1、,云水医院-防保科,冬春季常见呼吸道传染病防治知识,名词解释,呼吸道传染病是指病原体，90%以上为病毒，从人体的鼻腔、咽喉、气管和支气管等呼吸道感染侵入而引起的有传染性的疾病。,传播途径： 主要通过空气飞沫传播，也可通过直接密切接触或间接接触传播。,易感人群： 人群对多数呼吸道传染病普遍易感，特别是大中小学生、儿童和体弱多病者。,常见的呼吸道传染病及其主要表现,PART ONE,流 行 性 感 冒,PART one,主要表现为发热、鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽、乏力、全身酸痛等。,发热,流 行 性 感 冒,甲型流感病毒,乙型流感病毒,丙型流感病毒,流感病毒,流 感 病 毒 分 型,Youth is not
2、 a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind;
3、 it is not a matter of rosy cheeks.,ADD YOUR TITLE,甲型流感病毒,甲型H1N1流感的潜伏期较流感、禽流感潜伏期长，潜伏期时长17天，多为13天。部分患者病情可迅速发展，来势凶猛、突然高热、体温超过38，通常表现为流感样症状，包括发热、咽痛、流涕、鼻塞、咳嗽、咳痰、头痛、全身酸痛、乏力。部分病例出现呕吐、腹泻。少数病例仅有轻微的上呼吸道症状，无发热。体征主要包括咽部充血和扁桃体肿大。,Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy che
4、eks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks.,ADD YOUR TITLE,甲型流感病毒,其抗原易发生变异，曾多次
5、引起世界性大流行，每次流行死亡人数达数百万，甚至上千万计。2009年席卷全球的新型甲型H1N1流感即为甲型流感的一种，但本次流行死亡率较历史上其它大流行低。,Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of m
6、ind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks.,ADD YOUR TITLE,乙型流感病毒,是由乙型流感病毒引起的流行性感冒，其特点是起病急骤，畏寒、发热，体温在数小时至24小时内升达高峰，39-40甚至更高。伴头痛，全身酸痛，乏力，食欲减退。呼吸道症状较轻，咽干喉痛，干咳，可有腹泻。对人类致病性较低，常局部爆发。,Youth is not a time of life; it is a s
7、tate of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of ros
8、y cheeks.,ADD YOUR TITLE,丙型流感病毒,是由丙型流感病毒引起的流行性感冒，主要侵犯婴幼儿或只引起人类轻微的上呼吸道感染，很少流行。,流行性脑脊髓膜炎,PART two,是 由 脑 膜 炎 双 球 菌感 染 引 起 的 经 呼 吸 道 传 播 的 一 种 化 脓 性 脑 膜 炎 ，多 在 春 季 流 行 。,一般表现症状是：突然高热，剧烈头痛，频繁呕吐，精神不振，颈项强直，重者可出现昏迷、抽搐。若出现类似上呼吸道感染的症状，或者突发高热、身上有出血点、头痛、喷射状呕吐、嗜睡、烦躁不安等症状，要立即到正规医院抢救治疗，以免延误病情。,流行性脑脊髓膜炎,麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎、水
9、痘,PART three,以发热、头面部、手足、躯干皮疹、水疱和腮腺肿大等为主要表现。,虽然病毒本身导致的症状可能并不严重，但如果不积极治疗，也可能导致肺炎、脑炎等的并发症。,腮腺炎还可能睾丸炎、卵巢炎，对患者生育功能造成影响。,孕妇感染风疹后还可能致致胎儿致畸。严重者可以留有后遗症。,ADD YOUR TITLE,麻 疹,风疹,水痘,如果未接种相应疫苗，并控制措施不严，可造成疾病在学校、托幼机构内的流行。,手 足 口 病,PART TWO,急性起病，发热、口痛、厌食、口腔黏膜出现散在疱疹或溃疡，位于舌、颊黏膜及硬腭等处为多，可波及软腭，牙龈、扁桃体和咽部。手、足、臀部、臂部、腿部出现斑丘疹，
10、后转为疱疹，疱疹周围可有炎性红晕，疱内液体较少。手足部较多，掌背面均有。,发热,手足口病,Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy ch
11、eeks. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks.,手足口病,手足口病一旦发生，治疗若不及时的话，很容易出现 身体其他部位的继发感染，从而危及生命。,呼吸道传染病的有哪些预防控制措施,PART TWO,1.,保持良好的个人及环境卫生,2.,勤洗手，使用肥皂或洗手液并用流动水洗手，不用污浊的毛巾擦手。双手接触呼吸道分泌物后（如打喷嚏后）应立即洗手,3.,打喷嚏或咳嗽时应用手帕或纸巾掩住口鼻，避免飞沫污染他人。患者在家或外出时佩戴口罩，以免传染他人,4.,均衡饮食、
12、适量运动、充足休息，避免过度疲劳,5.,学校教室、宿舍等人员集中的场所每天应开窗通风数次（冬天要避免穿堂风），保持室内空气新鲜,6.,在呼吸道传染病高发期，尽量不到人多拥挤、空气污浊的场所；不得已必须去时，最好戴口罩,7.,在医生指导下进行预防接种,8.,防控呼吸道传染病，关键要做到 “四早”，即：早发现、早报告、早隔离、早治疗,呼吸道传染病的治疗措施,PART THREE,ADD YOUR TITLE,Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeksYouth is no
13、t a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeksYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeksYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks,ADD YOUR TITLE,Youth is not a time of life; it is a sta
14、te of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeksYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeksYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeksYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks
15、,40%,20%,45%,25%,65%,20%,65%,20%,25%,45%,20%,40%,目前针对病毒感染尚无特效的方法，达菲、金刚烷胺对甲型流感病毒复制有抑制作用，在预防和治疗上有一定效果。,Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks,ADD YOUR TITLE,Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks,中药：金银花、板兰根、大青叶等在减轻症状缩短病程方面也具有一定疗效。,中药：金银花、板兰根、大青叶等在减轻症状缩短病程方面也具有一定疗效。,目前主要是对症治疗及预防继发细菌感染。,接种疫苗是预防传染病的最佳手段，目前对流感、麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎、水痘等均有相应的疫苗可以预防，其中麻诊、风疹、腮腺炎疫苗国家已纳入扩大免疫规划范围，符合条件的适龄儿童可在当地卫生院进行免费接种。,谢谢观看,
