1、信任与儿童发展,汇报内容：,信任是儿童社会性发展过程中的一项重要内容，是指儿童在人际交往过程中，一方对另一方的能力和道德的确定性而形成的一种相互依赖感及相应的行为表现。儿童期是智力发展与知识学习的重要时期之一。对信息与信息源的评估与甄别，以及批判性接受信息的能力，对儿童知识的构建至关重要。因此，我们从儿童对不同信息提供者的信任、儿童恐惧的非习得性、从依恋关系的角度看儿童信任，最后还探讨了儿童不信任的顺序从多方面探讨了儿童信任。,汇报顺序：,1、Evaluating and Approaching a Strange Animal: Childrens Trust inInformant Tes
2、timony评价并靠近一个陌生的动物：儿童对提供信息者陈词的信任（徐景）2、Can Rachmans indirect pathways be used to unlearn fear? A prospective paradigm to test whether childrens fears can be reduced using positive information and modelling a non-anxious response拉赫曼间接途径可以克服恐惧么？一个具有前瞻性的范式，通过积极消息和非焦虑性反应的建模是否可以降低儿童的恐惧感（杨波）,汇报顺序：,3、 Young
3、ChildrensTrustinTheirMothersClaims:LongitudinalLinksWithAttachmentSecurityinInfancy 儿童对于母亲言辞的信任：与在婴儿期的依恋安全型相关的纵向研究 （耿银凤）4、The Development of Distrust 儿童不信任的发展（王丽）,Evaluating and Approaching a Strange Animal: Childrens Trust in Informant Testimony,Child Development( 2014) IF:4.235,评价并靠近一个陌生的动物：儿童对提供信
4、息者陈词的信任,报告人：徐景2015-6-9,摘要,This study examined 3- to 7-year-old childrens reliance on informant testimony to learn about a novel animal. Sixty participants were given positive or negative information about an Australian marsupial from an informant described as a maternal figure or a zookeeper. Childr
5、en were asked which informant was correct and were invited to touch the animal, which was a stuffed toy hidden in a crate. Overall, younger children endorsed the zookeepers testimony about the animal, but touched the animal more readily when the maternal figure provided positive information. Older c
6、hildren endorsed the informant who provided positive information, but showed some sensitivity to zookeeper expertise. Age differences were obtained in the association between participant characteristics and informant selection and animal approach behavior.,摘要,本研究检验了37岁儿童在学习一种新奇的动物时对信息提供者陈词的信任。60名被试接
7、受来自被描述为母亲形象和动物管理员的女性的对于澳大利亚一种袋鼠类动物的积极或消极的信息，问孩子哪个信息提供者是正确的，并邀请他们触摸藏在笼子里的动物（其实是个填充玩具）。总之，年龄更小的孩子支持动物管理员对于动物的描述，但当母亲形象的人提供了积极信息时，他们更乐意触摸动物，年龄更大的孩子支持提供了积极信息的人，但对动物管理员的专业性表示出更多的敏感性。在被试特征、对信息提供者的选择和对动物的趋向行为的交互中发现了年龄差异。,BACKGROUD,Children display selective trust in others as sources of information about t
8、he world.作为了解世界的信息来源，儿童对别人表现出了选择性信任。With age, there is increased sensitivity to subtle differences in informant accuracy.随着年龄增长，对提供消息的人的正确性的细微差别变得更敏感。childrens perceptions of animals are influenced by experience (Field & Storksen-Coulson, 2007), observation (e.g., Broeren, Lester, Muris, & Field, 20
9、11), and verbal transmission of information (Field & Lawson, 2003).儿童对动物的感知受经验，观察和口头信息传输的影响。,BACKGROUD,Sensitivity to Variation in Expertise 对于专业性变化的敏感性Valence Effects in Social Cognition 社会认知中的效价效应Previous research has examined effects of valence, parental transmission of information and experiment
10、er transmission of information on childrens animal perceptions.先前的研究已经考察了效价效应，父母传递信息和实验人员传递信息对儿童感知动物的影响。,Present Research,The primary question of interest, addressed in Experiment 1A, was whether children endorsed information from the zookeeper or the maternal figure and whether endorsement was infl
11、uenced by valence.首先在实验1A中探讨儿童是否支持来自动物园管理员或母亲形象的人的信息，这种支持是否受（情绪）效价的影响。Afterward, participants were invited to pet the “animal” which was a stuffed toy concealed in a crate.然后，邀请被试抚摸这个“动物”（其实是个放在箱子里的玩具）。,Finally, we conducted Experiment 1B to determine whether a comparison group of children trusted e
12、ach informant at a baseline level, in the absence of competing testimony.最后，做实验1B，探讨一个对照组是否相信每个信息提供者（作为基线水平），没有矛盾信息。we expected participants to endorse the zookeepers claims to a greater extent than those of the maternal figure.预期被试更大程度上会支持动物园管理员的证据。We also predicted that children would be more like
13、ly to endorse positive information about the animal with age, irrespective of informant type.同样预期被试随年龄增长更可能支持积极信息。,Experiment 1A,MOTHOD1.Participants.Participants were recruited via a laboratory database in a midsized North American city.被试的招募是通过美国北部一个中等大小城市的实验室数据库。 66 participants,data from six chi
14、ldren were unusable due to experimenter error or child noncompliance.66名被试，由于实验人员失误或被试不合作剔除6人。 final sample:30 3- to 5-year-olds and 30 6- to 7.5-year-olds.,2.Design and procedureFirst, children were shown a photograph of the cuscus or quoll. The experimenter confirmed that children had not heard of
15、 the animal and provided them with basic information.给被试展示两种袋鼠的图片，主试要确定被试从来没有听过这种动物并提供动物的基本信息。The experimenter then showed the child the images of the informants, a maternal figure and a zookeeper, paired with brief introductions of each person.然后主试向被试展示信息提供者的图片，母亲形象和动物管理员，分别配有简短的介绍。,(a) cuscus mars
16、upial（袋貂袋）,(b) quoll marsupial.（袋鼬袋）,(a) maternal figure,(b) zookeeper,The maternal informant,“just like your mom with two kids just your age, who knows a lot about being a mom, just like you mom does.”,The zookeeper,“works with many different kinds of animals, who knows a lot about animals that we
17、dont know about.”,Based on condition assignment, participants received positive information from one informant and negative information from the other informant.被试接受来自一位信息提供者的积极信息和另一位提供者的消极信息。,negative,small and cuddly. . . love playing with childrenand the other animals,“dirty and smelly. . . hunt
18、other creatures”,Half of the participants were assigned randomly to receive positive information from the maternal figure and negative information from the zookeeper.一半被试被随机分配接受母亲形象（积极信息），管理员（消极信息）。另一半反之。Within each group, half of the participants were told about a “cuscus,” whereas the remaining ha
19、lf were told about a “quoll.”有一半被试接受的是袋貂袋的信息，另一半是袋鼬袋的信息。,Afterward, participants were asked “Who do you think is right about the animal?” which was the main dependent measure. 测量主要的因变量。a follow-up “degree of correctness” question was asked “How right do you think selected informant is?” To determine
20、 whether children credited the other informant with some knowledge, children were asked this same question about the nonselected informant.判断被试相信他们所选的信息提供者是正确的程度，为了判断被试对另一个信息提供者是否信任，对于没选的那个信息源，主试也问了被试这个问题。,For both questions, participants were given forced-choice options along a visual scale: not a
21、whole lot (1 star), some (2 stars), and a lot (3 stars).被试必须对这两个问题做出选择：一点也不（1颗星），有些（2颗星），非常（3颗星）。Children then underwent a behavioral measurement of fear via the BAT（Behavioral Approach Task）.通过BAT对被试的恐惧进行行为测量。,The experimenter placed the animal crate in front of the child. 主试将一个装着动物的箱子放在被试面前，告诉被试去抚
22、摸动物。 After placing the box in front of the child, a timer was started to determine childrens reaction time if they chose to touch it.The timer was stopped once the childs hand was submerged in the box. 把箱子放在儿童面前之后，计时器开始计时，一旦儿童的手淹没在箱子里，计时停止。While participants were tested, parents filled out the CBQ（C
23、hild Behavior QuestionnaireShort Form）.在测验被试的同时，父母填写CBQ问卷。,Results and Discussion,1.Choice of maternal figure or zookeeper as correct.With increasing age, participants were significantly less likely to choose the zookeeper as correct (b = 1.15, Wald = 5.37, p = .02). There was no significant effect
24、of positive informant, (b = 0.912, Wald = 1.3 p = .253), but there was a significant Age * Positive Informant interaction (b = 2.31, Wald = 7.81p = .005; see Figure 3).随着年龄增长，被试选择管理员的显著减少，积极信息提供者没有显著效应，但年龄和积极信息提供者有显著的交互作用。,Figure 3. Proportion of participants who selected the zookeeper as correct by
25、 age group and valence of testimony.,2.Degree of correctness ratings for the zookeeper and maternal figure.A 2(age: 3- to 5-year-olds vs. 6- to 7.5-year-olds) * 2 (positive informant: zookeeper vs. maternal figure;) * 2 (question: zookeeper vs. maternal figure） mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) rev
26、ealed a significant three-way interaction between all variables.2*2*2的混合方差分析表明在所有变量之间都有一个显著的交互作用。3.Comparison of degree of correctness ratings.When the zookeeper provided negative information and the maternal figure provided positive information, there was no significant difference in correctness ra
27、tings for the zookeeper (M = 1.0) as compared to the maternal figure (M = 1.33) by the older children, younger children were significantly more likely to choose the zookeeper as more correct.,管理员（消极），母亲形象（积极），年长儿童对两者正确性的评价没有显著差异。而年幼儿童更愿意选择管理员作为正确的信息源。When the maternal figure provided negative inform
28、ation and the zookeeper provided positive information, older children chose the zookeeper as more correct (M = 1.87) than the maternal figure. There was no significant difference in correctness ratings for the zookeeper (M = 1.26) as compared to the maternal figure (M = 0.67) by younger children.管理员
29、（积极），母亲形象（消极），年长儿童更愿意选择管理员。年幼儿童对两者正确性的评价没有差异。,4.Behavioral approach.Of 60 children in Experiment 1A, sixteen 3- to 5-year-olds and nineteen 6- to 7.5- year-olds reached into the crate. The only significant effect was an Age * Positive Informant interaction.16个35岁儿童和19个67.5岁儿童伸进箱子里。只有年龄和积极消息提供者的交互作用显
30、著。Fishers least significant difference tests indicated that younger children submerged their hands significantly more quickly when the maternal figure provided positive information (M = 0.82, SE = .05) than when the zookeeper provided positive information (M = 1.06, SE = .11).母亲形象（积极）时，年幼儿童更快伸进箱子。,5
31、.Relation between CBQ and task performance3- to 5-year-olds：marginal positive correlation（边缘正相关）：smiling andlaughter and selection of the positive informant（reaching into the crate）（微笑、大笑和积极信息来源的选择和伸进箱子）6- to 7.5-year-olds：positive correlation（正相关）：1）inhibitory control and zookeeper selection抑制控制和选择
32、管理员2）selection of the positive informant and reaching into the crate 积极信息的选择和伸进箱子。,Experiment 1B,METHOD1.Participants：32 participants，16个3- to 5-year-olds，16 个6- to 7.5-year-olds.2.Design and procedure：participants were exposed to the testimony of only one informant.被试只接受来自一个信息提供者的证据。Half of the par
33、ticipants were given information from the maternal figure and the remaining participants were given information from the zookeeper。一半母亲形象，一半管理员。,For each informant, half of the participants were given positive information and the remaining participants were given negative information about the anima
34、l. Participants were asked whether the informant was correct about the animal.对于每个信息提供者，给一半被试传递积极信息，另一半传递消极信息。问被试消息提供者给出的信息是否正确。Results and DiscussionAll participants accepted the informant testimon as correct with the exception of one 6-year-old in the maternal figure positive condition, who report
35、ed that she was incorrect.所有被试都接受了信息提供者的证据作为正确信息，只有一个6岁的孩子认为母亲形象提供的积极信息是错误的。,General Discussion,In 1B,almost all participants accepted the information as correct irrespective of valence, indicating that both informants were considered credible individually. This is unsurprising given that most claim
36、s encountered by children are likely to be correct.在实验1B中，几乎所有被试将信息接受为正确信息，表明两种信息源都被认为是可信的，这并不意外，因为儿童遇到的大多数信息都会被接受为正确信息。When conflicting testimony was presented, there were striking age differences in verbal endorsements。当呈现矛盾信息时，在言语支持上有显著差异。,Overall, younger children endorsed the zookeepers stateme
37、nt about the animal ，negative testimony from the zookeeper was especially influential，for these children, the combination of expertise and negative testimony was potent总的来说，年幼儿童支持管理员对动物的陈述，来自管理员的消极信息格外有影响力。对于这些儿童，专业性和消极信息的结合比较强。Older children were influenced to a greater extent by valence。年长儿童在更大的程度
38、上受到效价的影响。,Strong appreciation of expertise,combined with salient negative information about the animal, may have resulted in heightened attention to personal safety in this circumstance.对专家的高度信任以及对于动物的显著的消极信息可能会导致在这种情境中提高对个人安全的注意。（儿童早期）Preference for Positive Information in Middle Childhood：one poss
39、ible explanation of the positive endorsements is that older childrens exposure to animals is largely positive. These children are also likely to have received formal education about the importance of positive attitudes toward wildlife.儿童中期对积极信息的偏爱，有可能是因为年长儿童跟动物的接触大部分是积极的，也可能是他们接受了对野生动物持积极态度的重要性。,Lim
40、itations We assessed childrens endorsement of testimony from maternal figures rather than their own mothers and this likely dampened the potential impact of an actual motherchild relationship on acceptance of testimony.评估了对来自母亲形象而不是自己的母亲的证据的支持，这可能会抑制真实亲子关系的潜在影响。An additional methodological limitatio
41、n warrants discussion. In our descriptions of informant claims, only the positive and negative testimonies were in complete conflict. 另一个是方法上的局限。在我们的证据的描述中，只有积极和消极完全矛盾。,Because this was not the case for other informant claims (e.g., with respect to physical descriptions of animals), it is possible t
42、hat children found it difficult to select one informant as correct or that they were attuned to irrelevant information.因为这并非是其他证据（如动物的外形描述），有可能儿童发现较难选择一个作为正确的，或者他们面对的是无关信息。,思考：研究发现年幼儿童更倾向于来自专家（管理员）的意见，尤其当管理员给出消极信息时影响更为明显，但年幼儿童年纪太小（35岁），他们真的能分辨信息的内容么？随着年龄增长，儿童接受教育，更倾向于积极信息，说明教育作为后天因素影响了儿童的身心发展。研究中用了两种相似的动物，可以参考这种方法。,谢谢观赏,疑问?谢谢！,
