1、 1 Part 1 The AngloSaxon Period（ 449-1066） 秧格鲁 -撒克逊时期 1. Historical Background Celts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. AngloSaxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire 从 albion 撤军， teutonic tribes(包括 angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人 or 日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地 2. Literature 1,pagan 异教徒文学 2 christian 基督徒文学 alliterative vers
2、e 头韵诗 Epic: Beowulf 贝奥武甫 （ Denmark 背景） （ the hall heorot 鹿庁， grendel:a monster half-human） 1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由 pagan 写，插入由 christian 写 2) a mixture of history and legend.， englands national epic 民国史诗 Part II
3、 The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁 -诺曼时期 1. Historical Background Roman conquest,接着是 english conquest，最后是 norman conquest。 The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（ the battle of hastings 希斯廷战役） KingsBarons 男爵 Knights, a feudal system of hi
4、erarchy 统治集团 was formed 2. The language Upper classes: French, Latin The common people: Old English Three languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old Engli
5、sh was spoken only by the common English people. 3.The literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry 骑士制度 . The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It
6、involves fighting, adventures. Subject matter: Geoffreys History 杰弗里 史记， riming chronicles 押韵编年史， metricalverse 格律诗体， doggerel verse 打油诗体 1) the Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers 查理曼大帝和他的骑士 2) Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder 亚历山大大帝 3) Matter of Britain tales having for their hero
7、es Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3. main literature 2 Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士 （ arthur， gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman 妖精摩根 , the green girdle 绿腰带） Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (13401400)杰弗里 .乔叟 时期 1. Historical Background He was living at the same time as the
8、writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years War between England and France. The English won, they controlled large French territory 领 土 . The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2. Whats middle ages like? 1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度 social
9、system. 2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity 基督 God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系 3. Life and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family. Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page 小侍臣
10、 . He married the sister of Gaunts wife. He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture. E. G. Dante 但丁 , Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron 薄伽丘著十日谈 ,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第
11、一次在英国用韵脚韵律 诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音 -音节为基础的格律诗先河。 首创 heroic couplet英雄双行体。 His career can be divided into several periods 1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry 2. Italian 1372-1386 3. English The Canterbury tales 4. The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman a
12、uthors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucers originality. He retells the stories in his own way. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者 tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the vario
13、us tales Nun 修女 :Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. -Pretentiousness, pretending 伪装 too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句： as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shoot
14、The significance of his writing 3 1) it gives a comprehensive 广泛的 picture of Chaucers time 2) the dramatic structure 3) Chaucers humor 4) Chaucers contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin w
15、as the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language. 5. Popular ballads 大众民谣 A ballad is a narrative 叙述 poem that tells a story. It is about particula
16、r incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic 悲剧的 incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗） two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗 _ ababcdcd Characteristics: 1) The beginning is often abrupt 突然地 . No introduction of the ch
17、aracters and the background of the tale 2) There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals with a single episode 插曲 3) the story is often told through dialogue and action 4) the theme is often tragic 悲剧的 5) The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza 节，段 在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯 .帕西主教 Bis
18、hop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到英诗辑古 Reliques of Ancient English Poetry 中。 Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔 Get Up and Bar the Door.起来去关门 Sir Patrick Spens 派屈克。斯宾塞爵士 Part IV The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期 1. Historical Background 1) The reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558_1603) England enjoyed a period of peace and
19、prosperity 2) The defeat of the Spanish Armada 舰队 by the English navy in 1588. After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval 海军的 power. 3) Humanism 人文主义 Renaissance: it is a French word that means rebirth复活 in English. In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries
20、had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture. That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.忽略 Humanism: The welfare 幸福 of human being is very important. It emphases the worth of life in this 4 world, and the dignity of human being. 4）
21、主要作者介绍 Thomas More : Utopia 托马斯。莫尔：乌托邦 Thomas Wyatt:怀亚特：把 sonnet 十四行诗引入英国第一人 Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen 埃德蒙。斯宾塞：仙后 John Lyly: Eupheus 约翰。黎里：艳词，首创 euphuism 绚丽体 Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。马洛：把 blank verse 无韵诗作为英语 戏剧主要表达方式的开创者 English drama 是英国文艺复兴的主流 2. The writers William Shakespeare (15641616) 1
22、) His life and work 1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlains 国王侍从 company, became very famous. He became a shareholder 股东 in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown. He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地： Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire -2 poems,
23、37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing( more can be added) 1) Shakespeare represented the tread 脚步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.( peace) 2) Shakespeares humanism. His plays reflected the
24、 spirit of his age. 3He was a great poet 4） He was a master of the English language. 5） His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI 6） Hmalet,哈姆雷特 Othello,奥赛罗 King Lear,李尔王 and the Tragedy of Macbeth 麦克白 are regarded as Shakespeares four great tragedies. Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事，反映的是英国的事情
25、 主要人物： Claudius 克劳迪斯，死去国王的弟弟， Queen Gertrude 乔特鲁得：王子的母亲 ， Polonius 波洛琉斯：爱说闲话的官员， Ophelia 奥菲利亚：官员的女儿， Laertes 雷欧提斯：官员的儿子 The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 主要人物： Bassanio 巴萨尼奥 ， Antonio 安东尼奥， Shylock 夏洛克 :a wealthy Jew 犹太人 ， Portia 鲍西亚： Bassanios girlfriend, Jessica 杰西卡： shylocks daughter, Lorenzo 罗兰佐： Bas
26、sanios friend and Jessicas boyfriend, Nerissa 尼莉莎： Portias waiting-woman 侍女 ， Gratiano:葛莱西安诺： Bassanios another friend and Nerissas boyfriend 5 地点： Belmont 贝尔蒙特 Sonnet 18: The first eight lines: shall I compare thee to a summers day?thou art more lovely and more temperat . -The English summer: warm,
27、 not hot, gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine -Proposing a comparison： Even better to a summers day -Rough windsnature ， The duration 持续 of summer: ends very soon ， Hot_ the sun Summer is beautiful, but it will change into winter， Butchange This poem is similar the Spencer斯宾塞 s sonnets Sp
28、encer is using tide 潮水 _time， Shakespeare is using summertime Sonnet 29: The first eight lines: “ when ,in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes, I all alone . unlucky, unfortunate despised by other people Describes his unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad. Line 9-12： The authorthe lark 云雀
29、His great happinessthe memory of his friend brings his happiness -Magical effect Francis Bacon：十七世纪初，英国的杰出散文家 1. his life： Pope 蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind， Bacons work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works. The f
30、inal edition of essays contains 58 essays. 2. writing (Of Truth,谈真理 Of Studies 谈读书 ) Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration.17 世纪资产阶级与王政复辟时期 1. Historical Background 1) English Bourgeois Revolution 英国资产阶级革命 During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity
31、 and fast development. James I (Stuart 斯图亚特王室 ), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface. James I imposed 担负的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product_monopoly 垄断 , but people believed in free trade
32、 King VS. The Parliament (has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans 清教徒 ) 2) the persecution 迫害者 of the Puritans Charles I was beheaded 砍头 . After the civil War, the parliament was in powerCrowell6 克罗韦尔 became the Lord 君主 Protector (1653) Charles II, and restoration, J
33、ames II William Orange singed The Bill of Rights which greatly restricted 约束 the power of the English King. The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch. The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a rel
34、igious cloak 2， literature 这一时期的四约翰（ John Milton 弥尔顿， John Bunyan 班扬， John Donne 多恩， John Dryden 德莱顿）成为文坛杰出人物， metaphysical poet 玄学派 and French drama 的影响成为两个重要的文学概念 。 The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文 writing of Bun
35、yan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论 of Dryden. Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic 史诗 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory 寓言 . 2. Writers John Donne:玄学派代表人物 John Milton： Paradise Lost 失乐园 ： c
36、onsists of 12 books（ its based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom 亚当 and Eve 夏娃 , Satan 撒旦 in his plot） The character of Satan撒旦：既是英雄又带点邪恶色彩的反叛者形象 we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction毁灭 by the flaw 缺点 of sl
37、ef-love. 1. his good mastery 熟练 of Latin His writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin 2. revolutionary enthusiasm His attempt to throw tyranny 暴政 and gain freedom His language -Long, complex sentence structures -Allusions 影射 , references to Bible, history, mythology 神话 -Some sentenc
38、es begin in the middle or at the end. Some are inverted John Bunyan The book: The pilgrims Progress 天路历程， its written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的旧体形式，大量运用了中世纪时的比喻和梦的形式。 In the Pilgrims Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒 setting out with a bo
39、ok in his hand and a great load 负荷 on his back from the city of Destruction 毁灭城 . The fair-England the persecution 迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒 . 7 Christ 基督 -Vanity 虚荣心 Fair-Heaven Style: simple, straightforward, Biblical 圣经的 The Vanity 虚荣心 Fair, an Excerpt 摘 录 from Part 1
40、 The Pilgrims Progress Part VI The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment in England 英国启蒙运动时期 1. Historical Background In 1688, the constitutional宪法的 monarchy 君主制 . The monarch was deprived 剥夺 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament 议会 became the actual leader of the country. England grew fro
41、m a second rate country to a powerful naval country. Parliamentary parties: the liberal Whig 自由派 辉格党 , the conservative Tory 保守 派托利党 ， on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.托利党中的狂热分子形成第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派，妄图恢复斯图亚特王朝 All
42、 the struggles, violence has come to an end with the coning of the weak kings. People desire peace and stability Any extreme actions are regarded as irrational.无理性 The puritans revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive 过度的 zeal 热情 and subversion 颠覆 , irrationality 不合理性 , absurdity 荒谬 . Pe
43、ople wish that their actions were controlled by reason. Moderation 温和 , tolerance宽容 , restraint 约束 , rule规则 , order 次序 , these qualities are the most important. With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone 经历 remarkable changes. Some special features: 1) political writings 2) news
44、papers and journals 杂志 3) coffeehouse 4) the new morality 道德 5) science and technology Newton 牛顿 s scientific discoverymen were living in a mechanistic 机械地 world which ran as precisely 精确地 as a clock. 6) the French influence 18 世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文 prose 而不是诗歌的时代。文学主流是现实主义，小说是主要的 文学样式 Authors 1. Daniel De
45、foe 丹尼尔。笛福 作者介绍： He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.开创了现代派小说的先河。 Work： Hymn to the Pillory 立伽颂 : a set of doggerel verses 打油诗 8 The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记：robinson named Friday to the saved victim，此书根据 Alexander Selkirk 经历改编 .
46、 The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗
47、2. Jonathan swift 乔纳森。斯威夫特 1） life: He was born in Dublin 都柏林 （爱尔兰首都） ， He was the most remarkable satirist 讽刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic 贵族的 society of his age with mercy.宽容， he supports the conservative Tory 2） works: the tale of a tub 木桶的故事 is a satire on r
48、eligion. Gullivers Travels 格列弗游记 ： 包括 4 部分 1， Lilliputians 厘厘普特人：矮人 , 2， tBrobdingnagians 伯罗白丁拉格人： giants, 3， the flyingisland of Laputa 拉普特 飞岛 ： on the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4， Houyhnhnms 胡己姆： horses,endowed with human intelligen
49、ce and a virtue much superior to that of men.比人聪明，也比人品格高尚。And Yahoo 雅虎： repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.长相像人，行为丑陋 A modest proposal 一个小小的建议 ： is made to English government to relieve 消除 the poverty 权力 of irish people。强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。 The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swifts
