1、基因工程抗体及其发展前景,中科院上海生化细胞所 孙 兵电话:54923115E-mail:,主要内容,1、抗体的一些基本概念:2、基因工程抗体的基本原理:3、人源化抗体制备的主要方法:4、单克隆抗体的市场需求:5、工程抗体的未来展望:,第一节:抗体的一些基本概念:,1、免疫球蛋白的基本结构,四肽链结构 ,链间二硫键连接两条重链(H)和两条轻链(L)氨基端和羧基端。,(1)根据重链分类: 根据重链靠近羧基末端氨基酸组成及排列顺序不同,将重链分为种:、 根据重链组成不同,将Ig分为五类:IgG、IgA、IgM、IgD、IgE(2)根据轻链分型:、型 天然Ig分子中,重链同类,轻链同型,2、重链与轻
2、链,3、免疫球蛋白的水解片段,木瓜蛋白酶(papain)水解IgG:得到两个相同的Fab段和一个Fc段。,4、免疫球蛋白的水解片段,胃蛋白酶(pepsin)裂解IgG:得到一个具有双价活性的F(ab)2段和若干个小分子多肽碎片(pFc),5、多克隆和单抗抗体制备,VH和VL:识别和结合抗原CH和CL:同种异型的遗传标志CH2:补体C1q结合位点, IgG可通过胎盘CH3/CH4:与多种细胞表面的FcR结合(免疫调理,I型超敏反应),6、各功能区的作用,第二节:基因工程抗体的基本原理 (antibody engineering),Antibody has a higher specificity
3、 and affinity to bind to target protein.,抗体药物(drug):可以针对人体内细胞生命过程中一些重要的 生理和病理药物靶点,发挥特异性治疗作用。,基因工程抗体的分类,1.人源改造抗体(1)嵌合抗体(chimeric antibody)(2)人源化抗体(humanized antibody)(3)完全人源抗体 (Full human antibody),人源性60%-70%,人源性90%-95%,抗体药物在应用中存在的问题:,一般必须用小鼠骨髓瘤制备单抗,故所得鼠源性单抗,必须人源化,在临床上可减少异源性蛋白所引起的过敏反应和增加疗效。鼠源抗体人源化后,抗
4、体效价明显降低,导致临床疗效降低。临床治疗需要大量的抗体(克级),故需要生物反应器制备抗体。由于抗体的产量和质量受到限制,而影响疗效。,问题:工程细胞系,大规模生产工艺技术,基因工程抗体的优点和缺点,优点:不受动物品系(species)和抗体类型(isotype)的限制。利用嵌合抗体,使鼠源抗体人源化,减少潜在的抗原表位,增强抗体的疗效。全人源化抗体,可以降低抗体的异源性和免疫源性,最大化提升抗体的的疗效。缺点:基因操作使得抗体的亲和力减弱,与完整抗体结构相比,功能明显降低。,目的: 减小鼠源性成份,降低HAMS反应(human against mouse syndrome)。 易于大规模生产
5、和应用于临床。 保留抗体的抗原结合能力。基本原理: 借助基因工程手段,将编码Ab的重轻链可变区基因重组到真核表达载体上并进行表达。,基因工程抗体的表达,原核细胞和酵母可以用于表达小分子抗体和抗体片段大部分完整抗体和双链抗体、微型抗体等需要在CHO等哺乳动物细胞中表达利用完整的动植物体通过转基因的方法表达外源蛋白:如利用转基因烟草生产抗狂犬病毒抗体, 抗Ebola病毒抗体。,基因工程抗体的分类,2.小分子抗体(1)Fab片段(2)单链抗体(single chain antibody,scFv)、双链抗体、三链抗体(3)微型抗体(minibody,两个scFv与抗体CH3区连接)(4)双特异性抗体
6、(diabody)(5)其他形式抗体(细胞内抗体、催化抗体、免疫脂质体、最小结合单位等),基因工程抗体的分类,第三节: 基因工程抗体制备的主要方法:,1.人鼠嵌合抗体(Chimeric Antibodies),原理:利用基因重组技术,把鼠抗体的重轻链可变区部分与人抗体重轻链恒定区的进行重组,减少鼠源结构,增加人源结构,而保持抗体与原抗原的特异性结合。缺点:鼠抗体部分亦能作为一种异种抗原,多次反复使用在人体产生抗体及过敏反应(HAMS反应,human against mouse syndrome)。嵌合抗体可保持特异性结合和外源性抗原降低,但亲和力明显下降。,Chimeric antibodie
7、s,1。获得鼠单抗重轻链可变区的基因片段。,2. 基因片段插入含有人IgG重轻链恒定区的表达载体。,人鼠嵌合抗体的真核表达在CHO细胞(共转染模式和单载体转染模式),Until 2003,7,8437 people have been infected with SARS over the 32 countries, in which 813 patients were died form disease. The disease incidence is about 10.5%. There are many unresolved questions about disease pathog
8、enesis, treatment and diagnosis.,Two SARS Neutralizing Ab were produced.,FEBS Letters 579 (2005) 2130-2136,ACE2 binding region,Cell fusion region,310 518,To make human-mouse chimeric mAb,Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the functional cellular receptor of SARS-CoV,Neutralizing antibody can
9、block this process so that SARS viruses are unable to infect the target cells.,2. Treatment,Spike protein is the main target of neutralizing antibodies,He et al. BBRC 324 (2004) 773781,Vaccine As an Antigen,As a screen Ag,Two clones have been selected and tested by ELISA (mAb ascites),The titer of a
10、scites can reach 1:5120,000,In vitro evaluation of SARS Mabs neutralizing effect,1. Syncytia Inhibition Assay2. Pseudovirus infection assay3. SARS Virus Neutralization Assay,Syncytia Inhibition Assay.,FEBS Letters 2005, 579: 2130-2136,Syncytia Formation assay has been developed in the Lab. The syste
11、m is valuable in detecting the interaction between ACE2 receptor and spike protein of SARS. The anti-SARS neutralizing mouse mAb is being engineered into mouse-human chimeric mAb which has a therapeutic activity in human.,mAb,Syncytia Inhibition Assay: Mouse antiserum after the second immunization,S
12、yncytia Inhibition Assay:S-9-11 mab ascites,Syncytia Inhibition Assay: N-176-15 mab ascites,SARS Virus Neutralization Assay,The typical early cytopathic effect was observed in SARS-CoV infected cultured-cells in P3 lab of Hong Kong University,S-9-11 SARS Virus Neutralization Assay in P3 lab HongKong
13、,The dilution rate of the ascites: 1:5000,Chimeric monoclonal antibody production,N-176-15 monoclonal antibody aa sequenceVH+CH1:(Signal sequence)MGWSWIFLFFLSGTAGVLSEVLLQQSGPELVKPGASVKIPCKASGYTFTDYNMDWVKQRHGKSLEWIGDINPKSGGTIYNQKFKGKATLTVDKSSSTAYMELRSLTSEDTAVYYCARTRYGTSYDYFDYWGQGTTLTVSSAKTTPPSVYPLAPG
14、SAAQTNSMVTLGCLVKGYFPEPVTVTWNSGSLSSGVHTFPAVLQSDLYTLSSSVTVPSSTWPSETVTCNVAHPASSTKVDKKIVL+CL:(Signal sequence)METDTLLLWVLLLWVPGSTGDILLTQSPASLTVSLGQRASISCRASQSVSTSRFSYIHWYQEKPGQPPKLLINYASNLDSGVPARFSGSGSGTDFTLNIHPVEEEDTATYYCQHSWENPYTFGGGTKLEIKRADAAPTVSIFPPSSEQLTSGGASVVCFLNNFYPKDINVKWKIDGSERQNGVLNSWTDQDS,R
15、eceptor Binding Domain,318,510,1,28,Overlapping peptides that cover the RBD protein,6,7,10,15,Results of computer prediction,nitnlCpFGEvFNATkfpsvyawerkkisnCVADysVLynstFFstfkcygvsatklndlcfsnvyadsfvvkgddvrqiapgqtgviadynyklpddfmgcvlaWNtRNIDATstGnyNYkyrylrhgklrpferdisnvpfspdgkpctppalncywplndygfytttgigyq
16、pyrvvvlsfellnapatv,RBD sequence:,Blue capital letters: potentially crucial amino acids for the binding,Combine the results of the dot-blot and the computer prediciton together,nitnlCpFGEvFNATkfpsvyawerkkisnCVADysVLynstFFstfkcygvsatklndlcfsnvyadsfvvkgddvrqiapgqtgviadynyklpddfmgcvlaWNtRNIDATstGnyNYkyr
17、ylrhgklrpferdisnvpfspdgkpctppalncywplndygfytttgigyqpyrvvvlsfellnapatv,RBD sequence:,Underlined letters: peptides recognized by the neutralizing mabs,Site-directed mutation,Mutation site:VAD AAAVL AAFF AAWN AARNI AAA,Sandwich ELISA to determine the binding effect of mutated RBD-Fc proteinCrucial bind
18、ing sites for the mAb are 423W and 424N (WN).,Unshown data:monoclonal antibody against SARS S protein tested the proper expression of these mutated proteins,Special amino acids (423W and 424 N) are essential to be recognized by the neutralizing mAbs. The two residues are conserved in all strains iso
19、lated from human. (Virology, 2008),Purple: ACE2Brown: RBDYellow: Epitope,2. humanized antibodies,Humanization or reshaping of murine antibodies is an attempt to transfer the full antigen specificity and binding avidity of murine monoclonal antibodies to a human antibody by grafting the murine comple
20、mentarity determining regions (CDRs) onto a human variable region framework。,保留鼠CDR的人源化Ab,SDR graftinga new approach to antibody humanization,difference between the SDR grafting and the CDR grafting,3。Fully human mAbs,1)。transgenic mice 2)。Human antibody-display libraries3)。To make Human mAb from hu
21、man being,1) Transgenic mice,首先把小鼠编码Ig重轻链的基因剔除。制备表达人的Ig重轻链的转基因小鼠。上二种小鼠回交,获得只表达人Ig重轻链的基因的小鼠。当用抗原免疫后,小鼠可产生完全人源抗体。,有许多公司通过协议,提供服务。获得专利使用权。,2)噬菌体抗体库技术(Phage antibody library technique),把人的Ig重轻链可变区基因片段展示在l噬菌体表面,组成抗体库。通过噬菌体把抗体的表型和基因型相偶联,易进行分子克隆和基因操作。抗体库的来源影响筛选结果(免疫和正常人)。高通量筛选与抗原结合的抗体,但亲和力低。,Display of ant
22、ibody fragments on bacteriophage - the favored format of antibody fragment is single-chain FV (scFV),Schematic representation of different antibody formats,whole Ab (150 kD),scFV (27 kD),FV (25 kD),Fab (50 kD),CH2,CH3,CH1,VL,CL,VH,antigenbindingsite,Construction of antibody libraries - DNA sequences
23、 encoding VH and VL domains are amplified by PCR - VH and VL domains are paired randomly, increasing functional diversity in the library - The scFV sequences are amplified by PCR using primers incorporating restriction sites - cloning into the phagemid vector,Display of Fab fragments on filamentous
24、phage.,- transformed into E. coli by electroporation - after rescue with helper phage, the random combinatorial library of antibodies is displayed on phage,Antibody display library,Library size and diversity - Specificity and affinity are desirable qualities in any antibody - The larger the library,
25、 the greater the likelihood that it will contain an antibody of very high affinity having the desired specificity。,Selection of specific antibodies from a phage library,Amplification,Wash,Elute,Antibody libraryon phage,Antigencolumn,Next panningcycle,Selection of a binding specificity from a phage d
26、isplay library,Nave or immunized,Key point,Functional Ab,High-throughput selections - small volumes of liquid (100 l) are required - multiwell microtiter plates - a different antigen may be coated onto each wellPhage antibodies as reagents - Phage antibodies have routinely been successful in ELISA o
27、n protein or peptide antigens ELISA on whole cells or subcellular fractions flow cytometry immunocytochemistry,3)用人的骨髓瘤细胞直接制备全人抗体,关键点:建立好的人骨髓瘤细胞。稳定性高和融合率高。,(Human antibodies 2002, 11:85-96),Mousemyeloma,Humanmyeloma,Double selecting markers G418 and HAT,Human LN B cells,Breast cancer tissue,Breast c
28、ancer cells,We work on HCV/E2 mAb and Rabbis virus S protein by using FMP2 cells.,4. B细胞永生化技术:用EB病毒将人淋巴细胞永生化可产生分泌抗体的B细胞克隆。这一技术较为成熟,但是存在抗体分泌不稳定的缺点,限制了其应用。,5. Platform for the development of human mAbs using single-cell RT-PCR,流感病毒,流感病毒侵入呼吸道的纤毛柱状上皮内进行复制,释放后再侵入其他上皮细胞。受染的细胞发生变性、坏死和脱落,局部有炎症反应,流感病毒一般不侵染下呼
29、吸道,并导致肺炎。,流感的大流行,在过去的一百多年中,人类社会发生过5次大的流感大流行,损失及其惨重。,1、1918,“西班牙流感”,“人类现代史上最大的一次瘟疫”,全球死亡率约为3%,约有5000万人死亡。H1N1亚型引起。2、19571958,“亚洲流感”,始与我国贵州,全球200万人死亡。H2N2亚型引起。3、19681969,“香港流感”,全球大约100万人死亡,H3N2亚型引起。4、1977,“苏联流感”,累及人群主要是青少年,但没引起全球性大流行。H1N1亚型引起。5、2009,“甲型H1N1流感”,起源于北美,波及230余个国家,超过1.8万人死亡。H1N1亚型引起。6、2013
30、, H7N9起源于上海地区,感染134人,死亡率30%。,Hemagglutinin,The HA protein is the functional protein that mediates entry of the influenza viruses into susceptible host cells and thus contains various epitopes that are recognized by neutralizing antibodies.Its globular head (HA1) region, which is often mutated, is th
31、e main target of the humoral immune response.,研发广谱人源中和性抗体,Technical Route :,Isolation of HA specific memory B cells,19 Abs obtained by single-cell RT-PCR can recognize antigen HA,V genes of the human mAbs,Binding ability of the mAbs to the antigen,7 mAbs contain the ability of neutralizing different
32、 subtypes of influenza viruses,Human mAbs recognize the fusion peptide in HA2,The recognized fusion peptide sequence,Inhibition of cellcell fusion by the broadly neutralizing mAbs,A: no AbsB-H: in the presence of 100 mg/ml of broadly neutralizing mAbsI: positive controlJ: control Abs,初步的动物实验表明,所获得的全
33、人抗体可以治疗甲型H1N1流感和高致病性H5N1禽流感对小鼠的感染。图中显示小鼠体重变化和存活率,Conserved B-cell epitope based universal influenza vaccine development,HA2由于其良好的型间保守性,是流感广谱疫苗研发的重要候选靶标,trimer-dependent epitopes,trimer-independent epitopes,3E1 Fab-HA trimer A/washington/2011(H1N1),3E1-Fab 与HA三聚体复合物结晶3E1识别HA 的模式是没有文献报道的.3E1识别与A helix
34、,fusion peptide以及 sheet有关的空间构像,表位鉴定: 晶体结构,3E1识别HA的表位,表位鉴定: X射线晶体衍射,第四节、抗体工程的发展历程和应用,抗体工程就是指利用分子生物学、基因工程等手段对抗体进行各种不同的改造并在原核、真核细胞中表达制备的工程技术。,治疗性抗体-已上市的主要抗体药物及靶点,17家公司有抗体药物上市 2012年总销售额大于 US$50bn Top 5: Herceptin, Avastin, Humira, Rituxan & Remicade 10/45是全人抗体18/ 45 治疗性抗体是人源化抗体9/45是嵌合抗体7/45是鼠源单克隆抗体,抗体药物
35、全球市场,Nat. Drug Dis. 2010. doi:10.1038/nrd3229,目前全球销售额最高的6大类生物技术药物:抗肿瘤药物anti-TNF药物EPO胰岛素- 干扰素凝血因子,截至目前,全球已有200余种生物技术药物获准进入市场,1000多种处于临床试验的不同阶段。其中接近一半为抗体药物。,目前生物技术药物各门类销售额占比,抗体药物的应用领域,抗器官移植排斥反应;肿瘤导向治疗; 哮喘、银屑病、类风湿性关节炎、红斑狼疮、急性心梗、脓毒症、多发性硬化症及其他自身免疫性疾病; 心脑血管疾病;感染性疾病;其他,抗体药物,市场巨大,前景广阔。应用领域:抗肿瘤、抗自身免疫病、抗感染为主。
36、开发类型:人源化及全人为发展方向。目前单抗用作治疗药物的研究趋势为:1.寻找新的分子靶点;2.抗体的人源化;3.偶联物分子的微小化;4.单抗药物的高效化;5.双特异性抗体以激活宿主效应细胞;6.改变某些氨基酸以增加抗体的亲合力;7. 抗体导向的酶活化前体药物技术。,抗体药物的作用机制,Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2010. Vol. 10. 301-316,第五节:工程抗体的未来展望:,Gazyva(obinutuzumab,又名GA101)获FDA批准,联合苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)化疗,用于既往未经治疗的慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)患者。首个糖基化的II型抗CD20单
37、克隆抗体,这意味着GA101中的特定糖分子能够被修改,来改变其与人体免疫细胞的相互作用。这种修饰作用,创造了一种独特的抗体,旨在作为一种免疫疗法,利用患者自身的免疫系统来帮助攻击癌细胞。此外,GA101与CD20的结合,能够直接诱导细胞死亡。 GA101旨在增强抗体依赖性细胞毒性作用(Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity,ADCC)及直接的细胞死亡诱导作用(Direct Cell Death induction)。,近期值得关注的研究进展,Nivolumab(BMS-936559)一种实验性、全人源化IgG4、抗程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)单克隆抗体
38、,能够抑制PD-1与程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1/B7-H1)和程序性死亡配体2(PD-L2/B7-DC)的结合。阻断PD-1与其配体的相互作用,可能使T细胞恢复抗肿瘤免疫应答。在既往经多次治疗(heavily pre-treated)的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者中,nivolumab表现出了持续的疗效,一年存活率达42%,两年存活率达24%。,PD-1/PD-L1 抗体药物成为癌症治疗的明星, Nivolumab (Opdivo); Fully Human antibody; anti-PD-1; Bristol-Myers Squibb, 2014., Pembrolizumab (K
39、eytruda); Humanized antibody, /humanized by MRCT; anti-PD-1; MSD, 2014.,黑色素瘤,非小细胞肺癌,三阴乳腺癌等不同癌症都有较好疗效,近期值得关注的研究进展,Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC)2013年上半年,美国FDA先后批准两种ADC上市,分别为Seattle Genetics公司的Adcetris TM和罗氏公司的Kadcyla。目前,在世界范围内进入临床研究的ADCs药物累计已达三十余种。ADCs候选药物在数量上已经超过同为“改型抗体”的双特性抗体、抗体片段等类别,成为单克隆抗体药物,尤其是肿
40、瘤治疗用单抗的研究热点与发展方向。,NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY Vol 12 2013 259-260,抗体药物中国市场新药与仿制药,研究所/大学/医院,基础研究领域的持续投入,有新的抗体药物靶点发现 ,但是产业化的经验不足;中国生物制药工业拥有一流的生产设备,对于创新的抗体药物的研发态度保守;,我国批准上市的国产单克隆抗体类生物治疗药物( 2013 年),抗体药物产业在中国发展基础,国家对医疗领域投入增加,推进医改,并实施“重大新药创制”等项目,对生物技术尤其是抗体药物大力支持抗体药物产业化发展目前仍滞后于欧美国家,主管部门已经意识创新抗体药物研发的重要性,抗体药物原始创新能力能力正逐步改善。 中国对高质量的生物技术药物(尤其是治疗性单抗药物)的需求日益强劲:经济发展、人口老龄化、医疗支出能力的增加等驱动。中国对基础研究的巨额投入已经产出大量国际一流水平研究, 创新抗体药物靶点的“中国发现”成为现实。,2011年中国专利申请的数量已经超过美国,中国科研论文的引用量也将超过美国 位于第一位,Royal Society 2011,寄语,1。科学研究和产品开发需要激情和热情。2。学习是永无止境的。3。敢于挑战和勇于创新。热情,好学, 创新和享受过程,而不仅是结果.,谢 谢!,