1、大家论坛 1英美文学重点 English to suffer or to take action Francis Bacon philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern scienceHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enrichi
2、ng by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻） and cadence（韵律）.mans understanding consists of three parts: history to mans memory, poetry to mans imagination and creation, and philosophy to mans reason.written in Latin on methodology方法论大家论坛 4Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法 ( i.e. proceeding
3、from the particular to the general) in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法 ( i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING: Of Studiesuses and benefits of study studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by e
4、xperience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man,
5、and writing an exact man. John Donne Metaphysical poetry（玄学诗）- break away from love poetry, the diction(用语) is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself. A)conceits B)syllogism (三段论) Poetry 早期: holds that the nature o
6、f love is the union of soul and body.晚期: religious poemProse: his sermons, which are both rich and imaginativeREADING: 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud ( a sonnet,14 lines)the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere whatever you are, you can not escape from dea
7、th. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because whom the gods love die young. Though death is usually considered powerful, it a
8、ctually provides a rest for a mans body and a birth for his soul. John Milton Achievement: 1)the early poetic works 2) the middle prose(散文) 3)the last great poemsElegy(挽歌) -利西达斯 (his early work)Epic(史诗) - Dramatic poem(诗剧) - 力士参孙 the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in E
9、nglish.READING: excerpt from Paradise Lost大家论坛 5the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed(纲领).Take from the Old Testament, the theme is the “Fall of Man”: S
10、atan rebel against God and are driven from Heaven. He determined to revenge by seduce(引诱) Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge against Gods instructions. So, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise.The Neoclassical Period : 1660-1798 with the publication of Lyrical balla
11、ds by Wordsworth and Coleridge- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy the Age of Enlightenment/Reason the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries,a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality
12、), equality & science (the 18th century)modern English novel newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生（the mid-century）Gothic novel(哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to the end of century)John BunyanREAING: The Vanity Fair名利场 an excerpt form The Pilgrims Progress (天路历程), a religious alle
13、gory(寓言), its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation(拯救) through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor life as a journeyAlexander Popeone of the first to introduce rationalism to England, for him the
14、 supreme value was order.READING: excerpt from An Essay on Criticism(论批评)a poem written in heroic couplets(对句), criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, true wit which is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style. Daniel
15、 Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular(方言).READING: excerpt from Robinson crusoe大家论坛 6praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧). an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwreck
16、ed and marooned(放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Robinson grew from a nave and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.Jonathan Swift In his opinion, human nature is s
17、eriously and permanently flawed (缺点)Achievement: 1)a master satirist. 2) one of the greatest of English prose, he defined a good style as “Proper words in proper places”READING: excerpt from Gullivers Travels (格列佛游记)fictional work, four parts Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm(小人国) (大人
18、国) (飞岛) (有人类理性的马) the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Henry Fielding - Father of English novel, he was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体史诗), the first to give the modern novel its structure an
19、d style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.(约瑟夫安德鲁)(伟大的乔纳森怀尔德)a masterpiece on the subject of human naturethe unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin(伤感的) picture of the social life at the time.READING: excerpt from Tom JonesBrings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”In a way, To
20、m and Sophia, stands for a wayfaring(旅行的) Everyman, who is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain a knowledge of himself and finally to approach perfectness.Samuel Johnson the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman, the last 大家论坛 7neoclassicist enli
21、ghtener. 英语大词典READING: To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfieldthe letter is written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning and questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the authors strong in
22、dignation at the lords fame-fishing.Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th centuryand are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw. READING: excerpt from The School for ScandalA story about two brothers: Josep
23、h Surface and Charles Surface. Charles in love with Maria, Sir Peter Teazle is loved by Lady Sneerwell. The lady instigates(教唆) Joseph to pursue Maria For her Money. Joseph secretly seduce(引诱) Lady Teazle, Sir Peters young wife. The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and Charles wins his loves
24、 and the inheritance of his rich uncle.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy(堕落) of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the 18th England.Thomas Graythe leader of the sentimental(悲情的) poetry of the day ,especially “The Graveyard School”READING: Elegy Written in a Country Churchyardreflects o
25、n death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc(破坏) on them.The Romantic Period Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous (自发)emotion, a
26、 change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace 大家论坛 8 The romantic emphasized the special qualities of each individuals mind. The romantic period began with： in 1798 the publication of
27、 Wordsworth and Coleridges end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).William Blake - poet & engraver(雕刻家) : a happy and innocent world from childrens eye : a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and r
28、epression with a melancholy (忧郁的)tone from men eyes. Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites marks his entry into maturity.(先知书) prophetic(预言的) book in his later periodHe presents his view in visual images. Symbolism is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.READING: 1. The Chimney Sweeper (f
29、rom Songs of Innocence)2. The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Experience)3. The Tyger (from Songs of Experience)William Wordsworth- the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous(自发的), “worshipper of nature”- He defines the poet as a man speaking to men, and poetry as the spon
30、taneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity. “Lake Poets”: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey(序曲) his masterpieceREADING: 1. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudthe poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the
31、poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils (水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. 2. Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright,
32、glittering（闪烁的）, smokeless & mildly（柔和的）. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety （虔诚）for nature. 大家论坛 93. She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways4. The Solitary Reaperthanks to poets rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking ev
33、ent, the poet succeeds in making the readers share his emotion. The poem also shows the poets passionate love of nature. Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remoteWilliam Wordsworth and Coleridge: Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic 恶魔的(supernatural) & the conversational - The demo
34、nic group includes 3 masterpieces: , , 老水手之行 克丽斯塔贝尔 忽必烈汗Feature: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory- Conversational poem: READING: Kubla KhanGeorge Gordon Byron Byronic hero: is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical（暴君的） rules or moral pri
35、nciples. Such a hero appears first in 怀尔德哈罗德游记（唐璜）(the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem, comic epic) by make use of Juans adventures, to present a panoramic（全面） view of different types of society.READING: 1. Song for the Ludditeswill die fighting, or live free Byron show his support of th
36、e Luddites who destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poets great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown. 2. The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. Fill high the bowl with
37、 Samian wine? By contrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.Percy Bysshe Shelley 1) Lyrics（抒情诗）大家论坛 10云雀颂 the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image 2) poetic drama （诗剧）解放了的米罗普修斯READING: 1. A Song: Men of Engla
38、ndIt is not only a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors, but also an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.2. Ode to the West Windterza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, I fall upon
39、 the thorns of life! I bleed!, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.John Keats 4 great odes : , , , 希腊古瓮颂 夜莺颂READING: Ode on a Grecian Urnthe contrast between the permanence of art and the transience (短暂)of human
40、passion, Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter, Beauty is truth, truth beautyJane Austen6 novels: 诺桑觉寺 蔓斯菲尔德公园 Story of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels. 3 types of attitudes in pursuit of marriage: A) who would marry for material wealth and social posit
41、ionB) who would marry just for beauty and passionC) who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partners personal merit and his economical and social status. concerning 3 or 4 landed gentry families with their daily routine life: relationships with members of their own family and with their friends, dancing parties, tea parties, picnics, and gossips.
