1、1罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）Unified budget: The document which itemizes all the federal governments expenditures and revenues.统一预算： 联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations管制预算： 政府管制对经济产生的成本Entitlement programs: programs whose expen
2、ditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民权利性计划： （是指有关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律规定受益人和收益数额的政府支出项目）项目的成本不是由固定的美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件的人的数量决定。Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a de
3、crease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应：是指一种商品价格的变化所引起的使消费者调整该种商品与其他商品需求量比例的效应。Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmers income has changed收入效应：收入效应指由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。Welfare econo
4、mics: the branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states.福利经济学：研究各种经济状态的社会合意性的经济理论的一个分支Pareto efficient : an allocation of resource such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率：要使一个人的境况变好，唯一的办法就是使另一个人的境况变坏Pa
5、reto improvement: a reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.对在不使其他任何人境况变坏的情况下使某人的境况变好的资源进行重新配置Pure public good : a commodity that is nonrival and nonexcludable in consumption.纯公共物品：指既没有排他性有没有竞争性的产品和服务Privatization ：the process of turni
6、ng services that are supplied by the government over to the private sector for provision and production私有化：把由政府提供的服务交给私人部门去提供和生产2Commodity egalitarianism : the idea that some commodities ought to be made available to everybody商品平均主义：要求某些商品人人有份Externality: an activity of one entity that affects the w
7、elfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market mechanism外部性：当某一实体的活动以市场机制之外的某种方式直接影响他人的福利时，这种影响称为外部性Coase theorem : provided that transaction costs are negligible ,an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights independent of
8、who is assigned those rights.科斯定理：认为只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的理论。Emissions fee（排污费） : a tax levied on each unit of pollutionCost effective : a policy that achieves a given amount of pollution reduction at the lowest cost possible成本有效：一种以可能的最低成本实现的结果Cap-and-trade(总量控制与交易
9、制度) : a policy of granting permits to pollute , with the number of permits set at the desired pollution level ,and allowing polluters to trade the permits .Incentive-based regulations(激励型管制) : policies that provide polluters with financial incentives to reduce pollutionCommand-and-control regulation
10、s（命令控制型管制） : policies that require a given amount of pollution reduction with limited or no flexibility with respect to how it may be achieved .Crowd out（排挤） : when public provision of a good substitutes for private provision of the good . in the presence of crowd out , when the government increases
11、 public education ,the net change in the amount of education is less than the amount provided by the government.Charter schools : public school that operate under special state government charters. Within limits established by their charters , these schools can experiment with a variety of approache
12、s to education and gave some independence in making spending and hiring decisions.特许学校：特许学校属于公立学校，它们在政府特许的情况下，按国家标准办学，但教学有自由，在开支和雇佣方面也有一定的独立性。3School voucher : a voucher given to a family to help the family pay for tuition at any qualified school . the school redeems the voucher for cash .教育券：教育券是指政
13、府把教育经费折算成一定数额的有价证券发给每位学生Social insurance programs（社会保险） : government programs that provide insurance to protect against adverse eventsInsurance premium（保险费） : money paid to an insurance company in exchange for a guarantee of compensation given a specified adverse event.Risk aversion（风险厌恶） : a prefer
14、ence for paying more than the actuarially fair premium in order to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs .Risk premium（风险溢价） : the amount above the actuarially fair premium that a risk-averse person is willing to pay to guarantee compensation if an adverse event occurs.Asymmetric informa
15、tion（不对称信息） : a situation in which one party engaged in an economic transaction has better information about the good or service traded than the other party.Adverse selection（逆向选择）: the phenomenon under which the uninformed side of a deal gets exactly the wrong people trading with it .由于信息不对称，保险公司得到
16、的客户恰恰是有毛病的人Community rating （团体费率法）: the practice of charging uniform insurance premiums for pelple in different risk categories within a community , thus resulting in low-risk people subsidizing high-risk people.向某一由不同健康风险的个人组成的团体收取统一保费Moral hazard（道德风险） : when obtaining insurance against an advers
17、e outcome leads to changes in behavior that increase the likelihood of the outcome.道德风险指在委托一代理关系中，代理人为了追求自身利益最大化而不惜损害委托人利益的行为Deadweight loss（无谓损失） : the waste that exists when trades occur in which marginal cost exceeds marginal benefit ,or when trades in which marginal benefit exceeds marginal cost
18、 do not take place .Third-party payment （第三方支付） : payment for services by someone other than the consumer .是指一些和国内外各大银行签约、并具备一定实力和信誉保障的第三方独立机构提供的交易支持平台4Cost-based reimbursement or fee-for-service（按费用补偿制度或一次一付医疗费制度） : a system under which health care providers receive payment for all services require
19、d保单对包间提供者的支付都是以治疗病人的实际费用为基础的Managed care（管理保健） : any of a variety of health care arrangements in which prices are kept down by supply-side control of services offered and prices charged从市场的供给面而非需求面入手，即限制利用并降价的做法Capitation-based reimbursement （按人头补偿制）: a system in which health care providers receive
20、annual payments for each patient in their care ,regardless of services actually used by that patient.保健提供者每年按服务的病人得到费用支付，而不管该病人实际接收的而医疗服务是多少Medicare（医疗保险） : federally funded government program that provides health insurance to people aged 65 and over and to the disabled .政府向 65 岁以上的老人和伤残人提供健康保险Medic
21、aid （医疗补助）: federal and state- financed health insurance program for the poor医疗补助是对低收入者的最大政府支出计划，为现金福利计划的受益者提供健康保险，由联邦政府和州政府共同管理Catastrophic insurance policy（灾难保单） : an insurance policy that has a high deductible and generous coverage for high medical costs.Fully funded（完全积累制） : a pension system in
22、which an individuals benefits are paid out deposits that have been made during his or her working life ,plus accumulated interest个人把新进的一定比列存入某种基金，随着时间推移该基金会积累利息，到退休时本金和应计利息用来支付退休金Pay-as-you-go（现收现付制） : a pension system in which benefits paid to current retirees come from payments made by current wor
23、kers .退休者领取的养老金来自目前正在工作的人的缴款HI : hospital insurance（医院保险）： part A component of medicare that covers inpatient medical care and is founded through a payroll tax参加医院保险是强制的，它覆盖住院病人的医疗保险SMI: supplementary medical insurance（补充医疗保险）：part B component of medicare that covers physician services and medical s
24、ervices rendered outside the hospital and is funded by a monthly premium and by general revenues它对医院之外的医生、医生订购的用品及提供的医疗服务付费，补充医疗保险是资源的，。参保者必须每月支付保费，且保费不是一成不变的5Bequest effect（遗赠效应） : theory that people may save more in order to finance a larger bequest to children in order to offset the intergenerati
25、onal redistribution of income caused by social security .sustainable solvency : expected present values of revenues and expenditures are equal into the indefinite future .是指人们增加储蓄，以便消除社会保障队其子女收入的影响，从而增加遗赠的现象Sustainable solvency(可持续偿付能力 ) ： expected present values of revenues and expenditures are equ
26、al into the indefinite future社会保障的任何改革建议，当真都应在无限的未来使之具有偿付能力的条件In-kind transfer（实物转让） : payments from the government to individuals in the form of commodities or services rather than cash以商品或服务的形式而非现金的形式支付给个人Maximum criterion（极大极小准则） : social welfare depends on the utility of the individual who has t
27、he minimum utility in the society指社会福利等于最小个人效用这一社会福利函数所蕴含的社会目标准则Expenditure incidence （支出归宿）: the impact of government expenditures on the distribution of real income .支出政策对实际收入分配的影响Time endowment （时间禀赋）: the maximum number of hours an individual can work during a given period .个人在给定期限内所能完成的最大工作时间Ea
28、rned income tax credit（劳动所得税收抵免） : a tax credit for low-income individuals .对低收入家庭的一种收入补助Statutory incidence （法定归宿） : indicates who is legally responsible for a tax谁在法律上负责纳税Economic incidence（经济归宿） :the change in the distribution of real income induced by a tax .指税收引起的私人实际收入分配的变化Excess burden （超额负担）
29、: a loss of welfare above and beyond taxes collected . also called welfare cost or deadweight loss .税收造成的福利损失超过税收收入Equivalent variation (等价变化): a change in income that has the same effect on utility as a change in the price of a commodity .指用于衡量消费者为避免商品价格的变化，所愿意付出的收入损失的指标Lump sum tax（一次总付税） : a tax
30、whose value is independent of the individuals behavior .可定义为纳税人必须支付一定数额，与纳税人的行为无关6Ramsey rule(拉姆齐法则) : to minimize total excess burden , tax rates should be set so that the taxinduced percentage reduction in the quantity demanded of each commodity is the same为了使总体超额负担最小化，税率的确定应当使各种商品的需求量按相同的比例下降。Inv
31、erse elasticity rule（反弹性法则） : for goods that are unrelated in consumption , efficiency requires that tax tares be inversely proportional to elasticitys只要商品在消费商不相关，税率就应当与弹性成反比例User fee（使用费） : a price paid by uses of a governmentprovided good or service由使用政府提供的物品或服务的人支付的价格Benefits-received principle （
32、受益原则）: consumers of a publicly provided service should be the ones who pay for it公平性要求公共提供服务的消费者要为其消费付费Linear income tax schedule（线性所得税） : see flat income taxFlat income tax （同一所得税）: a tax schedule for which the marginal tax rate is constant throughout the entire range of incomesTransitional equity（
33、转变公平） : fairness in changing tax regimes改变税制的公平程序Adjusted gross income(AGI)（调整后毛所得） : total income from all taxable sources less certain expenses incurred in earning that income所有应税来源的所得总额，减去为取得这些所得而发生的特定费用Capital gain (loss)（资本利得/ 损失） : an increase(decrease) in the value of an asset资产价值的增加/减少Impute
34、d rent （估算租金）: the net monetary value of the services a homeowner receives from a dwelling是指业主获得的其住房服务净货币价值，等于如果业主把房子出租而获得的租金减去维修费、税金等Individual retirement account(IRA) （个人退休账户）: for qualified individuals , a savings account in which the contributions are tax deductible and the interest accrues tax
35、free , provided the funds are held until retirement . on withdrawal , both contributions and accrued interest are subject to tax .是指专为工资收入者开办的退休金存款账户。刚账户的存款可以免交利息所得税，利率亦没有上限规定。Itemized deduction（分项扣除） : a specific type of expenditure that can be subtracted from adjusted gross income in the computati
36、on of taxable income7指法律规定的在计算应纳税所得额时一些具体项目的扣除办法Standard deduction（标准扣除） : subtraction of a fixed amount from adjusted gross income that does not require documentation是从调整后毛所得中计算应税所得时纳税人可自愿选取的恶意中扣除方案Tax credit（税收抵免） : a subtraction from tax liability (as opposed to a subtraction from taxable income
37、)从应纳税额中扣减（而不是从应税所得中扣减）Tax expenditure（税收支出） : a loss of tax revenue because some item is excluded from the tax base某一项目排除在税基之外而引起的收入损失Alternative minimum tax (AMT) （替代性最低税）: the tax liability calculated by an alternative set of rules designed to force individuals with high levels of preference incom
38、e to incur at least some tax liability .是指使得益于各种税收庇护的富人至少缴纳一些税的税收制度Tax arbitrage 税收套利SSI: supplemental security income （补充性保障收入）AIME : average indexed monthly earnings （月均指数化收入）PIA: primary insurance amount （基本保障额）Individual mandates 个人授权Single payer 单一支付人Intergenerational redistribution 代际再分配The tr
39、ust fund 信托基金Pigouvian tax 庇古税The size of government:1.purchases of goods and services 2.transfers of income to people.3.interest payments.政府规模 1）商品和服务的购买 2）对个人、企业和其他各 级政府的收入转移 3）利息支付8The first fundamental theorem of welfare economics : assume(1)all producers and consumers act as perfect competitors
40、 (2) a market exists for eacha and every commodity . tell us that a competitive economy “ automatically” allocates resources efficiently , without any need for centralized direction . it formalizes an insight that has long been recognized : when it comes to providing goods and services , free-enterp
41、rise systems are amazingly productive.福利经济学第一基本定理：假定 1）所有生产者和消费者的行为都是完全竞争的 2） 每一种商品都有市场 告诉我们竞争的经济会“自动的”实现有效的资源配置，无需任何集权性指导 自由企业制度在提供商品和服务方面具有惊人的生产力Second fundamental theorem of welfare economics: society can attain any pareto efficient allocation of resources by making a suitable assignment of initi
42、al endowments and the letting people freely trade with each other .as in our edge worth box model福利经济学第二基本定理：Market failure: 1.market power 2.nonexistence of markets (1)asymmetric information (2) externality (3)public good市场失灵：1 市场影响力 2 市场不存在（ 1）不对称信息 2）外部性 3）公共商品Several aspects of our definition of
43、 public good : 1.even though everyone consumes the same quantity of the good , it need not be valued equally by all. 2.classification as a public good is not an absolute ; it depends on market conditions and the state of technology. 3.a commodity can satisfy one part of the definition of a public go
44、od and not the other. 4.some things that are not conventionally thought of as commodities have public good characteristics. 5. private goods are not necessarily provided exclusively by the private sector 6. public provision of a good does not necessarily mean that it is also produced by the public s
45、ector .公共物品定义的几个问题：1）虽然每个人消费的公共物品数量相同，但不一定所有人对这种消费的评价都一致 2） 公共物品的分类不是绝对的，它取决于市场条件和技术状况 3）一种物品可以满足公共定义的一部分而不能满足另一部分 4） 有一些在传统上不被认为是商品的东西具有公共物品的特征 5） 私人物品并不一定只由私人部门提供 6）一种物品的公共提供并不一定意味着也由公共部门生产What criteria should be used to select the amount of each input ?1. relative wage and materials costs 2.admin
46、istrative costs 2. 3.diversity of tastes 4. distributional issues9用什么标准来选择每种投入品德数量呢？1）工资和材料的相对成本 2）管理费 3）偏好多样性 4） 分配问题Characteristics of externalities: 1. externalities can be produced by consumers as well as firms 2.externalities are reciprocal in nature.3.externalities can be positive 4. public go
47、ods can be viewed as a special kind of externality.外部性特征：1 ）企业和消费者都可能产生外部性 2）外部性具有相互性 3）外部性可能是正的 4）公共物品可以被看做是一种特殊的外部性Public responses to externalities 1. taxes 2. subsidies 3.emissions fees 4. cap and trade programs外部性的公共对策 ： 1）税收 2）补贴 3）排污费 4）总量控制与交易制度（私人对策：1） coase theorem 科斯定理 2)mergers 合并 3)soci
48、al comentions 社会习性What cause the high health care costs ?1. the graying of America 2. income growth 3. improvements in quality造成高额保健成本的原因 ： 1）美国的老龄化 2）收入增长 3）质量的改进The advantages of employer-provided health insurance : 1. increase the risk pool 2. reduce adverse selection 3. lower administrative cost
49、s雇主提供健康保险的优点： 1）提高风险共担能力 2）减少逆向选择 3）降低管理成本Why have social security ?1.consumption smoothing and the annuity market 2. Adverse selection and the annuity market 3. lack of justifications 4.moral hazard 5. economize on decision-making and administrative costs 6. income redistribution 7. improve the economic status of the aged为什么要有社会保障？1）消费平滑化与年金市场 2）逆向选择与年金市场 3）缺乏远见和家长主义 4）道德风险 5）节省决策和管理成本 6）收入再分配 7）改善老年人的经济状况Effects of social security on economic behavior : 1. saving behavior 2
