1、I硕士学位论文（20 届）论国际人权公约与我国宪法的位阶关系姓 名学 科 、 专 业 宪 法 与 行 政 法 学 （ 全 日 制 法 学 硕 士 ）研 究 方 向 宪 法 学指 导 教 师论文提交日期II论国际人权公约与我国宪法的位阶关系（硕士论文摘要）近代人权的产生来源于资产阶级革命，在此过程中权利对权力提出了要求，人权由此产生。近代人权的本质是对完整人格的追求，其包含了两个因素：自由和平等。近代人权与现代国际法上的人权之间，存在诸如理论基础、影响范围、价值趋向等方面的差异。而国际法上人权具有普遍性和特殊性的特点，普遍性是指国际人权法的效力广泛性，特殊性指国际人权的内容依托于一国内部条件才能
2、得以实现，国际人权法在依靠国内实现的同时，还依托国际监督机制。国际人权法的特殊性决定了其内在的冲突，即法律刚性标准和现实局限性之间的矛盾，和国际人权法法权结构上的矛盾在国际关系中确立国家与内部个人的关系。我国宪法所确立的主权作用形式是在对马克思主义国家理论和前苏联宪法的借鉴中，结合我国革命实践而建立起来的。我国宪法确立了人民代表大会制度下的国家主权与人民主权的二分，人民主权是政治基础，国家主权是法律表现，两者通过人民民主连接起来。人民民主表现为民主集中制和公民广泛权利两方面，后者决定了人民民主的本质，也决定了人权对主权的组成和推动作用。在人民主权的要求下，主权是权利的集合，人权的存在也是人民主
3、权和国家主权间紧密联系的保证。而人权的实现也依赖于主权对社会资源的分配。依据统计并结合理论，目前我国已加入 27 项国际人权公约，这些人权可分为基本人权、政治权利、社会经济文化权利、获得救济及司法程序权利、战时人道权利和其他权利 6 种。比较我国宪法上公民权利和国际人权，两者之间在立论基础、权利主体和其他具体内容上存在差异。目前理论界在人权公约的位阶效力和实施问题上没有形成共识，为了解决人权公约的内在矛盾，实现人权与主权关系的理论设想，同时在“信守条约”原则下解决基本权利和国际人权之间的差异，本文认为应当赋予公约人权以宪法渊源的国内法地位。国际人权法上的权利内容，其效力应当高于法律，与宪法处于
4、同一位阶。要实现公约人权的位阶假设，首先要对宪法中“国家尊重和保障人权”条III款进行规范解释，在这里“人权”既包含了权利的法定形态，也包含了应然形态；既包含了明示权利，也包含了默示权利；既包含了公民，也包含了外国人。“尊重和保障”则表示国家对应然人权和法定人权的不同义务。同时，应当对现行缔结条约程序法进行修改，由全国人大通过，增加“全国人大决定国际人权公约的批准”条款。从公约人权作为宪法渊源的理论假设来看国际人权法的实施，则在我国目前人权公约主要的实施方式只能是立法实施。关键词 国际人权公约 宪法 位阶 人权 IThe Status Relationship between the Cons
5、titution and International Covenants on Human Rights(Abstract)Modern human rights were born in the bourgeois revolution, in the process of which people who needed rights asked for power. That was how the concept of human rights came.The essence of the modern human rights is the pursuit of personal i
6、ntegrity, including two factorsfreedom and equality. The differences lie in theoretical foundation, effect, the value trend and so on between Modern human rights and human rights in contemporary international law. The human rights in international law have the characteristics of universality and uni
7、queness. The universality means that human rights in the International law have an extensive effect. However, the uniqueness means it depends on a countrys internal conditions to get the international law into effect, while relying on the international monitoring mechanism. The uniqueness of the int
8、ernational law on human rights resulted in its inner conflicts which are the conflict between its inflexibility and the reality and the conflict of rights structure.Learning from Marxist country theory and the Constitution of former Soviet, the role in the form of sovereignty of our country is estab
9、lished on the base of Revolutionary practice. The difference between national sovereignty and the sovereignty of the people under the Peoples Congress system is defined by by the Constitution of our countrys. The sovereignty of the people is the political basis, while the national sovereignty is the
10、 legal expression. They are linked by the peoples democracy. The performance of the peoples democracy are democratic centralism and Citizen widespread right, and the latter one not only defines the essence of the peoples democracy, and but also defines the composition and promotion of the human righ
11、ts to sovereignty. With the demand of the peoples sovereignty, sovereignty is a collection of rights, and the exist of human rights is a strong IIguarantee for the close link of the peoples sovereignty and the countrys sovereignty. And the operation of human rights also depend on the distribution of
12、 social resources by the sovereignty in the country of learn from the in light of our countrys revolution and established practice. The Constitution of our country established on the two points linking up through, democratic centralism and the rights of citizens of both a wide range, which determine
13、s the essence of peoples democracy, at the request of the people, sovereignty is a collection of rights, Combining with theory and statistics, our country has recently acceded to 27 clauses of International Covenants of Human Rights, which includes fundamental human rights, political rights, economi
14、c, social and cultural rights, rights of relief and judicial process, wartime human rights and other rights. Compared with our national Constitutions and International Rights, there is difference among fundamental argument, subject of right and other contents.Nowadays there does not exist any consen
15、sus of validity and implementation of Human Rights in theory. To solve contradiction of human rights and realize the assumption of human rights and sovereignty, meanwhile we should resolve the differences between fundamental human rights and international human rights under the principle of pacta su
16、nt servanda. This article is thought that endowing the human rights with municipal law of origin of Constitution. The invalidity of content of rights of International human rights is above law and have the same status of the Constitution.To realize the status assumption of human rights, firstly we s
17、hould interpret the clauses of the state respecting and protecting human rights of the Constitution. The human rights herein not only includes legal morphology of rights but also ideal morphology of rights. Meanwhile it includes express rights and implied rights, citizen and foreigner. Respect and g
18、uarantee express the different obligation of ideal human rights and legal human rights. Meanwhile, we should amend procedure of conclusion of treaties approved by NPC and then add the clauses of approval of international human rights decided by NPC. Due to the implementation of International human I
19、IIrights used by the assumption of the human rights as the origin of the Constitution, presently the main method of implementation of human rights only is legalization.Key words International Covenants on Human RightsConstitution Status Human Rights I目 录导 言 .1第一章 人权与国际人权法概述 .3第一节 到底什么是人权？关于人权本质的简述 .
20、3一、人权产生背景及其产生 .3二、对近代人权本质的认定及其现代意义 .4三、近代人权与现代国际法上人权的差异 .6第二节 国际公约上人权的特点 .7一、公约上人权的普遍性与特殊性作为一种法律标准 .7二、公约上人权的内在冲突性 .8第二章 我国宪法确立的主权作用形式与人权的关系 .10第一节 我国宪法所确立的主权作用形式之起源 .10一、对马克思主义主权观的理论汲取与前苏联宪法的历史借鉴 .10二、我国革命的实践探索 .11第二节 我国宪法上主权作用形式的特征 .13一、人民代表大会制度下的“人民主权国家主权”二分 .14二、人民主权与国家主权的统一人民民主 .16第三节 小结：我国宪法所确
21、立之主权与人权关系的归纳 .17一、人权对主权的组成和推动作用 .18二、人权依赖于主权展开 .19第三章 国际人权公约与我国宪法的内容关系 .21第一节 我国参加的人权法上人权内容之大致分类 .23一、基本人权 .23二、政治权利 .24三、社会经济文化权利 .24四、其他权利 .26II五、获得救济的权利以及司法程序中的权利 .26六、战时人道权利 .26第二节 我国宪法上公民基本权利与国际公约上人权之差异举例 .26一、两种权利立论基础的简单比较 .26二、主体差异 .28三、国际劳工组织核心公约与我国宪法基本权利的比较 .28四、核心劳工标准以外人权公约与我国宪法基本权利的内涵比较 .
22、30第四章 人权公约与我国宪法位阶关系的假设和求证 .35第一节 目前人权公约在我国“法体系”中的定位问题 .35一、位阶效力问题 .35二、实施问题 .36第二节 猜想：人权公约中的权利内容是我国宪法的渊源之一 .38一、为什么人权公约之权利内容应当成为宪法渊源 .38二、我国宪法典与人权公约的效力关系 .43第五章 人权公约中权利条款位阶的实现 .44第一节 对宪法第 33 条中“人权条款”的学理解释 .44一、 “国家尊重和保障人权”条款的立法本意 .44二、对“国家尊重和保障人权”的规范解释 .45第二节 对缔结条约程序法的修改 .47第三节 从人权公约中权利内容的位阶假设看人权公约的实施 .49结 语 .52参考文献 .53后 记 .62
