1、哥特式文学首先盛行于 18，19 世纪的西方世界，旨在描述发生在充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。许多学者认为，“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作，而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” (Tzvetan 25-26)。但部分学者则坚信 “哥特元素不仅存在于小说中，在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃”（刘守兰：55）。作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱，埃德加爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究，而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。追根究底，这还源于他儿
2、时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛。而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe：133-140）”。他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则，并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以乌鸦为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。二、意象塑造1、人与物的塑造乌鸦塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子
3、，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489-490）。诗中所连续采用的黑色背景，可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。除该词的原意外，它还具有象征意义。在乌鸦出场时，悲伤的男子问它叫什么名字，乌鸦的回答就是“永远不再”，但当主人翁向乌鸦询问是否有良药以消除他心中对蕾诺的思念时，当他想知道是否能与蕾诺在遥远的天堂再次相会时，
4、以及最后要求乌鸦离开小屋时，乌鸦都是通过“永远不再”作答，也正是这个词，使得男子陷入永恒的悲痛深渊。2、场景设置读者可在开篇看到一幅夜半三更的凄厉画卷：阴森的气氛，令人毛骨悚然的场景，神秘而忧郁的男子,不祥的乌鸦在阴郁而寒冷的午夜，除寒风的呼啸声与男子翻动书页的声音，周围的一切均可谓万籁俱寂，屋外的世界在夜的面纱笼罩之下，而屋内的狭小空间在昏暗的光线下显得忽明忽暗，突然一阵短暂的敲门声在他房门上叩响，但当他打开房门查看时，却不见敲门人，只有无情的黑夜与肆虐的狂风。然而，当他回到屋内，之前的敲门声却再次响起，乌鸦在这时飞入他的房间，并栖息于他房门之上。但为何选择午夜作为故事发生的时间？午夜意味着
5、恐怖与神秘，各种幽灵与魔鬼总在此时出没。这种令人发怵的氛围，为乌鸦的出场奠定了基调。诗人将故事设置在一所幽僻而狭小的屋子里也是别有一番用心。首先，狭小而封闭的空间对构建孤僻而隔世的哥特式恐怖气氛有着绝对的帮辅作用。第二，小屋正是两位情侣的爱巢，这个屋子依旧如此，然而曾经的欢笑却随着女主人的香消玉殒而一去不返。男子守着物是人非的屋子，睹物思人，是何等的悲伤。如此设置场景会在读者心中引起共鸣，使读者对男子的同情之心油然而生。乌鸦,作为一首以抑扬格八音部构建下完成的叙事体诗歌 ,读起来朗朗上口,具有极强的音感。全诗在爱伦坡极具个性的语言风格营造中,描绘出一个非现实环境下的超自然氛围。它讲述的是一个关
6、于男主人翁痛失所爱的故事。一个会说人类语言的乌鸦,来到一个刚刚失去心上致爱的男子身边。男子正竭尽全力使自己走出这情感的阴霾,但乌鸦的到来却更加加重了男子的无限伤感。任凭男子一再地反复询问,乌鸦的回复冷酷而让人绝望:永不复焉。 乌鸦（英语：The Raven，又译渡鸦），是 美国作家 埃德加爱伦坡所著的一首叙事诗，于 1845 年 1 月首次出版。它的音调优美，措辞独具风格，诗句并有着超自然的氛围。它讲述了一只会说话的渡鸦对一名发狂的恋人的神秘拜访，描绘了这个男人缓慢陷入疯狂的过程。这名恋人，普遍被认为是一名学生 12，因失去他的所爱丽诺尔而深感悲痛。渡鸦坐在帕拉斯胸像上，似乎在进一步煽动着他的
7、忧伤，不断重复著话语：“永不复焉。”此诗作并使用了众多民间与古典的文献。爱伦坡自认此诗写得十分有逻辑与条理。他的目的是创作一首能皆在评论与大众两方引起共鸣的诗，同他在他 1846 年的后续评论创作哲学中所解释的。此诗说话渡鸦的部分的灵感来自于 查尔斯狄更斯的 巴纳比 拉奇：八零年代暴动的故事 3。爱伦 坡亦模仿了勃朗宁的诗作杰拉丁女士的求婚的复杂节奏与韵律。全诗并使用句中韵以及头韵法。乌鸦于 1845 年 1 月 29 日进行首次印刷，由纽约镜像晚报发行。它的出版使得爱伦坡终身受到欢迎，尽管这并没有为他带来巨大的财富。此诗不久后便再版、受谐仿及加上插图。尽管评论对其地位的见解并不一致，它仍是史
8、上最著名的诗作之一。“The Raven“ is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. First published in January 1845, the poem is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking ravens mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the mans slow descen
9、t into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student,12 is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. Sitting on a bust of Pallas, the raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant repetition of the word “Nevermore“. The poem makes use of a number of folk and classical refer
10、ences.Poe claimed to have written the poem very logically and methodically, intending to create a poem that would appeal to both critical and popular tastes, as he explained in his 1846 follow-up essay “The Philosophy of Composition“. The poem was inspired in part by a talking raven in the novel Bar
11、naby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty by Charles Dickens.3 Poe borrows the complex rhythm and meter of Elizabeth Barretts poem “Lady Geraldines Courtship“, and makes use of internal rhyme as well as alliterationthroughout.“The Raven“ was first attributed to Poe in print in the New York Evening M
12、irror on January 29, 1845. Its publication made Poe widely popular in his lifetime, although it did not bring him much financial success. Soon reprinted, parodied, and illustrated, critical opinion is divided as to the poems status, but it nevertheless remains one of the most famous poems ever writt
13、en.4Synopsis“The Raven“ follows an unnamed narrator on a night in December who sits reading “forgotten lore“6 as a method to forget the loss of his love, Lenore. A “rapping at his chamber door“6 reveals nothing, but excites his soul to “burning“.7 A similar rapping, slightly louder, is heard at his
14、window. When he goes to investigate, a raven steps into his chamber. Paying no attention to the man, the raven perches on a bust of Pallas.Amused by the ravens comically serious disposition, the man demands that the bird tell him its name. The ravens only answer is “Nevermore“.7 The narrator is surp
15、rised that the raven can talk, though at this point it has said nothing further. The narrator remarks to himself that his “friend“ the raven will soon fly out of his life, just as “other friends have flown before“7 along with his previous hopes. As if answering, the raven responds again with “Neverm
16、ore“.7 The narrator reasons that the bird learned the word “Nevermore“ from some “unhappy master“ and that it is the only word it knows.7Even so, the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven, determined to learn more about it. He thinks for a moment, not saying anything, but his mind
17、wanders back to his lost Lenore. He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels. Confused by the association of the angels with the bird, the narrator becomes angry, calling the raven a “thing of evil“ and a “prophet“. As he yells at the raven it only responds, “Nevermore“.8 Finally
18、, he asks the raven whether he will be reunited with Lenore in Heaven. When the raven responds with its typical “Nevermore“, he shrieks and commands the raven to return to the “Plutonian shore“,8 though it never moves. Presumably at the time of the poems recitation by the narrator, the raven “still
19、is sitting“8 on the bust of Pallas. The narrators final admission is that his soul is trapped beneath the ravens shadow and shall be lifted “Nevermore“.8AnalysisPoe wrote the poem as a narrative, without intentionally creating an allegory or falling into didacticism.2 The main theme of the poem is o
20、ne of undying devotion.9 The narrator experiences a perverse conflict between desire to forget and desire to remember. He seems to get some pleasure from focusing on loss.10The narrator assumes that the word “Nevermore“ is the ravens “only stock and store“, and, yet, he continues to ask it questions
21、, knowing what the answer will be. His questions, then, are purposely self-deprecating and further incite his feelings of loss.11 Poe leaves it unclear if the raven actually knows what it is saying or if it really intends to cause a reaction in the poems narrator.12 The narrator begins as weak and w
22、eary, becomes regretful and grief-stricken, before passing into a frenzy and, finally, madness.13 Christopher F. S. Maligec suggests the poem is a type of elegiac paraclausithyron, an ancient Greek and Roman poetic form consisting of the lament of an excluded, locked-out lover at the sealed door of
23、his beloved.14AllusionsThe raven perches on a bust ofPallas Athena, a symbol of wisdom meant to imply the narrator is a scholar. Illustration by douard Manet for Stphane Mallarms translation, Le Corbeau (1875).Poe says that the narrator is a young scholar.15 Though this is not explicitly stated in t
24、he poem, it is mentioned in “The Philosophy of Composition“. It is also suggested by the narrator reading books of “lore“ as well as by the bust of Pallas Athena, goddess of wisdom.1He is reading “many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore“.6 Similar to the studies suggested in Poes short st
25、ory “Ligeia“, this lore may be about the occult or black magic. This is also emphasized in the authors choice to set the poem in December, a month which is traditionally associated with the forces of darkness. The use of the raven the “devil bird“ also suggests this.16 This devil image is emphasized
26、 by the narrators belief that the raven is “from the Nights Plutonian shore“, or a messenger from the afterlife, referring to Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld10 (also known as Hades in Greek mythology).Poe chose a raven as the central symbol in the story because he wanted a “non-reasoning“ cre
27、ature capable of speech. He decided on a raven, which he considered “equally capable of speech“ as a parrot, because it matched the intended tone of the poem.17 Poe said the raven is meant to symbolize “Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance“.18 He was also inspired by Grip, the raven inBarnaby Rudge
28、: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty by Charles Dickens.19 One scene in particular bears a resemblance to “The Raven“: at the end of the fifth chapter of Dickenss novel, Grip makes a noise and someone says, “What was that him tapping at the door?“ The response is, “Tis someone knocking softly at the shut
29、ter.“20 Dickenss raven could speak many words and had many comic turns, including the popping of a champagne cork, but Poe emphasized the birds more dramatic qualities. Poe had written a review of Barnaby Rudge for Grahams Magazine saying, among other things, that the raven should have served a more
30、 symbolic, prophetic purpose.20 The similarity did not go unnoticed: James Russell Lowell in his A Fable for Critics wrote the verse, “Here comes Poe with his raven, like Barnaby Rudge / Three-fifths of him genius and two-fifths sheer fudge.“21Poe may also have been drawing upon various references t
31、o ravens in mythology and folklore. In Norse mythology, Odin possessed two ravens named Huginn and Muninn, representing thought and memory.22 According to Hebrew folklore, Noah sends a white raven to check conditions while on the ark.17 It learns that the floodwaters are beginning to dissipate, but
32、it does not immediately return with the news. It is punished by being turned black and being forced to feed on carrion forever.22 In OvidsMetamorphoses, a raven also begins as white before Apollo punishes it by turning it black for delivering a message of a lovers unfaithfulness. The ravens role as
33、a messenger in Poes poem may draw from those stories.22Poe also mentions the Balm of Gilead, a reference to the Book of Jeremiah (8:22) in the Bible: “Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered?“23 In that context, the B
34、alm of Gilead is a resin used for medicinal purposes (suggesting, perhaps, that the narrator needs to be healed after the loss of Lenore). He also refers to “Aidenn“, another word for the Garden of Eden, though Poe uses it to ask if Lenore has been accepted into Heaven. At another point, the narrato
35、r imagines that Seraphim (a type of angel) have entered the room. The narrator thinks they are trying to take his memories of Lenore away from him using nepenthe, a drug mentioned in Homers Odyssey to induce forgetfulness.Poetic structureThe poem is made up of 18 stanzas of six lines each. Generally
36、, the meter is trochaic octameter eight trochaic feet per line, each foot having one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.3 The first line, for example (with / representing stressed syllables and x representing unstressed):Syllabic structure of a verse6Stress / x / x / x / x / x / x
37、 / x / xSyllable Once up- on a mid- night drear- y, while I pon- dered weak and wear- yEdgar Allan Poe, however, claimed the poem was a combination of octameter acatalectic, heptameter catalectic, and tetrameter catalectic.15 The rhyme scheme is ABCBBB, or AA,B,CC,CB,B,B when accounting for internal
38、 rhyme. In every stanza, the B lines rhyme with the word nevermore and are catalectic, placing extra emphasis on the final syllable. The poem also makes heavy use of alliteration (“Doubting, dreaming dreams .“).24 20th century American poet Daniel Hoffmansuggested that the poems structure and meter
39、is so formulaic that it is artificial, though its mesmeric quality overrides that.25Poe based the structure of “The Raven“ on the complicated rhyme and rhythm of Elizabeth Barretts poem “Lady Geraldines Courtship“.15 Poe had reviewed Barretts work in the January 1845 issue of the Broadway Journal26
40、and said that “her poetic inspiration is the highest we can conceive of nothing more august. Her sense of Art is pure in itself.“27 As is typical with Poe, his review also criticizes her lack of originality and what he considers the repetitive nature of some of her poetry.28 About “Lady Geraldines Courtship“, he said, “I have never read a poem combining so much of the fiercest passion with so much of the most delicate imagination.“27
