1、2018 年成人高考专升本英语串讲 第一节 概 念 一、开音节 以发音的元音字母结尾、以“元音字母+不发音的 e”结尾、以“ 一个元音字母+一个辅音 字母(r 除外)+不发音的 e”结尾的音节都叫开音节。 如：no， be， note。 发音的元音字母：a， e， i， o， u 二、闭音节 以“一个元音字母+一个或几个辅音字母(r 除外)”结尾的音节叫闭音节。 如：map， plan， west。 三、r 音节 以“元音字母+r” 构成的音节叫 r 音节。 如：car， doctor， teacher， dirty。 词汇与语法 第一节 名 词(null) 大纲要求掌握： 一、可数名词与不可
2、数名词 二、可数名词的复数形式 三、名词的所有格 四、名词在句子中的作用 一、可数名词与不可数名词 名词分可数与不可数两种。 可数名词表示某类人或东西中的个体。如 table， country。 或表示若干个体组成的集合体。如 family， people， committee， police。 不可数名词表示无法分为个体的实物。如 air， tea， furniture， water。 或表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念。如 work， information， advice， happiness。 有些名词在一种场合下是可数名词，在另一种场合下是不可数名词。 如 room 房间(可数)
3、 ，空间 (不可数) time 时间( 不可数)，次数(可数) fish 鱼(不可数)，各种各样的鱼(可数) 比较下列例句： There are nine rooms in the house. (房间，可数名词) There isnt enough room for us three in the car . (空间，不可数名词) 不可数名词的数量可以通过在其前面加单位词来表示。 如： 一块肉 a piece of meat 两条长面包 two loaves of bread 三件家具 three articles of furniture 一大笔钱 a large sum of money
4、 二、可数名词的复数形式 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词复数的构成如下： 1.一般情况下在名词后加-s 。如：girls， books。 浊辅音、元音结尾，s 发z 2.以 s， x ， ch， sh 结尾的词在名词后加-es。如：glasses ， boxes， matches， bushes。 以 s， x ， ch， sh 结尾，es 发iz 3.“辅音字母+y” 结尾的词，变 y 为 i 再加-es。如：city-cities， country-countries。 4.以 o 结尾的词多数加-es。如：heroes， tomatoes， potatoes。 radios， zoo
5、s， photos， pianos， kilos 例外。 5.f， fe 结尾的词，多数变 f，fe 为 v 再加-es。如：thief-thieves， leaf-leaves， half- halves， life-lives， wife-wives， knife-knives。 少数名词有不规则的复数形式。如：man-men ， woman-women， foot-feet， tooth- teeth， child-children， mouse-mice。 可数名词复数一般情况下考不规则复数形式。 个别名词的单数和复数的形式是一样的。如 Chineses， Japanese， shee
6、p， deer。 三、名词的所有格 名词的所有格表示所属关系， 起形容词的作用。 当名词表示有生命的东西时，所有格一般是在词尾加 s 。 如：Jeans room， my daughter-in-laws friends， my daughters-in-laws friends， childrens books。 如果名词已经有了复数词尾 s， 则只需加。如：the teachers books， my parents car。 时间名词的所有格在后面加 s ，复数加 。如：todays newspaper， five minutes walk。 当名词表示无生命的东西时，所有格常由“of”
7、短语构成。 如：the top of the world， the cover of the book， Chinas capital。 加 s 或 的名词所有格可以表示店铺或某人的家。 如：the grocers， the tailors， the Smiths 。 名词所有格考试常见部分是 名词表示没有生命的东西时，不能直接在其后加 s。 时间名词所有格在其后加 s，或复数名词后直接加。 四、名词在句子中的作用 名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语，有时可以作状语。 名词、代词或其他结构作主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。 1.主语是可数名词单数时，谓语动词用
8、单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形 式。 All roads lead to Rome。( 条条大路通罗马。) His brother is an industrial engineer。 The number of the students attending the party is increasing。 the number of 表示数量，无论后面名词是复数还是单数，谓语动词是单数形式。 Two-thirds of the shop belongs to me。 two-thirds 三分之二 几分之几作主语，谓语是单数形式。 belong to 属于某人 Both of us
9、 are studying English。 总结：在名词作主语时，the number of 谓语动词单数形式； 几分之几，谓语单数形式； both 谓语使用复数形式。 2、主语是不可数名词、不定式或动名词词组、从句时，谓语动词用单数形式。 All the money he received was given to his mother。 Forgetting the past means betrayal。 What we are talking now is useless。 3.主语部分若有 as well as， with， together with， like， but， ex
10、cept 等短语，谓语 动词的单、复数与短语前面的名词一致。 Mary， as well as her two sisters， is a student of this school。 (as well as her two sisters 作主语 Mary 的主语补足语，主语 Mary 是单数，所以谓语 动词用复数形式) No one except my friends knows anything about it。 4.表示时间、距离、重量、价值等的复数名词作主语时，如果当作整体看待，谓语动 词用单数形式。“+()=” 算式中的谓语动词也用单数形式。 Three times two i
11、s six。 Three kilometers is 3，ooo metres. (three kilometers 作为整体来看) 5.Either， neither 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 第二节 冠 词(1-42-2) 大纲要求： 1、不定冠词的基本用法 2、定冠词的基本用法 3、不加冠词的基本规则以及冠词的习惯用法 冠词是一种虚词，只能附着在名词上帮助说明名词的含义。 冠词分为定冠词(the)和不冠词(a 或 an)两类，定冠词表示特指，不定冠词表示泛指。 a 用于读音以辅音开头的词前面，an 用于读音以元音开头的词前面。 如：a university， a useful bo
12、ok， an umbrella， a horse， an honest man。 一、不定冠词的基本用法 1.表示“一” 的含义。 Give me a pen please。 We go shopping twice a week。 2.泛指某个人或东西。 Yesterday we visited an English secondary school。 She picked up a magazine and began to read。 3.表示一类人或东西。 He works as a language teacher in that university。 As a writer ，
13、he is successful。 Even a child can answer this question。 可数名词单数出现，泛指用不定冠词，特指用定冠词。一个可数名词的单数不能自己 单独出现。 二、定冠词的基本用法 1.表示特定的人或东西。 Give me the magazine 。 Have you decided on the prices yet? The book on the table is an English dictionary。 Beijing is the capital of China。 2.复述前文提到的人或东西。 Last week， I saw a f
14、lim. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people。 The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing。 3.用于形容词前面，代表一类人或东西。 the poor 穷人 the rich 富人 the wounded 受伤的人 the sick 生病的人 the beautiful 美丽的事物 the old 老年人 the young
15、年青人 4.用于表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词前面。 the moon， the sun， the earth The moon moves aroud the earth。 We have friends all over the world。 Dont build castles in the air。 5.用于序数词、方位名词、形容词与副词的最高级前面，副词最高级前面的 the 可以 省略。 January is the first month of the year。 The sun rises in the east。 Japan lies to the east of China。
16、 Beijing lies in the north of China。 Ireland lies on the Great Britain。 At the Childrens Palace， some children learn to play the piano， others learn to play the violin。 Last week we went to the theatre。 Among the three girls she speaks English the best。 “东、南、西、北” 作副词时，前面不加冠词。 We are walking south。 形
17、容词最高级前若有物主代词，就不加定冠词。 Monday is my busiest day。 6.用于姓氏的复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。 The Lius have moved to Guangzhou。 The Simths came to China for visit in 1996. 7.不可数名词前面通常不加定冠词，但若有限制性定语修饰，或表示特定部分、特定 内容时，前面需加定冠词。 Drink some water 。 Is the water in the well fit for drink? What do you think of the music? He cant
18、take the advice his mother gives him。 三、不加冠词的基本规则 1.季节、月份、日期前一般不加冠词。 If winter comes can spring be far behind? We have few classes on Sunday。 10.1 is National Day。 2.表示球类、棋类、三顿饭的名词前通常不加冠词，但乐器前需加定冠词。 What did you have for lunch? Dinner is ready。 Lets go and watch them play chess。 My elder brother lik
19、es to play football。 The boys are learnig to play the guitar。 play the piano play the violin 3.有些固定词组中的名词前不加冠词。 at noon at night at dawn at midnight in the morning in the afternoon in the evening in the daytime in town in front of (at the back of) at distance (in the distance) as a whole on the whol
20、e to catch cold to have a cold 冠词考试重点 冠词所占比例不大，一般是 1 分或 2 分。 1、什么时候加定冠词。 2、可数名词单数出现，必须用 a 或 an 或定冠词修饰，不能单独出现。 3、什么情况下，不用加冠词。 冠词易考： 1、冠词修饰名词。 Please go _ upstairs after you have finished the lunch。 upstairs 是副词，前面不需要加冠词。 2、可数名词单数泛指，前面加不定冠词。an 用于读音以元音开头的单词前。 Reading English story books is a good way o
21、f improving your English。 I have been waiting for him for half an hour。 3、名词特指时，前面加定冠词。 He is enjoying his stay in Denmark， but has some difficulty with the language。 Is the water from the tap fit for drink? 4、可数名词的复数和不可数名词泛指，前面不加冠词；大部分专有名词前也不加冠词。 As we know ， the most dangerous enemies are those wh
22、o pretend to be friends。 They left for work after supper。 The film includes some recently discovered newsreels of World War II 。(the Sencond World War) 5、冠词在固定词组中的特定用法。 Without any news from Tom for a long time， his father left for Shanghai to see him。 They will travel by air。 I will help you for th
23、e sake of your sister。(for the sake of 因为) I will go to school on foot。 My mother is in hospital。 He has been in prison for two years。 典型例题 1. _ film includes some recently discovered newsreels of _ World War II。 A. The; the B. A; the C. The; / D. A; / World War II 是专有名词 答案：C 2. Can you play _? A. p
24、iano B. pianos C. a piano D. the piano 答案：D 3. “Youve been very busy lately。” “So busy I havent had time to clean my house. There is _ wherever you look。” A. dust B. a dust C. the dust D. dusts dust 是不可数名词 答案：A 4. The station? Take the second turning _。 A. to left then go straight on B. on the left，
25、 then go straight on C. to left， then go right forward D. to the left， then go right forward on the left 在左边 答案：B 5. My mother usually has _ bed。 A. the breakfast B. breakfast in C. the breakfast in the D. breakfast in the in bed 躺在床上 答案：B in the bed 在床里面 6. He stole the money and they put him _。 A.
26、 at prison B. at the prison C. in prison D. in the prison in prison 进监狱 答案：C 7. Even on Sundays， fewer people go to _ church than before。 A. the B. a C. / D. that go to church 去教堂 go to school 去学校 go to bed 上床睡觉 go to college 去大学 答案：C 8. _ look much alike。 A. Smiths sisters B. Smith sisters C. Two S
27、mith sisters D. The Smith sisters 表示一家人，前面加 the 答案 D 代 词(2-23-3) 包括 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词及其用 法。 一、人称代词 人称代词有第一、第二、第三人称和单数、复数之分，在句子中可以作主语和宾 语。英语中有下列人称代词： 在并列的主语或宾语中，I 或 me 通常放在后面。如： Liping and I are in charge of the work。 My farther asks my sister and me to have dinner with him tomorrow。
28、 二、物主代词 物主代词有形容词型与名词型之分。形容词型物主代词在句子中作定语，名词型物主 代词在句子中主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语(接在 of 后面 )。英语中有下列物主代词： 名词型的物主代词相当于形容词型的物主代词加上上文出现的名词。如： My bag is yellow， his(his bag) is black and theirs(their bags) are brown。 三、反身代词 英语中有下列反身代词： 反身代词在句子中可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。如： Please help yourself to some tea。(宾语) The boy is too young
29、to look after himself。(宾语) Ill be myself again in no time。(表语) The desk itself is not so heavy. (同位语) I fixed the door myself. (同位语 ) 四、指示代词 指示代词包括 this， that， these， those 和 such，在句子中可以作主语、定语、表语、 宾语等(such 不作宾语)。 that 和 those 有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以避免重复。而可 数名词单数往往用 the one 或 that one 来代替。用 the one
30、 的时候更多一些。如： These machines are better than those we turned out last year. 生产 The oil output of this year is much higher than that of last year. 产量 The best wine is that from France。 My room is lighter than the one next door。 Ill take the seat next to the one by the window。 The film is more funny tha
31、n that one。 that 可以指上面提到的事情，this 指下面要谈的事情。如： They have no time to read the books. Thats their trouble。 She was ill yesterday. Thats why she was absent。 I want to know this： How much money we have left? What I want to say is this： Pronunciation is very important in learning English。 this 和 that 有时还可以
32、用来表示程度。如： I dont want that much。 He is not that wise。 The book is about this thick。 五。疑问代词 疑问代词包括 what， which， who， whom， whose， 可以用来构成特殊疑问句， 也可以引导名词从句。 What， which， who 在句子中作主语或宾语， whom 作宾语， whose 作定语。如： Who is speaking? (主语) Which do you prefer ， the yellow one or the white one? (宾语) Whats your si
33、ster?(表语) The man who is talking with my mother is an engineer。 (引导定从句) The old man whose son is studying abroad is our formal dean of the department. (引导定从 句) This is the plane which will fly to Wuhan this afternoon. (引导定从句) I dont remember whom I have lent my dictionary to. ( 引导宾语从句) 疑问代词 what， wh
34、ich， who， whom 后面可以加 ever 来加重语气。如： Whoever can be calling at this time of the night ?谁这么深更半夜来找人？ Ill say whatever comes into my head。 Take whichever book you like。 六。不定代词 不定代词包括 both， either， neither， all， none， no， one， each， every， few， a few， little， a little， many， much， some， any， other， anothe
35、r， 以及 some， any， no， every 构成的合成代词。 (一)both ， either， neither both 表示“ 两者( 都)” ，either 表示“(两者之中) 任何一个”，neither 表示“(两者之中) 没有 一个”。三个词在句子中都可以作主语、宾语、定语，both 还可以作同位语。 My sister is good at planning her time so that she always has enough time for both work and play。(be good at 擅长做某事) Neither of the answers
36、 is right。 Either of the books belongs to you。 You and I are both to blame。 You both agreed to stay。 Both 放在实意动词前，系动词 be 的后面。 (二)all ， none， no， one all 和 none 用于三者以上的场合，分别表示“全部都”和“一个都没有”，none 往往与 of 连用。 All of us are fond of sports。(be fond of 爱好) We are all for him。(be for sb 支持某人) Grasp all， lose
37、 all. 什么都抓，什么都抓不住。 (谚) None of them know how to read and write。 A friend to all is a friend to none. 滥交者无友。(谚) None of us are perfect。 None of them has had that kind of experience。 no 表示“没有” ，在句子中只能作定语，相当于 not a 或 not any，not 否定动词，no 否 定名词。 Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人。( 谚) No man is born wi
38、se. 没有人是生来聪明的。 (谚) Im no dancer. (Im not a dancer。) one 指代上文提到的人或物，前面可以加定冠词，可以有自己的定语，还可以有复数 形式。 Your answer is a good one。 I dont like coloured envelopes. I like white ones。 I havent got a raincoat. Ill have to buy one。 (三)each ， every each 和 every 表示“ 每一个 ”，every 在句子中只能作定语，each 可以作主语、宾语、 定语、同位语。 Th
39、e headmaster shook hands with each of the teacher。(shake hands with 握手) The students try to set aside a little money each month。(set aside 节约) From each according to his ability ， to each according to his needs(work)。各尽所能，按 需分配。 I have every reason to believe that she can finish the job well。 There
40、is every possibility of our winning the game。 every 还常用在 every little while (每隔一会) ，every other day， every three days(每隔两 天)，every ten miles(每隔十英里) ， every now and then (不时 )，every four years， every other line， one out of every three students。 (四)few， a few， little， a little， many， much few ， a few，
41、 many 修饰或指代可数名词，little， a little， much 修饰或指代不可数 名词。few ， little 表示否定，a few ， a little 表示肯定，much 常用于否定句中。 Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。(谚) Few words are best. 话少最好。 (谚) They dont take much interest in it。 I know little about it。 Theres a little water left in the jar。 Few of them have been to Ind
42、ia。 Ive read a few books written by Dickens。 (五)other， the other， others， the others， another Forty people came to the meeting. Two of them were from Japan， the others from America。 Many people came to attend the meeting. Some were from Japan， others were from America。 The United States， unlike many
43、 other countries， receives a large number of immigrants every year from all over the world。 The twin sisters are so alike that we find it difficult to tell one from the other。(sothat 如此以至于 tell sb. from 区分 ) Some students are watering the flowers ， others are weeding the fields。 The task will be fin
44、ished in another three days。 Four of them are in the classroom. What about the others? Please give me another example to illustrate your point。 There are three apples on the table. One is for my mother， another is for my father and the third is for me。 七、it 的用法 1.指代一个人或事物。 Its only a fifteen-minute
45、ride to my school。 It often rains in the south of China。 “Whos that?” “Its Liming。” Its early spring。 2.作句子的形式主语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。 It took me five minutes to finish reading the exercise。 It cost me five yuan to buy the pen。 The color TV set costs me more than 2，000 yuan。 I spent ten hours in finishing t
46、he work。 I spent twenty yuan on the shirt 。 It is no use crying now. Youd better study hard now。(it is no use doing sth. ) To his surprise， it turned out that Tom failed the entrance examination。(to ones surprise 使某人感到惊奇) Its a pity that you didnt watch the match。 It is necessary for us to have some
47、 exercise every day。 3.作句子的形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。 They all regard it their duty to help the poor people。 I dont think it worthwhile taking so much trouble。(Its worthwhile doing. 做事是值得 的) We find it difficult to learn English without practicing 。 I think it no use telling them。 I dont think it very impor
48、tant that we should take part in the discussion。(take part in 参加) He feels it his duty to help others。 4.构成强调句型。当强调的部分是主语，并且主语是人时，句型中的 that 也可以换作 who。 强调句基本构成 it is that It is in the room that we met each other for the first time。 It was not until 1936 that basketball became a part of the Olympic Ga
49、mes。(not until 直 到才) It was they who attended the meeting last week 。 It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought it。 考试重点 that 和 those 有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以避免重复。而可 数名词单数往往用 the one 或 that one 来代替。that 可以指上面提到的事情，this 指下面要 谈的事情。 不定代词中，both 放在实意动词前，系动词 be 的后面。every 只能跟名词，each 可以 跟名词也可以不跟名词。every 在代词部分要出现当每隔 讲。 few ， a few， many 修饰或指代可数名词，little， a little， much 修饰或指代不可数 名词。few ， little 表示否定。 one the other，some others，the others it 用法重点就是强调句。it 作为形式宾语时不接 is。 代词部分的难点之一是名词型物主代词与形容词型物主代词的区别。顾名思
