1、1第 5 章 非谓语动词【非谓语动词作状语】一.不定式,分词作状语的基本原则不定式,分词作状语时,不定式,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式,分词作状语.二.不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语的情况比较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加 in order 或 so as,构成“in order to do“或“so as to do“结构.“in order to do“结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;“so as to do“
2、结构只能放在句中.Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her.Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so.as to;such.as to;.enough to;only to(常表示以外的或事与愿违的结果);too.to 等.Im not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down.
3、Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.Im too tired to stay up longer.备注:在 only too.to 结构中,too.to.并非是“太.而不能.“之意.此时,与 too.to.搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy 等.Im only too glad to have passed the exam.3.不定式作原因状语形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因.用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy,glad,s
4、orry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased 等.You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.4.在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do“结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfo
5、rtable,safe,dangerous 等.This question is easy to answer.This book is difficult to understand.三.分词作状语1.分词作状语时其形式的选择形式 意义v-ing(doing) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生having+v-ed(having done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生v-ed(done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成being+v-ed(being done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生ha
6、ving been+v-ed(having been done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生2.分词作状语的句法功能分词作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果，条件,让步，行为方式,伴随状况等.为了强调,还可与 while,when,once,if,unless 等连词连用.When offered help,one often says“Thank you“or “Its kind of you“.(时间)Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and a
7、nimals not found in any other 2country in the world.(原因)Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(条件)He glanced at her,nothing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结果)Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)The teacher c
8、ame into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随)四.独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有:generally speaking 一般来说;frankly speaking 坦白地说;judging from/by.根据.来判断;considering./taking.into consideration 考虑到.;to tell you the truth 说实话;compared to/with 与.相比.Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Ko
9、ng.Considering your health,youd better have a rest.To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.五.独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构.独立主格结构的特点:独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系.独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开.独立主格结构的构成:名词/ 代词+ 分词 名词/ 代词+不定式 with/wit
10、hout+名词/ 代词+分词/不定式The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday.The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow.Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow.I stood before her with my heart b
11、eating fast.【练一练】Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didnt fit.Clearly and thoughtfully (write),the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.Group activities will be organized after class (help)children develop team spirit. (sp
12、end)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong,Linda appears more mature than those of her age.The lecture (give),a lively question-and-answer session followed.【非谓语动词作定语】一.不定式作定语1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词.The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.He had no
13、 place to live.2.用不定式作定语的几种情况:不定式表将来The car to be bought is for his sister.用来修饰被序数词 ,最高级或 no,all,any 等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系.He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式作定语,常见的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusa
14、l,failure,ability,chance,warning,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness 等.I dont trust his promise to come for a visit.He said he had no plans to go there.He made an attempt to stand up.二.分词作定语1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing,being+过去分词和过去分词 .当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时,用 v-ing;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用 being+过去分词
15、; 当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词.3The houses being built are for the teachers.(被动,正在进行)2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing 和过去分词.v-ing 表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成.boiling water 沸腾的水(表示正在进行 )boiled water 白开水(表完成 )falling leaves 正在下落的叶子( 表正在进行)fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子( 表完成)developing countries 发展中国家(表正在进行) developed countries
16、发达国家(表完成)三.to be done,done 和 being done 作定语的区别to be done 表被动,将来;done 表被动,完成;being done 表被动,正在进行.Have you read the novel written by Dickens? (表被动,完成)Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.(表被动,正在进行)The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is very important.(表被动,将来)【练一练】
17、There are still many problems (solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.Prices of daily goods (buy)through a computer can be lower than store prices.The flowers (smell)sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.【非谓语动词作宾语,补语,主语,表语】一.非谓语动词(不定式,动名词 )作宾语1.下列动词一
18、般用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装.主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮.decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help.She pretended not to see me when I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,t
19、hreaten 等也要用不定式作宾语.2.下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想.避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏.禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡.consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象 ,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,es
20、cape.He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.此外,be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,be busy,have difficulty(in),have a good/wonderful/hard ti
21、me(in),spend time (in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语 .3.下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意.to do sth.忘记要做某事forget doing sth.忘记已经做过某事4to do sth.记着要做某事remember doing sth.记得曾经做过某事to do sth.努力做某事regretdoing sth.后悔做过某事to do sth.努力做某事trydoing sth.试着做某事to do sth.打算做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事4.在动词 allow,advise,forbid,p
22、ermit,consider 后直接跟动名词作宾语;如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用动词不定式作宾语补足语sb.to do sth.allow/permit/forbid/advise/considerdoing sth.Smoking is forbidden here so we dont allow you to smoke.We dont allow smoking in the wall.5.动词 need,require,want 作“需要“,deserve 作“应受,应得“解时,其后用动名词的主动形式(doing) 或不定式的被动形式(to be done)表被动意义.be wo
23、rth 后用动名词的主动形式(doing) 表示被动意义, 而worthy 则需用被动形式 .此外,need,require,want 后可以接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语,表示“需要/要求/想要某人做某事“.to be done(需要)need/require/want doingsb.to do sth.(需要/ 要求/想要)名词deserve doingto be done名词be worth doing5to be donebe worthy名词(表钱数或表价格的名词除外 )ofbeing doneto be cleanedThe window needs/require
24、s/wantscleaningworth visitingto be visitedThis place is worthy a visitofbeing visitedconsideringThese proposals deserveto be considered6.不定式作动词(词组)tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out 等的宾语时,前面常带引导词 how,what,whether,where,when,who 等,但 why 后加不带 to 的不定式.备注:
25、此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语需与句子的主语或宾语保持一致,否则用宾语从句.He showed us how to do the work.(=He showed us how we should do the work)I dont know what to do.(=I dont know what I should do.)We must decide whether to stay or go.(=We must decide whether well stay or go)Can you tell me why do it?The film star wears sunglasses.T
26、herefore,he can go shopping without (recognize).One learns a language by making mistakes and (correct)them.In some parts of London,missing a bus means (wait)for another hour.二.非谓语动词作补语1.后接不定式作补语的动词及动词词组advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,love,order,persuade,pre
27、fer,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,call on,depend on 等.You are not allowed to smoke here.The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.注意:think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove,appoint,judge 等后常用“to be.“ 作宾补/主补People considered him to be a great leader.They found
28、the answer to be quite satisfactory.Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world.He imagines himself to be an able man.2.非谓语动词作感官动词(词组 ),使役动词的宾补 listen to,feel 的宾语补足语有四种形式,以 see 为例:6doing sth.看见.正做. (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)do sth.看见. 做了.see+宾语 + being done 看见.正在做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)done 看见.被做I h
29、eard her sing an English song just now.(主动,完成)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(主动,正在进行)I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动,正在进行)Id like to see the plan carried out.(被动,没有一定的时间性)2.使役动词 make,let,have,get
30、后接复合宾语的情况.do 让.做.（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系）make+宾语+done 让.被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系 )He made his workers work 12 hours a day.He tried to make himself understood.do 让.做.(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)let+宾语+be done 让 .被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)Dont let your child play with matches.Let the work be done immediately.do sth.让.做某事 doing sth.使.持续
31、做某事 (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)have+宾语+ done 使.被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)备注: .have sth. done 还表示 “使.遭受.“之意Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.have sb. doing 常用于否定句中,其中 have 有“允许,容忍“之意.I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.have 还可用于 have
32、 sth. to do 结构,该结构中 have 作“ 有“ 讲,不定式作定语.I have something urgent to inform you.7to do sth.使.做doing sth.使.做 (宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系).get+宾语+done 使.被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系 )He got me to post the letter for him.The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.Ill get my bike repaired tomorrow.3
33、.下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语,但在被动语态中要加上 to;它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉“-5 看(look at,see,watch,notice,observe);3 使(make,let,have);2 听(listen to,hear);1 感觉(feel)Someone was heard to come up the stairs.(三)动词 leave,keep,find,catch 及介词 with 后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况 :sb./sth. doing sth.让某人/ 物一直处于某种状态(宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主动关系,表示动
34、作正在进行)sth. undone 留下某事未做( 宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的被动关系,表示被动和完成,一般以 undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched 为多)1.leavesb. To do sth.让某人去做某事（不定式表示将来的动作）sth. To be done.留下某事要做Its wrong to leave the machine running.(主动,正在进行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious.(被动,完成)He l
35、eft,leaving me to do all the rest work.(主动,将来)We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.(被动,将来)sb./sth. doing 使某人 /物一直做某事2.keepsb./sth. done 使某人 /物被.(表示被动且完成,或表示状态)Keep the engine running.You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.sb. doing 发现某人正在做某事3.find sb/sth. done 发
36、现某人/物.(表完成或状态)sb./sth.(to be).发现某人/物.We found him(to be)dishonest.Often I found her quietly weeping alone.I found him buried in a novel.4.catch sb. doing sth.撞见某人正在做某事8I caught John reading my private letters.sb./sth. doing(表主动且进行,或表特征 )sth. being done(表被动且进行)5.with sth. done(表被动且完成,或表状态)sth. to do(
37、表示将来)John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly elected president is having a hard time.(四)常用不定式作主语补足语的句型Sb. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be don
38、e/to have been done+其他.He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)Heat is considered to be a form of energy.Youre supposed to pay the bill by Friday.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see (carry)out the next year.The missing boy was last seen (play)near
39、 the East Lake.【非谓语动词作主语,表语】(一)非谓语动词(不定式,动名词)作主语1.不定式,动名词都可作主语,但动名词作主语多指抽象的,概念性的动作,可以是多次的,经常性的行为;不定式作主语多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作.Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火)To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一次具体的动作)2.下列句型中常用动名词作主语.no use/goodnot any use/good It is/was+ +doing sth.of little use/good worthIt is
40、 worth making an appointment before you go.3.“Wh-+不定式“可作主语When to leave hasnt been decided yet.Whether to drive or take the train is still a question.(二 )非谓语动词(不定式,动名词,分词)作表语1.不定式,动名词都可作表语 ,但动名词作表语多指抽象的,概念性的动作,可以是多次的,经常性的行为;不定式作表语多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作.His favorite sport is swimming.(泛指游泳)Your task toda
41、y is to wash the curtains.(指一次具体的动作)2.现在分词,过去分词都可作表语,但现在分词用来说明主语的特征,意为:令人.的; 过去分词用来说明主语的状态,意为:感到. 的.The film is exciting.He is excited at the news.3.非谓语动词作 remain 的表语9remain 作“仍需去做(或说,处理)“讲,后面加“to be done“作表语One problem remains to be solved.It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful.
42、remain 作“仍然是“ 讲,后面可加现在分词或过去分词作表语.She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.The true author of the book remains unknown.Its standard practice for a company like this one (employ)a security officer.As we joined the big crowd I got (separate)from my friends.The pilot asked all th
43、e passengers on board to remain (seat)as the plane was making a landing.【练习】【非谓语动词作状语】1. (catch)the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. 2.Much time (spend)sitting at a desk,office workers are generally troubled by health problems.3. (absorb)in painting,John didnt notice
44、evening approaching.4. (work)for two days,Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.5. (learn)more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.6.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile,she stood rooted to the ground, (wonder)whe
45、ther to stay or leave.7.Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students (talk)over what is bothering them.8.Like ancient sailors,birds can find their way (use)the sun and the stars.9. (raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow,he had a long,hard road to becoming a football star.10.Children,when (a
46、ccompany)by their parents,are allowed to enter the stadium.11.There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, (stare)at the night sky.12. (free)ourselves from the physical and mental tensions,we each need deep thought and inner quietness.13. (work)out the difficult
47、 maths problem,I have consulted Professor Russell several times.14.I hope to take the computer course.Good idea. (find)out more about it,visit this website.15.A good listener takes part in the conversation, (offer)ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing.16.I got to the office earlier that day, (catch)the 7:30 train from Paddington.17. (eat)at the cafeteria before,Tina didnt want to eat there again.18.I stopped the car (take)a short break as I was feeling tired.19.The sunlight is white and blinding, (throw)hard-edged shadows on the ground.20.Lionel Messi, (
