1、第一章 记叙文体的英译与写作第二章 法律文体的英译与写作第三章 应用文体英译与写作第四章 广告文体英译与写作,24学时,科技英语(二) EST,REFERENCES:1、张梦井，汉英科技翻译指南，航空工业出版社，1996 2、王运，实用科技英语翻译技巧，科技文献出版社，1992 3、熊第霖，英文科技写作，国防工业出版社，2001,1 记叙文体的汉译英,1. 1 科技论文的汉译英问题1. 2 摘要的英译与写作1. 3 国际会议文献的英译与写作,1. 1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 4,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,按学科的性质和功能基础学科论文技术学科论文应用学科论文按照写作目的和发挥的作用
2、学术性论文技术性论文学位论文按论文内容所属学科 数学论文 物理论文 化学论文 天文学论文 机械工程技术论文 建筑工程技术论文按研究和写作方法 理论推导型 实(试)验研究型 观测型 设计计算型 发现发明型 争鸣型 综述型,一、科技论文的分类,Page 5,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Title 标题Abstract 摘要Keywords 关键词Table of contents 目录Nomenclature 术语表Introduction 引言正文Acknowledgement 致谢Reference 参考文献Appendix 附录,Methods 方法Results 结果Discussion
3、 讨论Conclusion 结论,二、科技论文的一般结构,Page 6,acknowledgment,References,Title 标题,Author 作者,Abstract 摘要,Introduction 引言,4 Summary and conclusion,Page 7,三、论文标题的英译与写作,1、 标题的作用Generalizing the TextAttracting the Reader Facilitating the Retrieval 2、标题的长度（单词总数）及词性标题不宜过长，大多为12个单词以内。标题中用得最多的是名词（包括动名词），除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有
4、时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,3、标题的大小写与标点,大小写规则通常是：冠词、介词、连词用小写（题目的第一个单词除外），其余均用大写;或者论文的标题全部大写。标题末没有标点，但题中可以有标点，如冒号、破折号等。,Page 8,为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词,例1：a.标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components Keywords：fatigue疲劳，spot weld点焊，automobile汽车，life prediction寿命预测b.标题：Computer
5、 Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold FillingKeywords: mold filling铸件充型，computer simulation计算机模拟，cold shut casting冷隔铸造，,c.标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position OccupantKeywords: air bag安全气囊，out-of-position occupant离位乘员d.标题：New Fatigue Test and Statis
6、tical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle TransmissionsKeywords: fatigue test疲劳实验，statistical method统计方法，test specimens试样分析,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 9,4、标题的结构,名词词组（包括动名词）名词词组+介词词组介词词组疑问句,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,名词修饰语修饰语：形容词、介词短语、名词,用得最多介词词组：限定某研究课题的范围相当于“的” 结构.,介词十名词(词组) “on ”，意思是“对的研究”.,适于值得争议的问题 点明整个论
7、文讨论的焦点.,Page 10,例3Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 燃料电池及其材料进展Analysis on the Dynamic Behavior of Coal Cutting 采煤动态特征的分析Study of detecting underground fire zone applying radon measuring technology A Probability Analyses in the Spring Discharge 泉水流量的概率分析Some Theorems on Circular Theory 环论的几个定理O
8、n the Distribution of Sound in a Corridor On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled StructuresOn the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components 点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of- -Position Occupant 安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究How close to failure is a granite rock mass at
9、 a 5km depth?,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 11,注意,有些词如“试论”“浅谈”“体会”“小议”等可以不译，以免使内容罗索，从而冲淡了标题的主要内容。但是，如果该论文的作者是对别人的观点加以评价、讨论等，那这一类词就必须译出，以强调其客观性。其英语译文如下： Thoughts on A survey on Comments on A summery on A review of,有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号隔开,冒号前面一部分是研究的对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构有三种模式： 模式1 研究课题：具体内容 模式2 研究课题：方法性
10、质 模式3 研究课题：问题焦点,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 12,模式1 研究课题：具体内容,Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and Microchemistry (微量化学) Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life,模式2 研究课题：方法性质,Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Survey The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs： a National Surv
11、ey,模式3 研究课题：问题焦点,Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health？Noise: Good？ Bad？ Maybe Both？,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 13,思考题：下面这些论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改：,How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid(半干旱) Land Yellow Fevers(黄热病) Effect on Transportation and Commerce,Using Water Resources for Irrigation in
12、Semiarid Land,Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Humans,Auditory Perspectives(透视) of Different Types of Music Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 14,Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integratio
13、n of Research and Education,Use of Diamond for Electric Devices,Physics and Art： Uncovering Conceptual Linkages,The Single Community Concept： A Model for Adult Environmental Education Physics and Art： Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered,Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Integration of
14、 Research and Education,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 15,A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science,The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Education
15、al Goals for Science,The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired(后天的) Immune Deficiency Syndrome(综合症) Populations： A Statistical Analysis,The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill， HIV and A
16、IDS Populations： A Statistical Analysis,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 16,引言Introduction又称前言、导言引言有总揽全局的重要性，一般在写作后期定稿说明写作理由、与前人工作的关系、帮助读者了解正文的背景、事实、条件等，繁简适度内容：Background of the problem and chief contribution of others 问题的背景及他人的贡献；Purpose, scope and contribution of the study 研究范围、目的及贡献；Methods of attack 主要研究方法。与
17、其它部分的不同之处： 正文着眼于对所提出的问题的描述、分析、论证； 摘要重点介绍本文的主要贡献,四、引言的英译与写作,Page 17,例:引言 【The fish-hook phenomenon in centrifugal separation of fine particles】,Many people (Luckie and Austin, 1974; Finch, 1983; Del Villar and Finch, 1992; Patil and Rao, 2001) have reported that the recovery of ultrafine particles in
18、 a hydrocyclone underflow increases with decrease in particle size beyond a critical particle size, known as fishhook effect. This critical particle size varies with the nature and characteristics of particles to be classified. But none could explain whether this irregular behaviour with ultrafine p
19、article sizes in a hydrocyclone is a characteristic phenomenon or not. It is also interesting to note that none could give any indication whether the similar fish-hook effect will be observed while processing ultrafine particles in any centrifugal force field. Therefore, an attempt has been made to
20、develop general understanding of the migration behaviour of fine and ultrafine particles in a centrifugal force field.,Page 18,引言句型库,研究的目的This problem is concerned (deals,bears)(chiefly,largely,mainly) withThis is a problem relating toOur work is devoted toThe primary goal of the present research is
21、The chief aim of this study isThe laboratory study demonstrates(suggests,indicates,reveals,establishes)Doing this work,we intend(hope,expect,attempt) toThe work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects ofThe principal purpose (objective,task) of the present(further, preliminary) work is to
22、 investigate the features of (mechanisms involved in,effects produced by),问题的范围（Scope of the problem)The main aspect(core,essence) of the problem is Studies of these effects cover various aspects ofThe problem is within the scope ofOur problem lies beyond the range of ,Page 19,背景及历史(Background and h
23、istory)This problem was first advanced bySince then the problem has attracted (fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field).This problem as can be seen (as is known) is (still) poorly (inadequately ) understood.Compared with the current research, the previous work was in connection withThe ne
24、w findings from the experiment agree well with the results obtained inSeveral(numerous,many,few) studies are made(carried out,performed) to elucidate the nature(understand the behavior,reveal the cause) ofA study of the kind has(never)been made (until now,until a few years ago,问题的难易（Difficulty of th
25、e problem)It seems(exceedingly) difficult to obtain knowledge of the problemIt is rather difficult to solve the problemIt is easy to present (analyze,discuss)the problem in all its complexity(in every detail).The problem involves (certain,tremendous) difficulties.,Page 20,Page 21,Page 22,背 景,One of
26、the most important and often used unit operations in mineral processing plants is the hydrocyclone (Pcarsc, 1988: Firth el a,!., 1995). It is a key component in closed-mill grinding circuits, which is required for the production of nearly all the worlds sulfide mineral supply. In addition, hydrocycl
27、oncs in their various forms are responsible for a large percentage of the clean coal production from operating prcparation phmts worldwidc (Kcmpnich, 2000). Approximately 28% of the clean coal production is from heavy media cyclones and 47% from water-only cyclones while nearly 15% is classified acc
28、ording to size by classifying cyclones.,点明主题cyclone的重要性,APEX WATER INJECTION FOR IMPROVED HYDROCYCLONE CLASSIFICATION EFFICIENCY,Page 23,Despite their broad use and importance, inherent deficiencies of the hydrocyclone have negative effects on the efficiency and economics of a processing plant. In t
29、he processing of complex metal sulfide ores, density differentials between the gangue and the various sulfide minerals generally result in a sulfide metal concentration in the re-circulation stream of a closed-mill grinding circuit, which results in overgrindingand potential metal loss (Firlh eta/.,
30、 1998: Mnsher, 1999). Also, . (Heiskanen, 1993; Wills,1997). For these reasons, the U.S. mining industry and prominent researchers have identified the need for improved classification efficiency as a major research topic in a recent publication (Anon., 2000).,指出存在不足，以及解决问题的必要性,背 景,Page 24,The by-pas
31、s of ultrafine particles has been directly correlated to the amount of feed pulp water recovered to the underflow stream (Lynch, 1977). The volume of underflow water can be curtailed by a reduction in the underflow orifice or apex as well as many other methods discussed by Bradley (1965). In accepti
32、ng the by-pass problem, Firth et al. (1998) proposed the use of a three-stage counter-current cyclone circuit whereby the underflow streams of the primary and secondary cyclones were retreated and the secondary and tertiary overflow streams recycled to the previous feed sumps. However, the circuit r
33、equires additional pumping and an increased number of cyclone banks that creates particle attrition and negative effects on the overall process economics.,前人针对这种不足所做的工作，及其工作的局限性,前人的工作,Page 25,Patil and Rao (1999) reported on a study to detcrmine the impact of the truncated cone. In tests performed u
34、sing a silica slurry suspension, the truncated cone was found to allow a reduction in the amount of by-pass Apex water injection for improved hydrocyclone classification efficiency with the total water injection unit providing greater than 50% reduction in the by-pass amount. However,technical detai
35、ls involving the parametric effects and associated interactions associated with the Cyclowash system remain limited. Therefore, a test program based on a statistical design was performed which involved the evaluation of the conventional cyclone and Cyclowash parameters. The test results were used to
36、 develop empirical models describing the percent by-pass to the underflow, corrected d50 and the imperfection value as a function of the operating and geometric parameters. The details of this investigation and the findings will be discussed in this publication.,本文的内容,Page 26,Several advanced flotat
37、ion technologies have been commercialized since . in the early 1960%. The most significant difference among these technologies lies in their microbubble generation system and the ., The use of self-induced air and the generation of uniform microbubbles are novel concepts of other advanced flotation
38、technologies.Several of these technologies were compared for . by Killmeyer et al. (1989). However, the Packed-Column was the only advanced technology. The aforementioned study accomplished an excellent assessment of . for fine coal cleaning. However, because of the lack of common experimental condi
39、tions, , a meaningful performance comparison could not be extracted from the resulting experimental data. Therefore, a flotation study comparing six different commercial column technologies was conducted by Honaker et al. (1995) using . The study concluded that Jameson Cell, bubble generation system
40、. On the other hand, the Packed Column technology was found to require . The Packed-Column appeared to provide the most optimum metallurgical performance . However, the study used a coal preparation plant flotation feed sample that had a very low solid content. As reported in literature, a high feed
41、 solid content improves .This publication presents and discusses the results of a study. The three advanced flotation technologies evaluated in the study include the Jameson Cell, the Microcel TM and the Packed-Column. The throughput capacity values for each technology were investigated and compared
42、 for treating a fine coal sample.,Page 27,五、正文的翻译、写作技巧,学术论文的正文一般包括:Method 方法Result 结果Discussion 讨论Conclusion 结论 前三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 28,1、研究方法（Methods）,研究方法部分的主要内容： a. 研究工作具备的
43、基本前提或条件，如实验材料、实验场所、设备器材等。 b. 采样、实验、获取数据，并对数据进行技术处理的方法与过程 c. 理论分析，包括理论依据、基本原理、公式推导、数理模型等。,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,描述研究方法时的语言特点或技巧,采用被动语态的过去式描述实验方法与过程有时用到公式合理使用逻辑-语法词使语气贯通,Page 29,In August 1994，entire purple loosestrife(千屈莱) plants were harvested from three habitats(生长环境): 1) an upland old field in the Cuyaho
44、ga Valley National Recreation Area in north-eastern Ohio (n=5)；2) a shallow ditch along Route 261 in Kent, OH (n = 10); and 3) the western shoreline of East Twin Lake, Portage County, OH (n = 6). These sites represent habitats which are never inundated(淹没) with water, are periodically inundated, or
45、have saturated(浸透) soils, respectively.,例：下面是一篇科技论文Methods的部分内容 1,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 30,2,Shoot sections (嫩枝条)of 5, 10, and 15 cm lengths were cut from these plants and positioned in flats(平地) containing a soil mixture of perlite (珍珠岩), vermiculite (蛭岩), and peatmoss (苔泥炭) （ 1:1:1). The flats were
46、maintained in the Department of Biological Sciences greenhouse where they experienced ambient meteorological conditions except for 6 seconds of mist every 3. 5 minutes between 8： 00 and 20： 00 hours daily.,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 31,3,Shoot sections and attached leaves were examined at weekly intervals
47、for pigment(色质) and tissue changes as well as for development of lateral shoots. After 2628 days the sections were rinsed to remove adherent material and dried at room temperature (approximately 22) for a week. The adventitious roots from each section were removed with needle-nose forceps， dried at
48、60 for 24 hours, and then weighed to determine dry biomass. One lake site 5-cm section was lost during processing.,1.1 科技论文的汉译英问题,Page 32,例：下面是用到公式的部分Methods内容：,A premier of our analysis is that muscle strength is approximately proportional to the limb cross-section area. A verification of this prem
49、ise can be obtained by referring to weight lifting data. To this end， consider that a weight lifters own weight W is proportional to his or her volume. That is，W = l3， （1） where is a constant of proportionality and l is a characteristic length. According to our premise， however， a weight lifters str
50、ength S is proportional to his or her limb cross-section area. That is，S=l2， （2） where is a constant of proportionality. By eliminating l between equation （1） and （2）， we have S = KW 2/3 or S/W 2/3 = K， （3） where K is the constant： /2/3. Equation (3) is interpreted as saying that the ratio of a weight lifters strength (lifting ability) is proportional to his or her own weight raised to the 2/3 power. Alternatively， the ratio of the strength to weight to the 2/3 power is constant.,
