1、英语语言学练习题Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 Introduction. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is b
2、ased on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other ar
3、eas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to prod
4、uce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The stud
5、y of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the stu
6、dy of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the wr
7、itten language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal users k_ of the rules of hi
8、s language. 22. Langue refers to the a_ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23. D_ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists
9、 of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. 24. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication. 25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is call
10、ed s_. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned. 27. P _ refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applica
11、tions is generally known as a_ linguistics.29. Language is p_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is gener
12、ally defined as the s _ study of language. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. lingu
13、istic 32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic
14、 than writing, because _. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue D. All of the above 35. A historical study
15、of language is a _ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 36. Saussure took a(n) _ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _ point of view. A. sociologicalpsychological B. psychologicalsociological C. appliedpragmatic D.semanticlinguistic 37. A
16、ccording to F. de Saussure, _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _ and meanings. A. sense B. sounds C. objects D.
17、 ideas 39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _, A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _, rather
18、 than by instinct. A. learning B. teaching C. books D. both A and B . Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics 52. Arbitrariness 53. Pro
19、ductivity 54. Displacement55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance59. Langue 60. Parole. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for
20、 human commu- nication. Explain it in detail. 62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study? 65. Why does
21、 modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? 66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussures distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distinction between com
22、petence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Chapter 2 Phonology. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese an
23、d English. 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性 arbitrariness 双
24、层结构 duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性 productivity 移位性 displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性 cultural transmission 2。语言的功能：传达信息功能 informative 人济功能： interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能 recreatinal 元语言功能 metalingual3. 语言学 linguistics：包括六个分支语音学 Phonetics 音位学 phonology 形态学 Morphology 句法学 sy
25、ntax语义学 semantics 语用学 pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语 language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用 competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the uniq
26、ue properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both shu and tree to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before. 2.What is the most important fun
27、ction of language?a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual3.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isnt it ?“is _a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _a saussure b. halliday c. Chomsky d. the prague
28、 school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussure b. chomsky c. halliday d anomymous第二节 语音学1.发音器官由声带 the vocal cords 和三个回声腔组成 2.辅音 consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音 complete obstruction 鼻音 nasals 破裂音 plos
29、ives部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction 擦音 fricatives 破擦音 affricates 等4.辅音清浊特征 voicing辅音的送气特征 aspiration5.元音 vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6 双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of sounds c. the combin
30、ation of sounds d. the production of sounds 2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _a. the place of articulation b.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongue d. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voiceless b. spread c.voic
31、ed d.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicing b. aspiration c.roundness d. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicing b.nasal c. approximation d. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are _a. v
32、oiced stop b. voiceless stop c. voiced fricative d. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in _a. the manner of articulation b. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cords d.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in _a. aspiration b.nasality c. obstruction d
33、. voicing第三节 音位学 phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。 2.音位 phoneme：最小语音单位3.音位变体 allophones:读音差别4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气 p 绝不会出现在 s 之后，不送气的 p 绝不会出现在词首6.音节 syllable，分为节首 onse
34、t，节峰 peak，节尾 coda7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过 4 个8.最小语音对 minimal pairsI. Introduction1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. What is Linguistics(语言学)Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Lingui
35、stics3.1 Speech and WritingOne general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive(描述性 ) or Prescriptive(说明性)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts ob
36、served; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for “correct“ behavior.3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3.4 Langue(语言) and
37、 Parole(言语 )This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Perfo
38、rmance(行为)Competence is the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).4. The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which stu
39、dies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.Morphology(词法 ) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.Syntax(句法) is
40、 the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.Sociolinguistics is the stud
41、y of the relationship between language and society.Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variat
42、ion and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学 ) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of m
43、athematics.Computational linguistics(计算语言学 ) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.II. Phonetics(语音学）1. scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of ph
44、onetics:Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调） in the process.Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节） by the ear, t
45、he auditory nerve(神经） and the brain.Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送） between mouth and ear.2. The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官） the producer of voice（声音
46、发生器官） and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）3. Consonants(辅音）Places of articulation(发音部位） : bilabial,(双唇） Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚） velar,（软腭） uvular,（小舌） glottal(声门）Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）
47、 fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦）4. Vowels (元音）The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)III. Phonology（音韵学）1. phonemes(音素）：a distin
48、ctive(有区别的） sound in a language.2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment.6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonolo
