1、词义的引申与选择 (Diction),Warming-up,她的英语水平很高。 他需要提高领导水平。 人民的生活水平一直在提高。 She has a good command of English. He needs to improve the art of leadership. Peoples quality of life living standards has been improving.,Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in priv
2、ateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.,读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。,杜甫的诗春望中的“国破山河在”Though a country be sundered(分开）, hills and rivers endure. -Bynner（虽然）（一个）国家（被）隔绝（，）（群）山（和）河流忍耐（着）（。）A n
3、ation though fallen, the land yet remains. -W.J.B.Fletcher（一个）国家（虽然）沦陷（，）（那）土地（仍然）留存（。）The state may fall, but the hills and streams remain. -David Hawkes(这个) 国家（也许）沦陷（，）（但）（这）（群）山（和）小溪留存（。）,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to th
4、e sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement（私奔） ; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),Translation,译文1： 我爱我的心上人，因为她那样地叫人入迷（enticing）；我恨我的心上人，因为她已订婚将作他人妻（engaged）；她花容月貌无可比拟（exquisite），我劝她私奔跟我在一起（elopement）；她的名字叫埃米莉（Emily），她的家就在东城里（east）。我爱我的心上人呀，一切都因
5、为这个E！（陆乃圣）,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east.,译文2： 我爱我的那个“丽”，可爱迷人有魅力；我恨我的那个“丽”，要和他人结伉俪；她文雅大方又美丽，和我出逃去游历； 她芳名就叫爱米丽，家住东方人俏丽。
6、（马红军）,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east.,译文3：我爱我的爱人，因为她很迷人；我恨我的爱人，因已许配他人；她在我心中是美人，我带她私奔，以避开外人；她名叫虞美人，是东方丽人。（张柏然）,I love my
7、 love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east.,学生1：联宠爱妃，因其想入菲菲；联恨爱妃，欲与人比翼双飞；爱妃容颜世上绝非，愿带其远走高飞；爱妃兰名芳菲，如东方翠翡。,I love my love with an E, because sh
8、es enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east.,学生2：纤纤丽人，家住东方婚定他人，即将拜堂吾既闻之，百转愁肠纤纤丽人，我心所向丽人闻之，与我同伤相约南墙，远走他方,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with
9、 an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east.,飘逸版,我爱我的伊人，因为她美丽又动人；我恨我的伊人，因为她已相许他人；我愿奉她为完人，带她私奔离众人；她叫爱米莉真醉人，家住东方羡煞旁人。,文言版,城东丽人兮，美名爱弥莉； 娇姿倾城兮，吾心之所系； 初既与余订婚兮，信誓而弃； 悔伊邂逅王孙兮，拜金逐利； 私奔离我而去兮！ 恨兮！ 痛兮！,粤语版,我
10、好鬼中意我条女，因为距好suo架；不过我又好鬼憎距，距竟然同左个麻甩佬订左婚；我一直都当距系我第时果个架，仲叫距一齐同我着草添；距既名叫爱米莉，住系我屋企东边。,Correspondence at word level,(1) word-for-word correspondence eg. laser激光 ; aspirin 阿斯匹林,(2) one-multiple equivalents of the same meaning （optional equivalence)wife: 妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内人，贱内potato: 马铃薯，洋芋，土豆、山药蛋人：huma
11、n being, man, people, person,-犬：dog, hound, pointer (猎犬) , puppy,(3) one word-several equivalents of different meaningscousin: 堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹president：总统，总裁，主席，董事长，会长，校长，院长Carry: 搬，运，提，拎，挑，担，搂，抱，举，端，夹笑：smile, giggle(傻笑), laugh, ridicule, deride, guffaw (laugh very loudly)走：walk, saunter 闲逛, strid
12、e, trudge 步履维艰, amble慢行,（4）words without equivalents阴/阳: the soft inactive female principle or force in the worldclock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人alibi: 不在犯罪现场的证据Yellow publications: 品位较低的出版物 pornography春画，色情文学,Diction,Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accura
13、te comprehension of the original. A noted linguist said, “the meaning of a word is its use in the language and each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.,外延意义（概念意义）（denotative meaning ）内涵意义（connotative meaning)风格意义（stylistic meaning) 情感意义（affective meaning)联想意义（reflective meaning)搭配意义（col
14、locative meaning)主题意义（thematic meaning) -杰弗里 N 利奇 “semantics”,词汇意义的七种类型,外延意义不对应,红茶红眼红眼病白酒税,black teato be green-eyed (red-eye 廉价的威士忌酒) Pinkeyespirits/liquor (不是white wine白葡萄酒) Tax/ duty/ tariff 关税，税率,“精神文明”被译spiritual civilization，在外国人的心目中含有宗教色彩，现在改“ethical and cultural progress”或是“cultural life”以及其
15、他译法。 过去我们在对外宣传中，一直把“宣传”译为 “propaganda”(贬义的成分为多，使人易与吹牛、说谎、怀有政治目的等负面含义联系起来)，现在多使用“publicity”等中性词；,情感意义不对应,同时，市场自身的弱点和消极方面也会反映到人们的精神生活中来。 Meanwhile，the weak points and negative factors involved in market operation will find expression in peoples cultural life.,例,No context, no translation.,Context,Ther
16、e are three kinds of contextLinguistic contextSituational contextCultural context,Linguistic contextLinguistic context refers to cohesion结合and coherence相干性within a textSituational contextIt is related to the situation, the participants, and the thing mentioned.Cultural contextIt is related to cultur
17、e and background.A good translation must be based on the consideration of the three contexts.,英译汉选词问题,Choosing the proper meaning,根据词性选择词义 Linguistic 根据词的使用场合及上下文联系选择词义根据词的搭配选择词义 Situational按习惯选词义 Cultural,词性 （ Linguistic ）,“ like ”Things like air, water or metals are matter. (prep.) 像空气、水或金属之类的东西都是
18、物质。The two buildings are very like. (adj.) 这两座楼很像。It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like. (n.) 正是原子构成了铁、水和氧等等。,词性,Waves in water move like the waveform moves along a rope. (conj.) 水中波的移动，就像波形沿着绳子移动一样。We should like to know all the details. (v.) 我们想知道一切详情。,词性,“round”There are s
19、everal round tables in the dinning-room. (adj. 圆的)Come round and see me tomorrow. (adv. 到某处)He had a tour round the world. (prep.在-周围)She rounded up the boys. (v. 集合),词性,“but”He knows some methods but he doesnt know how to apply them. （连词，但是）The word occurs in the last line but one. （介词，除去）There was
20、 not a single person there but was moved to tears（关系代词，who not）,上下文 （Situational）,I want my martini dry. There are still some dry states in the United States.She prefers dry bread. The cows are dry. He gave us a dry lecture yesterday.I am sure what he presented was a dry fact.,上下文,我的马丁尼酒不要甜的在美国尚有几洲禁
21、酒。她喜欢无奶油的面包。 这些母牛缺奶。昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。我相信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实。,Last：He is the last man to come.He is the last man to do it.He is the last person for such a job. 最不配He should be the last to blame.He is the last man to consult. 不宜This is the last place where I expected to meet you.This is a question of the l
22、ast importance. 怎么也没想到,上下文,根据上下文来确定其褒贬意义,The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results. 采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures.若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的后果。,上下文,A. Verbal context:Eg. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone a
23、re the days when a representative of a large country in UN may do whatever he likes. We hope that our most respected Secretary General will not forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.(忘乎所以；过于操劳，忘我工作),B. PlaceThe boy is drawing a cart. 画？拉？C. code (语码：话语所使用的语言变体） First floor (En, 二楼； A
24、m， 一楼） Are you through? (En 接通了吗； Am，打完了吗）,D.搭配 (collocation),Soft music Soft moneySoft heart Soft waterSoft drink Soft fireSoft headSoft goods,轻音乐纸币软心肠软水软饮料文火无主见的人，笨人纺织品,搭配,Seeing that old film really took me back!He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in.It was at that point that her ac
25、ting career really took off.Over the years he has taken on the look of a banker. Im not sure if hell take to the idea.Lets take up where we left off.,搭配,观看那部老电影的确使我回想起了过去的岁月。他没地方睡觉，于是我们就提出让他留宿。正是从这个时候起，她的表演生涯真正开始迈向成功了。起飞 这些年来他摆出了一副银行家的派头。呈现我拿不准他是否会喜欢这个主意。喜爱让我们接着之前停下来的地方重新开始。开始,搭配,Delicate skinDelica
26、te childDelicate vaseDelicate differenceDelicate sense of smellDelicate food,娇嫩的皮肤,容易生病的小孩,容易碰碎的花瓶,微妙的差别,灵敏的嗅觉,美味的食物,Heavy weather; 恶劣Heavy schedule 排的很紧heavy crops 丰收Heavy fog浓heavy traffic 繁忙/拥挤heavy soil 难以耕种Heavy fate 悲惨Heavy stormheavy news 不幸Heavy sea 波涛汹涌heavy sleep 沉睡,搭配,heavy hand高压手段heavy
27、smokers 烟瘾大Heavy applause 热烈heavy workHeavy heartheavy fighting 激烈Heavy rain/snowheavy sky 阴沉 Heavy food 不易消化Heavy market 呆滞，价格下降,搭配,习惯 （cultural）,在人们长期的社会实践中，往往把有些生活意义或科技意义的词组，构成相对固定的形式，而且有其固定的习惯说法，翻译时按其习惯选词义。ball-point pen Empty space North and south, east and westRain or shine,圆珠笔真空东南西北不论晴雨,词义引申的
28、手段,词义的转化词义的具体化词义的抽象化,词义的转化,翻译时，如果完全生搬硬套词典所给的字面意思，“对号入座”，会使译文生硬晦涩，含糊不清，甚至令人不知所云。因此，应根据上下文和原词的字面意思，作适当的转化。,例,Thats a tall story about the towns high street. 原译：这就是有关镇上高处街道的大故事。 改译: 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。,Praise and Disparage贬损词义的褒贬,Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our
29、times.2. Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.3. They incited him to go into further investigation.4. The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.5. The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.,很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。他虽然很年轻，但是在研究
30、工作中很有雄心壮志。他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰一个敌人的特务。,Ambivalent words 对立词,Fireman CleaveOverhearOverlookAmbition,消防员；火夫,劈开；粘住,偷听；偶然/无意听到,细看；不看 /忽视,抱负；野心,词义的具体化,词义的具体化是指把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据目标语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。英语中常用代表抽象意义的词表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般须作具体化的引申，否则意义会不明朗。,例,There is more to their life than politic
31、al and social and economic problem, more than transient短暂的everydayness. 他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。,A nice enough young fellow, you understand, nothing （脑子里是一张白纸）The Iraqi War makes all the international morality or international laws become impossible.（失去作用）The Great Wall is a must for mo
32、st foreign visitors to Beijing. 必不可少的参观游览项目,例,词义的抽象化,词义的抽象化是指是将表示具体形象的词作概括性的引申，译成意义抽象的词。例如，将“之乎者也”译成“literary jargons(术语)” 或 “pedantic炫学者 jargons”就是一种词义抽象化的处理。现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性、一种概念或一个事物，翻译时宜作抽象化的处理，使译文更加自然流畅。,例,The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent. 利率一直在10到15之间不断波动。 see-sa
33、w 由 “跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”抽象化为“摇摆不定的: 波动”。,They have their smiles and tears. Every life has its roses and thorns. During the war, he was an embryo surgeon, and joined the mobile medical team.I was not one to let my heart rule my head. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imper
34、ialists.,欢乐与悲哀,有苦又有甜,胚胎-初出茅庐的,情感理智,残暴狡猾,例,It is regrettable that our appeal remains a dead letter. 遗憾的是，我们的呼吁没有得到响应。,动物的隐喻性意义 （C=E）： FOX - sly狡猾的; ASS/donkey - stupid; BEE - busy; DEER - meek温顺的and gentle;LAMB -lovable; PIG - dirty and greedy; MONKEY - naughty and playful; JACKAL (豺)- greedy and con
35、temptible; WOLF - 狼bloodthirsty and cruel.,比喻的引申:如果英语的比喻在内容、形式、形象上与汉语相近似，可以相互借用，不用引申。如：The man is as stubborn as a mule. 犟得像头牛。I am only a small potato in this office. 小人物Dont put your finger into anothers pie. 别管他人闲事。,典故的引申：希腊神话She is as fair as Helen.她是个绝世美人。,He does a lot of good jobs and is cons
36、idered to be the salt of the world.盐是饮食中不可缺少的调味品，人体若缺盐，健康就会受到影响，出现种种疾病。盐还有杀菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多种功用，它既是“百药之王”，又是工业之母，确是值得珍视的东西。在许多民族的习俗汇总，盐被当作敬客的高贵礼品。,The Salt of the Earth一词出自圣经，据新约。马太福音（Matthew）第5篇记载：耶稣对他的门徒说:“Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted?
37、” 在这里，salt用于转义，表示flavor；of the earth即of the world。这是耶稣登山垂训论“福”，所讲福音结尾的话，他把门徒比做“世上的盐”，这是极高的称赞。这句话在后世不断引用变成了一个典故性成语，转义为the most valuable members of society; the finest type of humanity; a person or a group of people having the best character。,汉译英选词问题,Choosing the proper meaning,根据词的使用场合及上下文联系选择词义根据词的搭
38、配习惯选择词义 原则：深刻理解汉语，切忌望文生义。,例,你应该戒烟，那会对你有好处。 班上的好人好事应该受到表扬。 这个男孩子付出极大努力，应得到奖励。 You should stop smoking, which will do you good. Good deed doers in the class should be praiseddeserve praise. The boy deserves a reward for his great efforts.,例,在这场足球比赛中，中国队赢了日本队。 在滑铁卢战役中，英国军队战败了拿破仑。 In this soccer match,
39、Chinese team beat Japanese team. In the Battle of Waterloo, the English troops defeated Napoleon.,例,上演上账 上瘾 上进 上网上菜,to performto make an entry in an account bookto be addicted (to sth)to make progressto surf on lineto serve the dishes,例,这周我办了一个乔迁宴会。 * house-moving party I had a house-warming party this week. 青年人代表着希望。 * stand for Young people representsymbolize hope.,例,他多嘴多舌。 He has a loose tongue. 他怕老婆。 He is henpecked.,
