1、上册 Unit OneTRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS David G. Jensen 核心员工的特征 大卫G詹森1 What exactly is a key player? A “Key Player“ is a phrase that Ive heard about from employers during just about every search Ive conducted. I asked a client - a hiring manager involved in a recent search - to define it for me. “Every
2、 company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. On my team of seven process engineer and biologists, Ive got two or three whom I just couldnt live without,“ he said. “Key players are essential to my organization. And when we hire your company t
3、o recruit for us, we expect that youll be going into other companies and finding just that: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. We recruit only key players.“ 1 核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户一位正参与研究的人事部经理， 给我解释一下。 “每家公司都有少数几个 这样的员工，在某个 专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的
4、小组中，有七名化工流程工程 师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我 们招募新人的时候，我 们期待你 们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。”2 This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitors companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. They want to hire a “key player“ f
5、rom another company. Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies, and what theyre looking for is exactly the same. “We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. If it looks like they have these same traits, well place a bet on them.“ Its just a bit riskier.2 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把 猎
6、头们派往竞 争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他 们看起来有同样 特征的话，我 们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。3 “Its an educated guess,“ says my hiring manager client. Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk. You need to help the
7、m identify you as a prospective “key player“.3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作 为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部 经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。4 Trait 1: The selfless collaborator John Fetzer, career consultant and chemist, first suggested this trait, which has already been written about a great deal. It deserves repeat
8、ing because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry. “Its teamwork,“ says Fetzer“ The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out. You just cant succeed in an industry environment without this mindset“4
9、特征 1：无私的合作者职业顾问和化学家约翰费策 尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术 界和企业间最明显的差别。 “这里需要合作， ”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的 员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。”5 Many peptides and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has
10、 involved playing the independent- researcher role and outshining other young stars. You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of a common goaland documenting the results on your resume. This approach, co
11、mbined with a liberal use of the pronoun “we“ and not just “I“ when describing your accomplishments, can change the companys perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator. Better still, develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborates with as a person who fo
12、sters and initiates collaborationsand make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls.5 许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现 得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是
13、“我”，能使公司对你的看法从 “单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验 室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人还要保证让 那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。6 Trait 2: A sense of urgencyDon Haut is a frequent contributor to the aas.sciencecareers. org discussion forum. He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then
14、 on to a senior management position. Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues. He is among those who value a sense of urgency.6 特征 2：紧迫感唐-豪特是一位给 aaas.sciencecareersorg 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。 许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在 3M 公司一个部门
15、负责 策略和商业开发工作， 这个部门每年上缴的税收高达 24 亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。7 “Business happens 24/7/365 which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,“ says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting there faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to mov
16、e quickly, but you have to know how to decide where there is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions. This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to manage
17、ment.“7“一年 365 天，一周 7 天，一天 24 小时，生意始 终在进行，那意味着一年 365 天，一周 7 天，一天 24 小时， 竞争也同样在进行，”豪特 说，“ 公司取胜 的方法之一就是要更快地到达目的地。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定 目的地是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。 这需要全公司各部 门的运作，而不 仅仅是管理部门的工作。”8 Trait 3: Risk toleranceBeing OK with risk is something that in
18、dustry demands. “A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information. He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion,“ wrote one of my clients in a job description.8 特征 3：风险容忍度企业要求员工能承受风险。“
19、一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，” 一位客户在职业描述中写道。9 Haut agrees. “Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk- personal, organizational, and financial. This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful,
20、studied research. Further, great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the answer itself, so scientists often fall in love with the process. In a business, you need to understand the process, but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on
21、what you think that answer means to your business. Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people.“9 豪特赞同这一说法。“ 商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险个人的，组织上的和财务 上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适 应，因 为学术上的成功其实 是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程
22、。在企 业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该 答案对你的企业所具有的意 义来冒风险。像 这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。 ”10 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidates degree of comfort with failure. Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances. So companies consistently look for
23、 candidates who can be wrong and admit it. Everyone knows how to talk about successesor they should if theyre in a job searchbut far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures, and fewer still know how to bring lessons and advantages back from the brink. “For my organization, a candidate ne
24、eds to have comfort discussing his or her failures, and he or she needs to have real failures, not something made up for interview day. If not, that person has not taken enough risk.“ says Haut.10 风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因 为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有
25、人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失 败的边缘吸取教 训和获得经验。 “对我的企业来说，求 职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，” 豪特说。11 Trait 4: Strength in interpersonal relationshipsRick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics. Leach made the transition to industry recently, on the business side o
26、f things“. I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role, interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure. “Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen,“ he says, “but working for a business requires something else e
27、ntirelypeople skills. The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets. To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been valued and
28、 measured only by his mastery of things,“ says Rick.11 特征 4：善于处理人际关系瑞克李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事 业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失 败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，” 他说，“ 但 为企业工作需要完全不同的东西人际交往的能力。想 转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。 对一个以前一直根据 专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之 间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令
29、人恐惧。”12 It would be a mistake, however, to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach. Indeed, the key players Ive met who work at the bench in industry have succeeded in great measure because theyve been able to work with a broad variety of personalities, up a
30、nd down the organization.12 然而，如果认为只有像李奇那 样的生意人才需要熟练的人 际沟通技巧，那就 错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够 与公司上下各种各样的人共事。Unit FourThe following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V. Benokraitis.The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and womens studies in a n
31、umber of universities in the United States. It highlights important contemporary changes in society and the family and explores the choices that are available to family members, as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize. It examines the diversity of American families today, using c
32、ross-cultural and multicultural comparisons to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues that confront the family of the twenty-first century.下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。此 书 在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所 发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多 样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较
33、，以激发创造性思维来研究 21 世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPSNijole V. Benokraitis爱和情感连系奈杰尔 贝诺克瑞提斯1 Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival- The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of lov
34、e have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. By
35、 five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests. 1 爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神 经质或身心疾病， 这些病有时会伴随他们一生。而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。2 Much
36、 research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that peoples early intim
37、ate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.2 很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响
38、到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何 应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因 为这 些原因，人 们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关 爱 的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健康问题 。3 Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development. Actress Mae West once said, “I never loved an
39、other person the way I loved myself.“ Although such a statement may seem self-centered, its actually quite insightful Social scientists describe self-love as an important oasis for self- esteem. Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others. F
40、romm (1956) saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others. People who dont like themselves may not be able to return love but may constancy seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images. But just what is love? What brings people together? 3 对自己的爱，或者说自爱，对我们的社会性和情感发展也是至关重
41、要的。女演员梅 韦斯特曾说过， “我从没有像爱自己那样爱过别人。” 虽然这样的话听起来似乎有些以自我为中心，实际上却是相当有见地。社会学家将自 爱描述为自尊的一个重要基础。从别的方面来 说，自我喜 欢的人更乐于接受批 评，对别人的要求也不那么苛刻。弗罗姆(1956)认为自爱是爱别人的先决条件。不喜欢 自己的人也许不懂得回报爱 ，而却有可能不停地 寻找爱的关系来改变卑微的自我形象。那么到底什么是爱?是什么让人们走到一起?4 Love is an elusive concept. We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is; h
42、owever, when asked what love is, people give a variety of answers. According to a nine-year-old boy, for example, “Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life.“ What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers. Love has been a
43、 source of inspiration, wry witticisms, and even political action for many centuries.4 爱是一个难以描述的概念。我 们都经历过爱， 觉得我们知道 爱是什么，然而当被问到什么是爱时，人们给出的答案却不尽相同，比如一个九岁的男孩 说， “爱像雪崩，你必 须快跑才能活命。”爱对我们来说意味着什么，这取决于我们所指的是家人之间、朋友之间还是恋人之 间的爱。几百年来 爱都是灵感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活动的来源。5 Love has many dimensions. It can be romantic, exciti
44、ng, obsessive, and irrational- It can also be platonic, calming, altruistic, and sensible? Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts. At the very least, three elements are necessary for a loving relationship: (1) a
45、 willingness to please and accommodate the other person, even if this involves compromise and sacrifice; (2) an acceptance of the other persons faults and shortcomings; and (3) as much concern about the loved ones welfare as ones own. And, people who say they are “in love“ emphasize caring, intimacy
46、, and commitment.5 爱有很多层面，它可能是浪漫的，令人激动的，让人着迷的，或者是非理性的。它也可能是柏拉图式的，令人平静的，无私的，或者理智的。许多研究者觉得爱没有一个唯一的定义，它有程度和强度之分，并且跨越了社会背景。拥有恋 爱关系至少需要具备三个元素：1)愿意取悦和迁就另一方，即使需要妥协或牺牲；2)能接受另一方的错误和缺点；3) 关心爱人的幸福像关心自己一样。而且，说自己“ 处于恋爱中”的人们重视相互之间的关心、亲密和忠诚。6 In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential. Althoug
47、h love may,involve passionate yearning, respect is a more important quality. Respect is inherent inall love: “I want the loved person to grow and unfold for his own sake, and in his ownways, and not for the purpose of serving me.“ If respect and caring are missing, therelationship is not based on lo
48、ve. Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependencythat limits the lovers social, emotional, and intellectual growth.6 不管是哪种类型的爱，关心另一方是非常必要的。虽然爱可能包含激情的渴望，然而相互尊重才是更重要的品 质。相互尊重是所有爱的共性：“我想要我爱的人为他自己成长发展，并且用他自己的方式，而不是为了迎合我。”如果没有尊重和关怀，两人的关系就不是建立在 爱的基础上；反而成为 一种不健康的或者是具有占有欲的依赖，而 这会限制爱 的双方在社会、情感和智力方面的发展
49、。7 Love, especially long-term love, has nothing in common with the images of love or .frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels. Because of these images, many people believe a variety of myths about love. These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment. In fact, “real“ love is closer to what one author called “stirring-the-oatmeal love“ (Johnson 1985). This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling but is relatively mundane and unromantic. It means
