1、外文翻译ONTHEACCOUNTINGPOLICYONTHEIMPACTOFTAXPLANNINGMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/ENGHI138COM/I82263AUTHORKURESCHMIDTTAXPLANNINGISALSOKNOWNASTAXPLANNING,THATMEANSTHESTATESTAXLAWSANDREGULATIONS,ANDPOLICIESTOTHEEXTENTPERMITTEDBYRIGHTBUSINESS,INVESTMENT,FINANCIALACTIVITIESINTHEEARLYSTAGEOFPLANNING,ASMUCHASPOSSIBLETO
2、REDUCETHETAXBURDENINORDERTOOBTAINTAXBENEFITSTHATIS,FULLUSEOFALLAVAILABLETAXCONCESSIONS,INVARIOUSALTERNATIVEAPPROACHWOULDCHOOSETHEBESTPROGRAMINORDERTOACHIEVEAFTERTAXPROFITMAXIMIZATIONACCOUNTINGPOLICYREFERSTOTHEACCOUNTINGFIRMSTOFOLLOWWHENTHESPECIFICPRINCIPLES,ASWELLASENTERPRISESINTHEADOPTIONOFTHESPECI
3、FICACCOUNTINGTREATMENTCHINASACCOUNTINGPOLICIESCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESONEISTHEMANDATORYACCOUNTINGPOLICIESSUCHASTHEDIVISIONOFTHEACCOUNTINGPERIOD,ACCOUNTINGCURRENCY,THECOMPOSITIONOFACCOUNTINGREPORTSANDFORMATS,ALLKINDSOFASSETSRECORDEDVALUETOTHEREVENUERECOGNITIONPRINCIPLESTHESEARETHECOMPANIESMUSTFO
4、LLOW,ANDNOTSUBJECTTOTAXPLANNINGIMPLICATIONSTHEOTHERISTHEACCOUNTINGPOLICYCHOICEIFTHEINVENTORYVALUATIONMETHOD,FIXEDASSETS,DEPRECIATIONMETHODS,BADDEBTSANDDAMAGETOPROPERTYACCOUNTINGMETHODS,AMORTIZATIONOFPREMIUMDISCOUNTLONGTERMINVESTMENTAPPROACH,LONGTERMINVESTMENTACCOUNTINGMETHODS,COSTAMORTIZATIONMETHOD,
5、REVENUESCONFIRMATIONANDSETTLEMENTPATTERNTHECHOICEOFACCOUNTINGPOLICIESFORTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTAXPLANNINGTHATCANPROVIDESPACEFORCOMPANIESACCORDINGTOTHEIRPRODUCTIONANDOPERATIONSTATUSANDTAXRELATEDLAWSANDREGULATIONSINTHETRADEOFFSUNDERTHEPREMISEOFTHEOPTIMALCHOICECANBETAXACCOUNTINGPOLICIESTHECHOICEOFACCOUNTI
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7、CESCANREDUCETHEAMOUNTOFTAXABLEINCOME,TOASMALLTAXPURPOSESTHROUGHACCOUNTINGPOLICYCHOICES,WECANFULLYENJOYTHETAXINCENTIVESTOACHIEVETOMAXIMIZEAFTERTAXBENEFITSTHEACCOUNTINGPOLICYCHOICESARENOTVULNERABLETOEXTERNALECONOMICANDTECHNOLOGICALCONDITIONSPLANNINGLOWCOST,EASYTOOPERATE,COMPANIESGENERALLYDONOTCHANGETH
8、ENORMALPRODUCTIONANDOPERATIONACTIVITIESANDOPERATIONSINAVARIETYOFTAXPLANNING,THEIMPACTOFACCOUNTINGPOLICYISTHEMOSTOBVIOUS,CANBESAIDTHATENTERPRISESINTHEPROCESSOFTAXPLANNINGISALSOANACCOUNTINGPOLICYCHOICEPROCESSHEREWEHAVETOAPPROACHTHECHOICEOFPROVISIONFORDEPRECIATIONOFFIXEDASSETSACCOUNTINGPOLICYCHOICES,FO
9、REXAMPLELOOKATTHEIMPACTOFTAXPLANNINGFIXEDASSETSDEPRECIATIONISDEFINEDASTHEUSEFULLIFEOFFIXEDASSETS,INACCORDANCEWITHTHEMETHODTODETERMINETHEAMOUNTOFACCRUEDDEPRECIATIONSYSTEMATICASSESSMENTCOSTOFDEPRECIATIONOFFIXEDASSETSISANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEIMPACTOFCORPORATEINCOMETAXANIMPORTANTFACTORDEPRECIATIONOFFIXEDASS
10、ETSAFFECTEDBYTHESIZEOFTHEORIGINALVALUEOFFIXEDASSETSOFFACTORS,ESTIMATEDNETRESIDUALVALUE,USEFULLIFEANDDEPRECIATIONOFFIXEDASSETSISEXPECTEDTOUSETHEMETHODSWECANSEEFROMSEVERALASPECTSOFTHEIRTAXPLANNINGIMPACT1FROMTHEVALUATIONOFFIXEDASSETS,SEEBUTTHEVALUATIONOFFIXEDASSETSHAVEACLEARMANAGEMENTPRINCIPLES,TODETER
11、MINETHEVALUEOFFIXEDASSETS,EXCEPTFORANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGSPECIALCIRCUMSTANCES,INGENERAL,CANNOTBEADJUSTED1NATIONALUNITYUNDERTHECHECKEDASSETS2ASPARTOFDEMOLITIONOFFIXEDASSETS3FIXEDPERMANENTDAMAGEOCCURSBYTHECOMPETENTTAXAUTHORITY,AFTEREXAMINATION,ADJUSTEDTOTHERECOVERABLEAMOUNTOFFIXEDASSETSANDRECOGNIZEDLOSSES4
12、TOADJUSTBASEDONTHEACTUALVALUEOFTHEORIGINALTEMPORARYVALUATIONFOUNDINTHEORIGINALVALUEORVALUATIONERRORSSOALMOSTNOFIXEDPRICINGFLEXIBILITY,THETAXPAYERINTHISREGARD,ITISDIFFICULTTODOAREASONABLETAXAVOIDANCEPLANNINGARTICLES2FROMTHEESTIMATEDNETRESIDUALVALUEOFTHELOOKENTERPRISEOFTHENEWLYACQUIREDFIXEDASSETSCANBE
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14、INGSYSTEM,THEEXPECTEDUSEFULLIFEOFFIXEDASSETSISONLYPROVIDEDFORARANGE,WHICHMAKESTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEEXPECTEDUSEFULLIFETOACCOMMODATEANUMBEROFHUMANFACTORS,PROVIDETHEPOSSIBILITYFORTAXPLANNINGFORTHEEARLYYEARS,ANDENJOYTHEPREFERENTIALTREATMENTOFTHEGENERALCORPORATETAXRELIEFSHOULDBEEXTENDEDTHEDEPRECIATIONPER
15、IODTOALLOWMORETAXBREAKSFORDEPRECIATIONDEFERREDTOAFTERTHEEXPIRYOFTHECOSTTOACHIEVETHETAXSAVINGPURPOSESFORINTHENORMALPRODUCTIONANDOPERATIONPERIOD,ANDTHENOTENTITLEDTOTAXINCENTIVESFORBUSINESSES,THEGENERALDEPRECIATIONPERIODSHOULDBESHORTENEDTOSPEEDUPCOSTRECOVERY,SOTHATTHEPROFITAFTERTHESHIFT,INTHEDEFERREDTA
16、XTOGETTHETIMEVALUEOFMONEY,EQUIVALENTTOANINTERESTFREELOANMADETOTHESTATEREPOSTEDELSEWHEREINTHEPAPERFORFREEDOWNLOAD4WAYSOFLOOKINGATFROMTHEDEPRECIATIONOFFIXEDASSETSFIXEDASSETSDEPRECIATIONMETHODISTHEAVERAGELENGTHOFLAW,THEWORKLOADOFLAW,DOUBLEDECLININGBALANCEMETHODANDTHENUMBEROFYEARSOFCOMBINEDLAW,ANDDIFFER
17、ENTDEPRECIATIONMETHODSFORTAXCOMPANIESWILLHAVEDIFFERENTTAXEFFECTSVALUEOFFIXEDASSETSPRIMARILYCOMPENSATIONANDCOMPENSATIONFORTIMEWILLSOONERORLATERRESULTINDIFFERENT,THEREBYAFFECTINGTHEAMOUNTOFCORPORATEPROFITSBYTHEEXTENTOFWRITEDOWNSBUTCHINASCURRENTTAXONTHEDEPRECIATIONMETHODMADEACLEARPROVISIONTHATTHEVASTMA
18、JORITYOFENTERPRISESCANONLYUSEASTRAIGHTLINEDEPRECIATIONMETHODONLYSOMEPARTOFTHEFIXEDASSETSOFENTERPRISESCANUSEACCELERATEDDEPRECIATIONMETHODINGENERAL,THEUSEOFAVERAGELENGTHMETHOD,THEDEPRECIABLELIFEISEQUALPROVISIONFORDEPRECIATIONCHARGES,THECOMPANYSTAXABLEINCOMEEACHPERIODOFRELATIVEEQUILIBRIUMUSINGWORKLOADA
19、PPROACH,COUNTINGTHEAMOUNTOFDEPRECIATIONEACHPERIODISDIFFERENTFROMTHEPROFITANDLOSSTHEREISNOOBVIOUSCHANGEINLAWUSINGTHENUMBEROFYEARSTHESUMOFTHELAWSORDOUBLEDECLININGBALANCEMETHODANDSOACCELERATEDDEPRECIATIONMETHOD,DEPRECIATIONPROVISIONFOREACHPERIODASTHEPERIODOFDEPRECIATIONOFFIXEDASSETSONTHEREDUCINGORTHERE
20、DUCINGTHENETBOOKVALUEOFEACHONTHEDECREASETHATISLARGEANDTHELATTERPARTOFTHEEARLYDEPRECIATIONISSMALL,WHICHALLOWSBUSINESSESTAXABLEINCOMEEACHPERIOD,SHOWINGINCREASINGTRENDTHISISEQUIVALENTTOTHELAWHASMADEINTERESTFREELOANFROMTHESTATETOOBTAINADEFERREDTAXBENEFITWILLHELPENTERPRISESTOOBTAINTHETIMEVALUEOFMONEYFROM
21、THEPRESENTVALUEOFTAXLIABILITYPOINTOFVIEW,THEUSEOFDOUBLEDECLININGBALANCEMETHODOFDEPRECIATION,THETAXATLEAST,THETOTALNUMBEROFYEARSFOLLOWEDBYFRANCE,WHILETHEUSEOFSTRAIGHTLINEMETHODOFDEPRECIATION,THETAXUPSHOULDTHEONLYFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTAXSAVINGS,ACCELERATEDDEPRECIATIONTAXDEPRECIATIONISTOOPTIMIZETHEWAYTH
22、EBESTCHOICEOFCOURSE,THEDEPRECIATIONOFEXTRACTIONBUTALSOCONSIDEROTHERFACTORS,SUCHASWHETHERTHEENTERPRISEINATAXREDUCTIONPERIOD,INFLATION,LOSSOFPROFITSTATUSINTHEPROFITMAKINGENTERPRISES,DUETODEPRECIATIONEXPENSEWILLBENEFITFROMTHEPROCEEDSOFTHETAXDEDUCTIONTHATYEAR,THEDEPRECIATIONSHOULDBESELECTEDEARLYYEARSOFT
23、HEGREATESTAMOUNTOFDEPRECIATIONTHEDEPRECIATIONMETHODINTHEENJOYMENTOFTHEENTERPRISEINCOMETAXPREFERENTIALPOLICIES,DUETOTAXEXEMPTIONSDURINGTHEPERIODEFFECTOFTHEDEPRECIATIONCOSTSWILLBETAXDEDUCTIBLEWHOLEORINPARTBEENOFFSETBYTHEDEPRECIATIONPERIODOFTAXEXEMPTIONSSHOULDBESELECTEDSMALL,NONTAXEXEMPTIONSOVERTHEDEPR
24、ECIATIONPERIODOFTHEDEPRECIATIONMETHODINLOSSMAKINGBUSINESSESTOCHOOSETHEDEPRECIATIONMETHODSHOULDREMEDYTHESITUATIONWITHTHELOSSOFBUSINESSCOMBINATION,SOTHATCANNOTGETORCANNOTBECOMPLETELYPRETAXCOMPENSATEFORLOSSESTOREDUCETHEAMOUNTOFANNUALDEPRECIATIONFINALLY,ASENTERPRISESINTHEACCOUNTINGPOLICYCHOICEMUSTBECOMP
25、LIANCEWITHTHEACCOUNTINGREGULATIONSANDACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSTOBUSINESSOBJECTIVESANDPOLICYORIENTEDBUTALSOACCORDINGTOTHEIRSPECIFICSITUATIONSHOULDCHOOSEITSOWNACCOUNTINGPOLICIES,ANDSHOULDNOTBECHANGEDONCECONFIRMED译文会计政策对纳税筹划的影响资料来源HTTP/WWWHI138COM/E/I82263作者KURESCHMIDT税务计划就是通常被人所知的纳税筹划,是指在国家法律、法规和政策允许的范围内在经营
26、初期对正当的商业经营、投资、财务活动进行计划和筹划,以尽可能的减少税收负担从而获得税收上的经济利益。换句话说就是充分利用现有的税务特许权,在各种可选择的方法中选择一个最佳的方案以谋求税后利润最大化。会计政策是指会计主体应遵循的具体原则,以及企业在处理会计事项时所采用的方法。中国的会计政策可以分为两大类,一种是强制性会计政策例如会计期间的划分,会计本位币,会计报表的构成以及格式,各项资产的入账价值和各种收入确认原则。这些是公司必须遵守的,且不受税收筹划的影响。另一种是可选择的会计政策,例如存货价值的计量方法,固定资产折旧方法,坏账和资产损毁的会计处理方法,保险费和折扣优惠的摊销,长期投资的方法以
27、及会计处理,费用的分摊方法,收入的确认和结算方式。为执行纳税筹划而进行的会计政策的选择可以根据公司的产品和营运情况,所涉及的税收法律法规而定。会计政策的选择包括当发生某一特定的交易事项时,第一选择和客观原因发生了变化,由于这些变化使得原有的会计政策不适用,从而选择新的会计政策。选择会计政策从而推迟纳税可以获得货币的时间价值。会计政策的选择能够减少应税收入总额,这是一个小的税务目的,我们能充分的享用税收激励政策来获得最大的税后利润。会计政策的选择不易受到对外部的经济和科技条件的影响。计划降低成本,简化经营运转,公司通常不改变正常的产品和经营活动。在一系列的税收计划中,会计政策对税款的影响是最明显
28、的,可以这样说,公司的税务计划过程也是一个会计政策的选择过程。现在我们开始探讨固定资产折旧政策的选择,例如着眼于税务计划的影响,固定资产的折旧被定义为固定资产的使用年限,与测定系统的评估折旧的增长的总量的方法相一致。固定资产的折旧是影响公司所得税众多因素中不可或缺的一部分。固定资产的折旧受资产购入原值以及所估计的最终净残值,依据使用方法所确定的使用年限等因素的影响。我们能够从以下几个方面观察资产折旧对税务计划的影响1从固定资产的估值来看固定资产的估值有一个明确的官方准则用来规范固定资产的价值判定,但是以下几点特殊情况,一般来说是不适用的1国家同一的核查资产,2部分损坏的固定资产,(3)固定的永
29、久性损坏,经主管税务机关发生的,经审查后,调整至固定资产可收回金额,并确认损失,(4)调整的基础上,原来的临时估价的实际值,在找到的原始值或估值错误。所以几乎没有灵活可变的固定资产的价格,在这几种情况下纳税者是很难做到适度避税的。2从净残值的估计来看公司最新所需的固定资产可以减去固定资产的折旧,这就需要估计固定资产的净残值比率,企业通常会给出一个固定的比率比如原值的5。这也使得使用资产净残值来进行税务计划变得不太可能。3从可使用年限来看会计系统在固定资产的可使用年限上只是给出了一定的范围,这就使得决定资产预定可使用年限存在一定的人为因素,这就为进行税务计划提供了可能。对于早期,并享受一般企业减
30、免税优惠应延长折旧年限,允许更多递延所得税折旧后的成本期满达到节税的目的;由于在正常的生产和经营周期内,营业没有资格享受税务激励政策,正常的折旧年限应该被缩短以加速费用的回流,所以改变后的利润存在的递延税项的时间价值,等同于企业从政府获得一笔无息贷款。4从计提固定资产折旧的方式来看固定资产折旧方法有法定平均年限法,法定工作量法,双倍余额递减法和年数总和法,采取不同的折旧方法对纳税公司来说有着不同的税务影响。起初固定资产的价值的补偿金额和补偿时间往往是不同的。因此通过在一定程度上降低固定资产的账面价值可以影响公司的利润。不过中国现行的税法在折旧方法上有一个明确的条款那就是大多数的公司只能用直线折
31、旧法。一般而言,使用平均年限法,折旧年限内每年的折旧费用是相等的,公司各期的应纳税所得总额相对平稳;使用工作量的方法,计算每个时期的折旧总额随着各期的利润或损失的变化而变化的,而在法规上则没有明显变化;使用年数总额法或双倍余额递减法等加速折旧方法,每个固定资产的折旧年限内计提的折旧逐年减少,降低了每年的账面净值。这样折旧初期的折旧额与末期的相比相对较大,这使得企业各个时期的应纳税所得额,呈现上升趋势。这相当于已经从国家获得了免息贷款,以获得递延税项利益,有利于企业获取资金的时间价值。从税收负债现值的观点来看,使用双倍余额递减法可使税收总额降至最低,其次是年数总额法,而使用直线折旧方法,税务总额
32、最高。如果从节税的角度看只有加速折旧法是优化税收方式的最佳选择。当然,选择哪种折旧方法,还要考虑许多其他因素,诸如企业是否在减税期间,市场是否存在通货膨胀,企业的盈利状况等。在盈利企业,由于折旧费用与税收成负相关,应选择的折旧方法是在初期有加大折旧额的;在企业享受所得税优惠政策时,由于期间内的折旧费用对税收的影响将会被免税或部分被免税的政策所抵消,因此在这段时间内因选择规模较小的,没有税收免除的折旧方法;亏损企业选择折旧方法时,应该纠正与企业合并的损失,使无法或不能完全在税前弥补亏损,因此选择折旧额最低的方案最佳。最后,公司在选择会计政策时必须遵守会计法律法规,符合业务目标和政策导向,但是也要根据自身的特殊情况选自适合自身的会计政策,一旦选择后不得擅自改变