1、乳糖和乳制品在断奶仔猪饲料中的应用Lactose and Milk Products for Newly Weaned Pigs,Gary L. CromwellDepartment of Animal and Food SciencesUniversity of Kentucky肯塔基大学动物和食品系Advanced Swine Nutrition SymposiumMAFIC 10th Anniversary ConferenceBeijing, ChinaNovember 30, 2006,Challenges Faced by Early-Weaned Pigs早期断奶仔猪所面临的挑战
2、From liquid to dry diet 从液体母乳到固体饲料的转变Strange environment 陌生的环境变化Immature digestive system发育不全的消化系统Poor immune status不完善的免疫机制,Immunity in Young Pigs幼龄猪免疫力的变化,Digestive Enzyme Development in Young Pigs 幼龄猪消化酶的发育和变化,What Kind of Diet is Needed by Newly Weaned Pigs?断奶仔猪需要什么类型的日粮?,Palatable 适口性好Readily d
3、igestible protein source 易消化的蛋白质来源Excellent profile of amino acids 理想的氨基酸组成Readily digestible carbohydrate source (lactose) 易消化的碳水化合物来源(乳糖),Background 研究背景,Dried milk-based products have been used in pig starter diets for many years. 干乳制品在仔猪断奶料中已经使用许多年.These products enhance feed intake, growth rate
4、, and health of newly weaned pigs. 这些产品能够提高断奶仔猪的饲料采食量, 生长率和健康.Milk contains many important components with superior nutritional value for pigs. 奶制品含有许多对仔猪具有高营养价值的重要成分.These include carbohydrates (lactose), proteins (amino acids, specific proteins), lipids, Ca, P, and other minerals and vitamins. 这些包
5、括碳水化合物(乳糖), 蛋白质(氨基酸,特殊蛋白), 乳脂,钙,磷,和其他矿物质和维生素,Dried Products from Liquid Milk来源于液体乳的干奶制品,Dried Milk Powder 干奶粉,50-75 years ago, pigs were routinely weaned at 6-8 weeks of age. 50 到75年前,猪的常规断奶年龄为6到8周.In the 1960s swine producers began to adopt more intensive production practices led to earlier weaning
6、 of pigs at 3-4 weeks. 60年代开始,养猪生产者采用了更为集约化的生产方式, 导致仔猪的早期断奶( 3到4周龄断奶).Inclusion of dried milk powder or dried skim milk in post weaning diets became a common practice. 在日粮中添加奶粉或脱脂奶粉变的非常普遍.This was necessary to keep pigs alive, healthy, and growing. 乳制品是维持仔猪生命,健康和生长所必须.,Dried Milk Powder奶粉,Today, wit
7、h improved environments and specialized ingredients (dried whey, lactose, dried blood plasma, dried blood cells, fish meal), dried milk is seldom used.当今,应用饲养环境的改善和特殊饲料原料(乳清粉,乳糖,血浆蛋白粉,血细胞粉,鱼粉)的广泛使用,奶粉已经很少使用.Readily digestible carbohydrates (such as lactose) are essential to provide energy.易消化碳水化合物(乳
8、糖)是提供仔猪能量所必须的.Source of lactose is whey.乳糖的来源主要是乳清产品.,Dried Products from Cheese Production 来源于乳酪生产的干奶制品,Milk 鲜奶,Cheese 乳酪,Liquid Whey 液体乳清,Whey Processing 乳清的加工过程,Liquid Whey 液体乳清,Liquid whey was once considered a waste product. 液体乳清曾经被认为是废弃物品.It was disposed by通过以下方式处理: dumping it into waterways 倒
9、入河流或水域Spreading it on crop land 喷洒在农田中Transporting it to landfills 运输和倾倒在垃圾堆场In some parts of the world, liquid whey is fed directly to pigs. 有些国家把液体乳清直接用来喂猪.This is generally limited to areas close to cheese factories. 这种饲喂方式主要是在靠近乳酪生产厂的地区.Today, most of the whey is dried. 今天,多数液体乳清被干燥使用.,Milk 鲜奶,C
10、heese 乳酪,Liquid W hey 液体乳清,Drying 干燥,Whey Processing,Dried Whey 干乳清粉,Dried Whey 乳清粉,If whey is carefully dried, it makes an excellent ingredient for animal feeds. 仔细干燥的优质乳清粉是极好的动物饲料原料. Dried whey is the largest milk-based feed ingredient used in the feed and pet food industries in the USA. 乳清粉是美国饲料和
11、宠物饲料中使用的最大乳制品原料. About one-half of the dried whey produced in the USA is used in animal feeds (milk replacers and pig starters). 在美国所生产的乳清粉大约50%用于动物饲料.Almost all pig starter diets contain dried whey and/or one of its major components, lactose. 几乎所有的乳仔猪料中都含有乳清粉或它的主要成分-乳糖.,Dried Whey 乳清粉,Typically con
12、tains about 68% lactose and 12% protein 乳清粉通常含有68%的乳糖和12%的蛋白.Major proteins: b-lactoglobulin, a-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin, and immunoglobulin. 主要的蛋白组成是-乳球蛋白,-乳白蛋白,牛血清白蛋白,和免疫球蛋白.Source of amino acids 氨基酸来源Serve as a defense against microbial infections 作为抵御微生物侵入的防御系统Source of growth factors a
13、nd modulators 生长和调节代谢因子的来源Other proteins with important biological properties其他具有重要生物学特性的蛋白质:Lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme casein glycomacropeptide, phosphopeptides, and fat globule membrane proteins 乳铁蛋白,乳过氧化物酶,溶菌酶,酪蛋白糖聚肽,磷化肽,脂肪球膜蛋白.,Classification of Dried Whey乳清粉的分类,Edible grade whey 食品级
14、 low bacterial count 微生物计数少Feed grade whey 饲料级 does not make edible grade没有达到食品要求的Sweet whey 甜乳清粉 from cheddar cheese 源于切达乳酪的乳清液Acid whey 酸乳清粉 from cottage cheese production 源于酪农干酪的乳清液Regular whey 一般乳清粉Delactosed whey 脱乳糖乳清粉Spray dried whey 喷雾干乳清粉Roller dried whey 滚筒干乳清粉,Drying Systems 干燥方法,Spray dr
15、ied whey 喷雾干燥Whey is atomized into superheated air.液体乳清雾化在超高温的空气中High initial temperature, low final temperature. 高初始温度,低结束温度Predominance of a-lactose. 以-乳糖为主Results in a finer product that tends to be more hygroscopic.喷雾干乳清粉易吸水 Roller dried whey 滚筒干燥Whey is picked up by heated rollers or drums.液体乳清
16、喷雾在加热的滚筒上Scraped from rollers by the knife arm.干燥后的产品通过锋利的刀臂刮下Low initial temperature, high final temperature. 低初始温度,高结束温度Predominance of b-lactose (sweeter). 以b型乳糖为主.Results in a granular product that is less hygroscopic.产品为颗粒状,不易吸水,Indices of Overall Quality of Dried Whey乳清粉质量评价,Color 色泽Spray-drie
17、d whey frequently bleached white (food applications). 喷雾干乳清粉通常在漂白后干燥(食品使用)Roller-dried whey has no bleaching agents more cream colored.滚筒干乳清粉不添加漂白粉, 颜色为乳黄色.Dark or yellowish spray-dried whey may indicate overheating or long storage periods.深色或黄色的喷雾干乳清粉通常是高温或长时间存贮所致.Overheating or long storage period
18、s can result in the Maillard reaction.干燥温度过高或存储时间长会导致美拉得反应Epsilon amino group of lysine binds to carbohydrate赖氨酸的 氨基团与碳水化合物结合Bound lysine is not absorbed unavailable. 结合的赖氨酸不能被吸收,Indices of Overall Quality of Dried Whey乳清粉质量评价,Ash content 灰分含量Low ash content is desirable.低灰分最为理想High ash may indicate
19、 that the whey became acidic and sodium hydroxide was added before drying to raise the pH.高灰分表明乳清液变酸,干燥前添加氢氧化钠提高pH值High ash generally means high salt content this can cause diarrhea in pigs.高灰分也是高盐分的表现. 高盐分会引起猪下痢High ash content may also indicate that a flow agent was added to enhance flowability of
20、 the final product. 另外, 高灰分可能是为改进产品的流动性添加的流动剂所致,Composition of Dried Whey乳清粉的营养成分,Dried Whey 乳清粉 Dry matter,干物质 %96Lactose, 乳糖 %68Crude protein, 粗蛋白 %12.1Crude fat, 粗脂肪 %0.9Lysine, 赖氨酸 %0.90Digestible lysine,可消化赖氨酸 %0.78Ca, 钙 %0.75P, 磷 %0.72P availability, 磷的利用率 %100NaCl, 氯化钠 %2.34ME, Mcal/kg 代谢能3.1
21、9,Milk 鲜奶,Cheese 乳酪,Liquid W hey 液体乳清,Lactose 乳糖,Partially DelactosedPermeate 部分脱乳糖透析液,WheyProtein Conc. 乳清浓缩蛋白,Permeate 透析液体,Drying 干燥,Ultrafiltration 超过滤,Whey Processing 乳清粉加工过程,Dried Permeate(Dairylac 80),Dried Whey 乳清粉,Composition of Dried Whey Products乳清粉产品营养成分,Whole Whey Dry matter, 干物质 %96Lac
22、tose, 乳糖 %68Crude protein,粗蛋白 %12.1Crude fat, 粗脂肪 %0.9Lysine, 赖氨酸 %0.90Digestible lysine,可消化赖氨酸 %0.78Ca, 钙 %0.75P, 磷 %0.72P availability, 磷利用率 %100NaCl, 氯化钠 %2.34ME, Mcal/kg 代谢能3.19,Composition of Dried Whey Products乳清粉产品营养成分,Whole Delactosed Whey Whey Dry matter,干物质 %9696Lactose, 乳糖 %6854Crude prot
23、ein,粗蛋白 %12.117.6Crude fat, 粗脂肪 %0.91.1Lysine, 赖氨酸 %0.901.51Digestible lysine,可消化赖氨酸 %0.781.31Ca, 钙 %0.752.00P, 磷 %0.721.37P availability, 有效磷 %100100NaCl, %2.345.28ME, Mcal/kg3.192.91,Composition of Dried Whey Products乳清粉产品的营养成分,Whole Delactosed Whey Whey Whey PermeateDry matter, 干物质%969696Lactose,
24、 乳糖 %685480Crude protein,粗蛋白 %12.117.63.8Crude fat, 粗脂肪%0.91.10.2Lysine, 赖氨酸 %0.901.510.18Digestible lysine, 可消化赖氨酸 %0.781.310.16Ca, 钙 %0.752.000.86P, 磷 %0.721.370.66P availability,有效磷 %100100100NaCl, 氯化钠 %2.345.283.23ME, Mcal/kg, 代谢能3.192.913.30,Nutritional Value of Dried Whey, Dried Whey Permeate,
25、 and Lactose乳清粉,低蛋白乳清粉,乳糖的营养价值,Dried Whey in Pig Starter Diets断奶仔猪料中乳清粉的使用,Excellent ingredient 极好的原料Palatable 适口性好High in lactose 乳糖含量高Best carbohydrate source for young pigs 幼龄猪最理想的碳水化合物来源Excellent source of protein 极好的蛋白质来源Highly digestible 易消化Excellent profile of amino acids 理想的氨基酸组成Functional p
26、roteins immunoglobulins, etc. 功能性蛋白质,免疫球蛋白,One of the First Studies with Dried Whey in Diets for Young Pigs幼龄猪日粮中使用乳清粉的最早研究之一Krider, Becker, Curtin, and Van PouckeUniversity of Illinois (1949),Control Dried Whey对照2% 4%Daily gain, g 313 409413Daily feed, g9941,1531,135Feed/gain3.653.143.0210 pigs/tre
27、atment, 15 to 33 kg - J. Anim. Sci. 8:112 (1949),Early Studies with Dried Whey in Starter Diets for Young Pigs早期在断奶仔猪料中使用乳清粉的研究28 experiments 3,393 pigs weaned at 4-5 weeks 6 to 15 kg,对照 乳清粉 改进,% Control Dried Improv- Whey ment, %Daily gain, g2682919Daily feed, g4775087Feed/gain1.841.793In most case
28、s, 10-20% dried whey. 多数试验使用10到20%的乳清粉,University of Kentucky Research Studies with Dried Whey in Pig Starter Diets肯塔基大学在仔猪料里添加乳清粉的研究结果,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪日粮中使用乳清粉的效果,Dried whey, %051015Daily gain, g337364382407Daily feed, g610641706712Feed/gain1.811.761.851.75Baird et al. (1974) 176 pi
29、gs weaned at 21 days, 35-day test, 5.4 to 18.6 kg.,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪日粮中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Control Whey Lactose 5 10 % 3.4 - 6.8% Daily gain, g336372377Daily feed, g608672672Feed/gain1.811.811.78Baird et al. (1974) 176 pigs weaned at 21 days; 35-day test from 5.4 to 18.6 kg,Dried Whey for Wea
30、nling Pigs断奶仔猪日粮中添加乳清粉的效果,Control Whey Improve- 20% ment, %Daily gain, g2362506Daily feed, g4454634Feed/gain1.911.853Survival, 成活率%97.998.91Stahly et al. (1983); 480 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 6.8 to 13.6 kg,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪日粮中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Control Whey Improve- 20% ment,
31、 %Daily gain, g23630026Daily feed, g47257622Feed/gain2.081.985Cromwell et al. (1984); 108 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 7.7 to 15.0 kg,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪日粮中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Control Whey Improve- 15% ment, %Daily gain, g30433510Daily feed, g52257610Feed/gain1.721.73Burnell et al.
32、(1987); 252 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 7.3 to 16.3 kg,Spray- vs Roller-Dried Whey for Pigs喷雾和滚筒干乳清粉的比较,Control Spray- Roller- Dried Dried 24% 24%Daily gain, g413431445Daily feed, g672740708Feed/gain1.601.681.59Cromwell et al. (1994); 180 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 7.3 to
33、19.1 kg,Roller Dried Whey vs. Dairylac-80 for Weanling Pigs 滚筒干乳清粉和乳宝-80比较,Control Whey Dairylac-80 20% 18% -(15% lactose)- Daily gain, g350368404Daily feed, g586672690Feed/gain1.691.851.70Cromwell et al. (1995); 84 pigs weaned at 28 days; 28-day test from 8.6 to 19.1 kg,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs
34、Overall Summary of Six University of Kentucky Experiments肯塔基大学六个乳清粉试验的结果总结,Control Whey Improve- ment, %Daily gain, g31335011Daily feed, g54961712Feed/gain1.801.80-6 experiments, 1,178 pigs, 4 to 8 weeks, 8 to 17 kg,Dried Whey for Weanling PigsAverage Daily Gain, g 日增重,克,University of Kentucky6 expe
35、riments, 1,178 pigs,Dried Whey for Weanling PigsAverage Daily Feed Intake, g 采食量,克,University of Kentucky6 experiments, 1,178 pigs,Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs断奶仔猪日粮中添加乳清粉和乳糖的效果,Dried whey, %1520253035Daily gain, g163182186209227Daily feed, g308322335368377Feed/gain1.891.781.801.761.66Mahan (1992),
36、Ohio State University; 130 pigs weaned at 14 days.,Levels of Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs不同水平的日粮乳清粉对断奶仔猪的影响,Ohio State University (1992)俄汉俄州立大学 (1992)4-wk test, 130 pigs weaned at 2 wk,Levels of Dried Whey for Weanling Pigs不同水平的日粮乳清粉对断奶仔猪的影响,Kansas State University (1981) 堪萨斯州立大学(1981)35-d test, 100
37、 pigs weaned at 19 d,Daily gain, kg,Levels of Lactose for Weanling Pigs for14 Days Postweaning 在断奶14天内日粮中的乳糖水平,Mahan et al. (2004) - Ohio State University 俄汉俄州立大学MAHAN博士等(2004)240 pigs weaned at 19 days,Levels of Lactose for Weanling Pigs from7 to 21 Days Postweaning在断奶7到21天内日粮中的乳糖水平,Mahan et al. (2
38、004) - Ohio State University 330 pigs weaned at 19 days,Objectives目的,To assess the efficacy of lactose in the diet during the mid nursery phase 2 to 4 weeks postweaning.评价在保育中期,断奶后的2到4周饲喂乳糖的效果.To determine the level of lactose that gives the maximum response.决定日粮中的最佳乳糖水平.To determine if the benefits
39、 of lactose are maintained following elimination of lactose from the diet.决定是否乳糖的效益能够在以后饲喂不含乳糖日粮阶段中保持下来.,Experimental Procedures试验方法,Collaborative study at 3 stations (KY, MO, and OH)在肯塔基,密苏里,俄汉俄3所大学的试验站同时进行.1,320 pigs in the study 试验中共使用1320头猪Pigs weaned at 15 to 20 d (6.2 kg) 仔猪在15到20日龄断奶,体重6.2公斤A
40、llotted by weight and gender to 5 dietary treatments 根据体重和性别将仔猪分配到5个不同的日粮处理.120 pens, 24 reps of 5 or 23 pigs/pen 120栏猪,每栏5到23头,每个处理24个重复.Four phases experimental diets during phase 3.日粮分为四个阶段,第三阶段日粮为试验日粮.Length of experiment: 35 to 42 d 试验日粮从35日龄饲喂到42日龄.Conventional nursery pens with slotted floors
41、. 试验在常规,具有条缝地板的保育栏进行.,Experimental Procedures试验方法,肯塔基KY 密苏里MO 俄汉俄OHNo. reps/treatment888Pigs/pen5235Avg initial age, d19.017.518.0Avg initial weight, kg6.85.95.8Avg days on test354240Avg final weight, kg25.723.926.4Floor space/pig, m20.280.170.30,Treatments 日粮处理,Week 1 (Phase 1) Common diet 20% lact
42、oseWeek 2 (Phase 2) Common diet 15% lactoseWeek 3 (Phase 3) 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% lactoseWeek 4Week 5 (Phase 4) Common diet no lactoseWeek 6,Source of Lactose 乳糖来源,Dairylac 80 乳宝-80Granular, nonhygroscopic product produced from sweet whey solubles颗粒状,不易吸水的来自于甜乳清透析液Contains 80% lactose含有大约80%乳糖Internat
43、ional Ingredient CorporationSt. Louis, Missouri,Analyzed Composition of Dairylac 80乳宝-80的成分分析,%Dry matter 干物质96.0Lactose 乳糖79.3Protein 蛋白4.6Lysine 赖氨酸0.15Fat 脂肪0.46Fiber 纤维0.12Ash 灰分9.84Ca 钙0.52P 磷0.63NaCl 氯化钠3.00,Phase 1 and 2 Common Diets第1和第2阶段的共同日粮,Phase 1 (%) Phase 2 (%)Corn37.642.0Soybean meal, dehulled18.022.0Dried whey20.010.0Dairylac 807.510.0Fish meal, select6.07.5Spray-dried plasma5.02.5Choice white grease3.03.0Dical phos, Limestone, Salt0.850.76LysHCl, Thr, Met0.320.50Vitamin, trace-min premix0.40.4Mecadox-2.51.01.0ZnO0.30.3CuSO40.050.05,
