许独立作出决定。这不仅会让团队成员来磨练自己的技能,它还将提供一个给他们所有权的整体感觉,并因此从某种意义上说,团队是十分重要的。一个队员知道他或她的价值是事实和需要,不太可能会是失败的团队或组织。当然,以便团队成员技能发展到的地步,他们可以信任,让员工实现能力,该组织的领导人必须实施一项培训计划,其中的技能可以被收购。然而,培训团队成员涉及多层次的教育体系,它的传输能力超出了简单。至少,员工培训应在两个层面基于技能的培训,努力使员工跨职能,使团队成员能够相互支持和沟通训练。虽然这是无可否认的关键技能,团队成员都了解他们的个别条款中,还必须
42、具备的技能,团队成员不仅要完成自己的任务,而且,如有必要,协助完成其他成员的团队任务。第二个层次的沟通训练队员的训练,也许是建立基石赖以成功的或失败的团队。如前所述,团队管理,从根本上讲,一个领导者,从一个僵化的根本出发分级管理。通信范围内的团队,充满活力的成员之间发生的与团队成员之间以及代表队团队还必须从范式出发控制,线性层次。相反,一个团队领导者必须灌输称之为“坦诚沟通”。“开放式沟通”的特点是良好的团队成员的倾听技巧,成员间分歧,协商和集体决策(PARKER,1996,P33)。组织领导人必须培养团队成员享有这些人才和沟通更加公平的方式,研究和认真的考虑(PARKER,1996,P188
43、)所有输入的地方。本研究的受访者经常在成本和训练监控的队伍反映。最近的一篇文章,ARROBA和WEDGEWOODOPPENHEIM(1995)描述为“向心力”这种类型的沟通缺乏,一个元素声称他们是共同的组织团队的沟通。之后进行沟通研究团队OPPENHEIM经历了66和38个服务中心董事会董事,ARROBA和WEDGEWOOD观察到以下几点经营力集团的核心工作在提请董事会被排斥”。ARROBA和WEDGEWOODOPPENHEIM描述“核心”,这是因为它无形的力量拉向中央组织的交流,管理和导向部件队,及董事以外的服务所关注的。因此,讨论的重点“中央各部门所关注的反应”在工作人员费用的需要方面从而
44、广播的消息,某些问题,意见和信念,远远超过其他人。我们又回到了经典,分级管理。在采访过程中讨论和实践中一般的团队管理,不能让“向心力”主宰的沟通。相反,组织领导必须促进民主对话,涉及到所有的事物。团队有效管理的最后组成部分将讨论(适当)是奖励制度,领导工作,包括团队的一部分,他们的团队管理策略。团队管理战略,把奖励制度成果通过承认的目标是高度有效的激励机制。这种奖励不应该只承认团队的成绩,他们还告诉特定的雇员,他们的目标不会在已经没有他的贡献达到或他的具体的事实上。LUNDY(1994)中写道,一起的“共同愿景”必须是在“共享信用”这一设想上实现的。公司贯彻方针必须设计团队奖励计划,鼓励员工和
45、工人积极参与项目的团队。管理部门必须设置有联系的企业战略目标的小组计划,建立绩效测量系统,并确定分配和支付方式(MUSSELWHITE,1988,P63)。他们的报告几乎实施了有效的领导,对他们的关注支持和激励具有普遍性冲突(89的受访者),无论是个人和团队领导个人支持团队都可以。当问及这方面做一个精确的个性寻求支持时,选择领导模式的转变,从个人到团队,200个受访者中的187个表示尊重和诚实,开放的新思路。团队管理提供了最充分的环境,可以让他们使用这些素质的。团队管理要求该组织领导人尊重他们的工人潜在能力,坦诚那些被他们用来的能力。虽然团队管理的做法可能有资格作为一个新的想法,BENJAMI
46、NTREGOE博士认为,自我管理团队适应美国文化的历史。他认为,美国的团队是一个自然的组织形式。然而,我们不能忘记,拥护的团队管理的做法绝不是一种简单,无缝的过程。如前所述,文化转向以团队为基础,平等是美国主宰的组织大相径庭的层次结构。关注从个人到团队管理的转变。作为个体,我们仍然完整的人。暂且忘记,团队管理的详情,改变简单的行为往往造成深刻的恐惧。团队管理改变了主管经理或功能,转化这个独裁者个人从老板到教练调解人。调解人帮助指导,直接,并鼓励团队,但他们无法控制它,这对于美国的一些困难的过渡谁不想分享经理的权力。取向的承诺涉及不可低估。“直到老板”作为一个“能人”的做法根本无法生存在一个小组
47、范畴内。大多数领导人认为这是一个积极的变化。当冲突升级关系到经理,200个人中168位指出,紧张上升到承诺,他们潜在的忠诚或任务,以避免伤害经理的感情,常常减少他们对团队集中精力的关注。组织团队是一个漫长而艰难的过程,而不是在很短的时间内改变一个公司就是权宜之计。要让它运行,组织领导要认真研究启动阶段,加纳斯的见解,观点,信仰和工作人员的所有东西。有了这些信息,纠正和建模组织中领导者对全体员工的回答将非常真实。如果一个团队的管理办法反映了这些问题,那么领导者的领导必须开始一系列的程序,而不是最后选择团队领导,他们有能力从董事会董事或其他单位的组织,尊重他人想法和所有成员的技巧,让团队的自主权和明确任务完成。不仅应该经过精心策划培训计划,重点技术知识,以及决策和解决问题能力和沟通及人际关系技巧。最终,团队表现的是一种成熟的管理策略,如果有任何希望它是成功的,必须研究和正确地运用。出处塞缪尔M纳塔尔,团队管理持续关注;团队绩效管理第4卷(8),1998P319330