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1、英美文学复习资料English Literary History 1. Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. 2. Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. 4. Humanism is the essence of the

2、 Renaissance. 5. Edmund Spenser is known as “the poets poet”. Masterpiece the Faerie Queene is a great poem of its age. 6. Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the “University Wits”. His masterpieces are Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II. Marlowes greatest achievement lie

3、s in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama. 7. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets. His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. The Mer

4、chant of Venice is the most important play among the comedies. 8. Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist. 9. John Donne is the leading figure of the “Metaphysical school.” 10. The neoclassical period, that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the

5、Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason. Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism. 11. The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form the modern English novel. 12. John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm

6、 non-conformist of the Anglican Church. His masterpiece is the Pilgrims Progress. (最成功的宗教寓言诗) 13. Alexander Popes best satiric work is The Dunciad (愚人志). 14. Daniel Defoes works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people. 15. Jonathan Swift was a maste

7、r satirist. His “A Modest Proposal” is generally taken as a perfect model. 16. Henry Fielding is regarded as “father of the English Novel”. He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and st

8、yle. 17. Samuel Johnson, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman A Dictionary of the English Language. 18. Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. His plays, especially the Rivals an

9、d the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy. 19. Thomas Grays masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,” establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimen

10、tal poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School.” 20. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2

11、1. William Blake was literarily the first important English Romantic poet. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry. His major works are Songs of Innocence, Songs of experience and Marriage of heaven and Hell. 22. William Wordsworth, together with Robert Southey and Coleri

12、dge, became known as the “Lake Poets.” He published Lyrical Ballads in collaboration with Coleridge. The preface to this collection of poems is considered as declarations of romanticism. 23. Samual Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the ancient mariner 24. George Gordon Byrons masterpiece is Don Juan,

13、 which was called comic epic and mock epic. 25. Percy Bysshe Shelleys greatest achievement is Prometheus Unbound. His most well-known lyric is “Ode to the West Wind.” 26. John Keats is known for his many great odes. 27. Jane Austens first novel is Sense and Sensibility. Her masterpieces are Pride an

14、d Prejudice, and Emma. 28. Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. 29. Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone. 30. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers o

15、f the Victorian Age. Dickens is a master of story-telling, and Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works. 31. Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. Emily is chiefly famous for her only novel, Wuthering Heights. 32. Alfred Tennysons masterpiece is I

16、n Memoriam. 33. George Eliot, as a pioneer to the modern psychoanalytical novel, was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside.” 34. Thomas Hardys works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical writer.

17、 Influenced by nature and environment. 35. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man

18、and himself. 36. Bernard Shaw is a brilliant dramatist. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, so his plays can be termed as problem plays. His plays have one passion only, that is, indignation. 37. John Galsworthy is a modern novelist. His first tril

19、ogy is Forsyte Saga: The man of property, in chancery and to Let. 38. William Butler Yeats was awarded Noble Prize for literature in 1923. His well-known poem is “sailing to Byzantium.” 39. T. S. Eliot was originally a very famous American poet, verse dramatist and prose writer. His major poems are

20、“the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, and “the waste land.” 40. D. H. Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelist of the 20th century and also the greatest from a working-class family. The Rainbow and Women in Love are regarded as his masterpieces. 41. James Joyce is the most prominent stream-

21、of-consciousness novelist. His masterpiece is Ulysses. 42. Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation. His The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent contains the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature: Rip

22、Van winkle and “the Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. 43. Ralph Waldo Emerson the American towering figure of his era, was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England. His Essays includes his best writings such as The American Scholar, Self-reliance, The Over-soul. 44. Nathaniel Hawthorne is o

23、ne of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history. His masterpieces include The Scarlet Letter. 45. Walt Whitman is a national figure in American literary history. His Leaves of Grass has always been considered a monumental work, containing “song of myself.” 46

24、. Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick is one of the worlds greatest masterpieces. 47. Edgar Alan Poe is a famous fictional writer, short story writer. 48. James Fenimore Coopers lasting fame rests on his frontier stories, including The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, the pathfinder, The Pioneers, and t

25、he Prairie. 49. Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clements, is a great literary giant of America and is considered the true father of American literature. He is known as a local colorist. Major works are Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer. 50. Henry James is the f

26、irst American writer to conceive his career in international terms and the founder of steam-of-consciousness. Best works are the Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl. 51. Emily Dickinson is the only woman in this period. 52. Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest Americas lite

27、rary naturalists. Sister Carrie is his best-known novel and An American Tragedy is his greatest work. 53. Stephan Crane is a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition. He is mainly famous for The Red Badge of Courage. 54. Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement,” was one of the most

28、 influential American poets of the 20th century. 55. Robert Frost is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. 56. Eugene ONeill is Americas greatest playwright. He was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize. He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama.” Masterpiece is Long Days Jour

29、ney Into Night. 57. Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s. His work, Tales of the Jazz Age, made the 20s called Jazz era. 58. Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular American novelists of 20th century and a spokesman of the “Lost Generation.” Novels include A Far

30、ewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea. Quiz 1. The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. 2. The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment and the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the C

31、hartist Movement. 3. The Bronte sisters refers to Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. 4. Robert Browning is noteworthy for his mastery of the dramatic monologue form. 5. Faulkners novel the sound and the fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbol

32、izing the old social order. 6. The poem The Red Wheelbarrow written by William Carlos Williams exemplifies the Imagist-influenced Philosophy of “no ideas but in things.” 7. E. E. Cummings is the most interesting experimentalists in modern American poetry.第二部分：诗歌1.The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry

33、 Wadsworth Longfellow Footprints in “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls”: The transient nature of human achievement2. “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways” by William WordsworthLast stanza creates a kind of perfect pathosThe last line creates a perfect pathos. It shows that Lucys death, though, is unnoti

34、ced by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death. Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to comm

35、unicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucys death is a great loss to him. In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for the girl and her lover.3. “Wuthering Heights” by Emily Bront God1 Would you like to live with your soul in the grave? Your soul-CatherineI love my murderer-bu

36、t yours! My murderer- Catherine Yours- Catherines husband: Edgar Catherines brother: Hindley4. A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceWhat does the word “insomnia” imply? Ernest Hemingway A Clean, Well-Lighted Place “insomnia”, a physical disease or mental problem, may be a spiritual wound caused by despair, an

37、xiety, alienation and nihilism. In the course of exploring the deeper meaning of life, Hemingway brings the human neurotic nature into readers attention. The hereditary nature of neurosis of Hemingways heroes contributes proof to the conviction of naturalists that man is generally a threatened speci

41、he poet shows his profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves and then expounds that all nice and beautiful things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever. Thus the poem reveals Shakespeares fa

42、ith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting power of human art and the creative power of human beings.2. What is the effectiveness of the use of stream of consciousness technique in the story Eveline3. “Meeting at Night” “Parting at Morning”Theme: Love is absorbing and desirable and makes lovers in

43、tent, eager and energetic to meet each other. Love is not the lasting place and a man need to face the actual daily life of worries and hard work.Between romance and reality there is a vast expanse.4. “The Glass Mountain” By Donald BarthelmeWhat modernist devices are used in the story?(1) Repetition

44、; (2) Catalogues ; (3) Collage; (4) Parody; (5) Displacement; (6) Subversion;(7) Juxtaposition5. What is the difference between realism and modernism?Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theo

45、ry of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself. 四大题1.为什么Robert Frost的诗歌被认为是欺骗性的简单？ Robert Frosts poetry is considered to be deceptiv

46、ely simple, because of the plain language and the common materials. As in this poem, the language is simple, clear and colloquial, and the materials depicted in the poem are everyday incidents, common situations and rural imagery. All these contribute to easy understanding of the poem. But those pla

47、in language and common materials are condensed with meaning and wider significance, and contain great lyrical beauty and potent symbolism. Frost implied philosophy of human life in the lines, such as how to deal with choice in our life. Thus there is profound philosophy under the plain lines, which

48、make it simple at the surface. So his poetry is considered to be deceptively simple. 2. Give a comparison between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers from feminist perspective by talking about their family background, troubles, awakening, desire for freedom, pursuit for the self, tragic end and etc. Altho

49、ugh both are questing for self and fulfillment of desire, there are many differences between Mrs. Mallard and Mrs. Sommers. The first difference lies in their family backgrounds. Mrs. Mallard has a relatively good family background. She doesnt have to care for material, and she belongs to the middle class or above. To the contrary, Mrs. Sommers live is hard and poor and she has to make the most of every penn

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