1、I应用型硕士学位论文我国优秀游泳运动员的损伤特征、预防和康复研究A study on injury characteristics, prevention and rehabilitation of excellent Chinese swimmers作 者： 导 师： 中国矿业大学年 月II致谢三年的研究生生活即将划上句号，而于我的人生来说却只是一个逗号，我将面对又一次征程的开始。三年的求学生涯在教练、师长和亲友的大力支持下，虽然辛苦却也收获颇多，在毕业论文即将完成之际，感谢中国矿业大学的所有老师和同学给了我许多关怀和帮助，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!本论文是在老师的悉心指导下完成的。从选题到
2、定稿，每一步都倾注了大量的心血，在此向老师表示衷心的敬意和感谢！在繁忙的训练和比赛活动之余要扎扎实实地完成一篇毕业论文的确不是一件很轻松的事情，我的内心深处满含深深的感激之情，再一次感谢所有在毕业论文中曾经帮助过我的良师益友和同学，以及在论文中被我引用或参考的论著的作者。老师也给我许多专业点拨和人生启发的教练员。回首这三年的时光，我在中国矿业大学学习、生活、成长并收获着知识，而这里边都有着老师的或大或小的指导与影响。再次感谢您，谢谢您对我的认可与栽培！特别感谢我的女朋友。回想写论文的一年中，她帮我发放问卷的身影，我思维受阻时她的开导与劝慰，我熬夜写作时她的爱心夜宵感谢她的温柔与善良，感谢她理解
3、我、支持我。还要感谢长久以来关心我的所有朋友，你们将我的研究生生涯变得如此多姿多彩，让我有了一份珍藏心底的回忆。最后，感谢我认真走过的研究生生涯. I摘 要优秀运动员赢得骄人成绩的背后，总有运动损伤的阴影缠绕。运动损伤影响运动员的生理素质、心理状态和运动生涯。探究我国优秀运动员损伤的总体分布特征与泳姿差异性，总结损伤致因的影响机制，在此基础上提出科学合理的预防措施和康复措施，有利于运动员提高生理素质、心理状态以及整个运动生涯的表现。文章以 2013 年我国 142 名国家游泳集训队员为研究对象，综合运用问卷调查法、专家访谈法、数据分析法和对比分析法等方法，以四类泳姿自由泳、仰泳、蛙泳和蝶泳对运
4、动员损伤特征的影响为基本视角，对我国优秀运动员损伤的分布特征、预防措施和康复措施进行探究。研究结果如下：四类泳姿自由泳、仰泳、蛙泳和蝶泳运动员损伤的总体特征表现为：（1）游泳运动员的主要损伤部位为肩部、腰部和膝部；（2）女性游泳运动员损伤率略大于男性；（3）游泳运动损伤病情以轻度损伤和中度损伤为主，损伤病程以慢性损伤为主；（4）专项训练年限与游泳运动员的肩部、腰部和膝部损伤率具有明显的相关性。对比分析不同泳姿运动员损伤部位的分布特征，结论为：（1）肩部损伤没有明显的泳姿差异，四类泳姿中肩部损伤率都最高，发生率都大于 60%；（2）耳鼻喉部位和腕部损伤没有明显的泳姿差异，四类泳姿中发生率都小于1
5、0%；（ 3）仰泳运动员腰背部、腹部和足踝部比其他泳姿更容易发生损伤，蛙泳运动员则在膝部、四肢和足踝部比其他泳姿易受损伤，蝶泳运动易发部位是腰背部和腹部。对比分析不同泳姿运动员损伤部位特征的致因，结论为：（1）泳姿技术特点是使不同泳姿的损伤特征不同的主要原因；（2）运动员机体部位损伤的解剖学原理，是不同部位的损伤发生率表现出差异性的内在决定因素；（3）除泳姿技术特点和部位损伤的解剖学原理这两个因素之外，训练强度、准备活动、初期训练、专项技术难易、生理因素、心理因素和康复措施等因素也对运动损伤有着重要影响。文章最后针对运动损伤的预防措施和康复措施提出建议。由于不同泳姿的损伤部位特征不同，且影响损
6、伤特征的因素众多，相关工作人员在制定损伤的预防措施时，应综合考虑部位损伤的解剖学原理、训练因素、生理因素和心理因素这四大因素对预防措施和康复措施的影响。关键词：优秀游泳运动员； 损伤； 预防； 康复； 特征IIAbstractBehind the excellent achievements, athletes always have to face up with many kinds of sports injuries. Sports injuries affect athletes physical and psychological conditions and their spor
7、ts careers. Therefore, it is meaningful to explore the injury distribution characteristics of excellent swimmers the relationships between injuries and swimming strokes and the mechanism of injury causes, on the basis of which scientific and rational prevention and rehabilitation measures can be put
8、 forward. And all of those are favorable to the improvement of swimmers physical and psychological conditions and the achievements of their whole sports careers. With 142 swimmers in national swimming training teams in China in 2013 as the research objects, this article uses questionnaire investigat
9、ion, expert interview methods, data analysis and contrast analysis and other methods. Based on the the survey of impacts on swimmers injury of four types of swimming strokes, i.e. free-stroke, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly, this article analyses the Chinese excellent athletes injuries distr
10、ibution characteristics, and explores the concerning preventive measures and rehabilitation measures. The results of the study are as follows:The overall injury characteristics of excellent athletes from four types of strokes, i.e. free stroke, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly: (1) swimmers sh
11、oulders, waists and knees are main parts encountering injuries; (2) female swimmers injury rates are slightly larger than males; (3) the injury conditions of swimming sports feature mild and moderate damages and injury courses are mainly chronic ; (4) swimmers damage ratios in shoulder, waist and kn
12、ee injury rate are obviously related with the length of their special training period.Comparing distribution characteristics of athletes in in different swimming strokes, we can come to the following conclusions: (1) shoulder injuries show no obvious differences among swimmers in different strokes ,
13、and shoulder injury incidence rates in the four strokes are the highest, which are all above 60%, compared with other body part damages; (2) there are no apparent differences in the injury ratios of nose, throat and wrist parts which are all less than 10%, among swimmers from different strokes; (3)
14、backstroke swimmers back, abdomen and ankle parts are more prone to damages than other strokes; breaststroke swimmers knees and ankles and IIIlimbs are more easily damaged than other strokes , butterfly swimmers are susceptible in waist and abdomen.parts.Comparing the causes of different injury char
15、acteristics of different swimming athletes, the conclusion is: (1) swimming technical characteristics are the major reason for the differences in the damage characteristics of different strokes; (2) the anatomy principles of swimmers injury parts is the internal factors of diversities in the injury
16、ratios of different body parts; 3) in addition to those two factors, the intensity of training, preparation activities, initial training courses, the extent of difficulty in special techniques, physiological and psychological factors and rehabilitation measures also have important impacts on the spo
17、rts injury.Finally, this study gives several recommendations for the prevention and rehabilitation measures of sports injury based on injury characteristics. Given the injury diversities in different strokes and the many factors affecting injury characteristics, relevant working personnel should tak
18、e consideration of the principles of body parts anatomy, training factors, physiological and psychological factors in the course of making injury prevention measures, which have significant impacts on prevention and rehabilitation measures. Keywords: excellent swimmers; injury; prevention; rehabilit
19、ation; characteristicsIV目 录摘要I目录图清单表清单1 绪论11.1 选题依据11.2 研究的目的与意义31.3 文献综述31.4 研究思路82 研究对象和研究方法92.1 研究对象92.2 研究方法93 研究结果与分析133.1 我国优秀游泳运动员损伤特征研究：基于问卷调查 133.2 我国优秀游泳运动员损伤的预防措施研究 293.3 我国优秀游泳运动员损伤的康复措施研究 344 结论与建议374.1 结论374.2 建议37参考文献38附录一40附录二43附录三45作者简历46VContentsAbstractContentsVList of FiguresList
20、 of TablesVII1 Introduction11.1 Choosing Basis.11.2 The Purpose and Significance of the Study.31.3 Literature Summery.31.4 Research Ideas.82 Research Object and Approach . 92.1 Research Object.92.2Research Approach.93 Results and Analysis on Research.133.1 Research On Injury Characteristics of Excel
21、lent Chinese Swimmers: Based On The Questionnaire Survey.133.2 Research On Injury Prevention Of Excellent Chinese Swimmers.293.3 Research On Injury Rehabilitation Of Excellent Chinese Swimmers.344 Conclusions and Suggestions. 374.1 Conclusions.374.2Suggestions.37References38Appendix A40Appendix B43A
22、ppendix C45VIAuthors Resume46图清单图序号 图名称 页码图 3-1 优秀游泳运动员损伤部位分布情况 15Figure 3-1 Injury parts distribution of excellent swimmers 15图 3-2 不同部位损伤发生率的性别差异 16Figure 3-2 Gender differences of injury ratios in different body parts 16图 3-3 自由泳运动员损伤部位分布图 18Figure 3-3 The map of injury distributions of freestyle
23、 swimmers 18图 3-4 泳姿技术特点对运动损伤的影响程度 19Figure 3-4 The extent of technical features influence on swimmers injuries 19图 3-5 技术难易对运动损伤的影响程度 19Figure 3-5 The extent of technical difficulties influence on swimmers injuries 19图 3-6 训练强度对运动损伤的影响程度 19Figure 3-6 The extent of training intensitys influence on s
24、wimmers injuries 19图 3-7 初期训练对运动损伤的影响程度 20Figure 3-7 The extent of prime trainings influence on swimmers injuries 20图 3-8 生理因素对运动损伤的影响程度 20Figure 3-8 The extent of physical factors influence on swimmers injuries 20图 3-9 心理因素对运动损伤的影响程度 20Figure 3-9 The extent of psychological factors influence on swi
25、mmers injuries 20图 3-10 准备活动对运动损伤的影响程度 21Figure 3-10 The extent of preparations influence on swimmers injuries 21图 3-11 康复措施对运动损伤的影响程度 21Figure 3-11 The extent of rehabilitation measures influence on swimmers injuries 21图 3-12 比赛因素对运动损伤的影响程度 21Figure 3-12 The extent of competition factors influence
26、on swimmers injuries 21图 3-13 仰泳运动员损伤部位分布图 24Figure 3-13 The map of injury distributions of backstroke swimmers 24图 3-14 蛙泳运动员损伤部位分布图 26VIIFigure 3-14 The map of injury distributions of breaststroke swimmers 26图 3-15 蝶泳运动员损伤部位分布图 28Figure 3-15 The map of injury distributions of butterfly swimmers 28
27、表清单表序号 表名称 页码表 2-1 主要访谈教练员与专家信息表 9Table 2-1 Information of main interviewed coaches and experts 9表 2-2 调查对象中运动员分布情况表 10Table 2-2 Distribution of surveyed excellent swimmers 10表 2-3 调查对象中教练员与专家分布情况表 10Table 2-3 Distribution of surveyed coaches and experts 10表 2-4 效度检验结果一览表（N=10） 11Table 2-4 List of t
28、he validity test results (N=10) 11表 2-5 第一类问卷发放、回收和有效情况统计 11Table 2-5 Statistics of the first kind of questionnaire insurance, recovery and effectiveness 11表 3-1 游泳运动员运动损伤的发生率（N=142人） 13Table 3-1 Injury ratios of excellent swimming athletes (N=142) 13表 3-2 游泳运动员运动损伤程度（N=140人） 14Table 3-2 Injury degr
29、ees of excellent swimming athletes(N=140) 14表 3-3 游泳运动员运动损伤类型（N=140人） 14Table 3-3 Injury types of excellent swimming athletes (N=140) 14表 3-4 损伤部位特征与专项训练年限的相关性分析 15Table 3-4 Correlation analysis between injury parts characteristics and special training lengths 15表 3-5 基于性别差异的优秀运动员损伤部位比较表 16Table 3-5
30、 Comparison of swimmers injury parts based on gender difference 16表 3-6 基于泳姿差异的优秀运动员损伤部位分布表 17Table 3-6 Distribution of swimmers injury parts based on stroke differences 17表 3-7 基于泳姿差异的优秀运动员损伤部位比较表 17Table 3-7 Comparison of swimmers injury parts based on stroke differences 17表 3-8 自由泳运动员损伤部位的比较分析 18
31、Table 3-8 Comparative analysis of freestyle swimmers injury parts 18表 3-9 四种泳姿运动员肩部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 22Table 3-9 The kind, duration and severity of four kinds of swimmers shoulder injury 22表 3-10 自由泳运动员肩部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 23Table 3-10 He kind, duration and severity of freestyle swimmers shoulder injury 23VIII表
32、3-11 四种泳姿运动员腰背部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 23Table 3-11 The kind, duration and severity of four kinds of swimmers waist and back injury 23表 3-12 自由泳运动员腰背部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 23Table 3-12 The kind, duration and severity of freestyle swimmers waist and back injury 23表 3-13 仰泳运动员损伤部位的比较分析 24Table 3-13 Comparative analysis of
33、backstroke swimmers injury parts 24表 3-14 仰泳运动员腰背部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 25Table 3-14 The kind, duration and severity of backstroke swimmers waist and back injury 25表 3-15 蛙泳运动员损伤部位的比较分析 26Table 3-15 Comparative analysis of breaststroke swimmers injury parts 26表 3-16 四种泳姿运动员膝部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 27Table 3-16 The kind,
34、 duration and severity of four kinds of swimmers knee injury 27表 3-17 蛙泳运动员膝部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 27Table 3-17 The kind, duration and severity of breaststroke swimmers knee injury 27表 3-18 蝶泳运动员损伤部位的比较分析 28Table 3-18 Comparative analysis of butterfly swimmers injury parts 28表 3-19 蝶泳运动员膝部损伤的种类、病程和伤情 29Table 3-19 The kind, duration and severity of butterfly swimmers knee injury 29
