1、Should“Should“ is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.Examples: When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. RECOMMENDATION You should focus more on your family and less on work. ADVICE I reall
2、y should be in the office by 7:00 AM. OBLIGATION By now, they should already be in Dubai. EXPECTATIONUsing “Should“ in Present, Past, and FutureMost modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how “should“ behaves in different contexts.Modal Use Po
3、sitive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = FutureNegative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = FutureYou can also use:should RECOMMENDATION, 1. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.1. Sarah shouldnt smoke so much. Its not good for her health.ought toADVISABILITY 2. Frank should have eaten
4、low-fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack.3. You really should start eating better.2. Sarah shouldnt have smoked so much. Thats what caused her health problems.3. Sarah shouldnt smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.should OBLIGATIONI sho
5、uld be at work before 9:00.We should return the video before the video rental store closes.“SHOULD“ CAN ALSO EXPRESS SOMETHING BETWEEN RECOMMENDATION AND OBLIGATION. “BE SUPPOSED TO“ EXPRESSES A SIMILAR IDEA AND CAN EASILY BE USED IN THE PAST OR IN NEGATIVE FORMS.NO NEGATIVE FORMS be supposed toshou
6、ld EXPECTATION1. Susan should be in New York by now. 2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Lets call her and see what she is up to.3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.1. Susan shouldnt be in New York yet.2. Susan shouldnt have arrived in New York u
7、ntil yesterday.3. Susan shouldnt arrive in New ought to, be supposed toYork until next week.Had Better“Had better“ is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well as warn people.Examples: You had better take your umbrella with you today. RECOMMEND
8、ATION That bus had better get here soon! DESPERATE HOPE You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! WARNINGUsing “Had Better“ in Present, Past, and FutureMost modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how “had better“ behaves in di
9、fferent contexts.Use Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = FutureNegative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = FutureYou can also use:had better RECOMMENDATION1. SHIFT TO “SHOULD“ OR “OUGHT TO“ People should unplug toasters before they clean them.2. SHIFT TO “SHOULD HAVE“ OR “OUGHT TO HAVE“ You shou
10、ld have unplugged the toaster before you tried to clean it.3. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.1. SHIFT TO “SHOULD“ OR “OUGHT TO“ People shouldnt clean toasters without unplugging them first.2. SHIFT TO “SHOULD HAVE“ OR “OUGHT TO HAVE“ You shouldnt have cleaned the toaste
11、r without unplugging it first.3. You had better not clean the toaster until you unplug it.should, ought tohad better DESPERATE HOPE,WARNINGThe movie had better end soon.They had better be here before we start dinner.DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.They had better not be
12、 late.They had better not forget Toms birthday gift.DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.“Had better“ is often simply pronounced as “better“ in spoken English.Used ToFORMused to + VERBExample: I used to go to the beach every day.It is better not to use “used to“ in questions
13、 or negative forms; however, this is sometimes done in informal spoken English. It is better to ask questions and create negative sentences using Simple Past.USE 1 Habit in the Past“Used to“ expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was
14、often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now.Examples: Jerry used to study English. Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer. I used to start work at 9 oclock. Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian.USE 2 Past Facts and Generalizations“Used to“ can also be used
15、to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.Examples: I used to live in Paris. Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin. George used to be the best student in class, but now Lena is the best. Oranges used to cost very little in Florida, but now they are quite expensive.“Use
16、d to“ vs. Simple PastBoth Simple Past and “Used to“ can be used to describe past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however, “used to“ is preferred when emphasizing these forms of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other hand, when asking questions or making negative sentences, Simple Past is preferred.Examples: You used to play the piano. Did you play the piano when you were young? You did not play the piano when you were young.ACTIVE / PASSIVEExamples: Jerry used to pay the bills. ACTIVE The bills used to be paid by Jerry. PASSIVE
