1、抗癫痫药物临床治疗指南新看点 华山医院 俞丽云 制订临床指南的目的 应用指南是一种系统性阐述 ,用以帮助职业医师以及患 者对于特定临床情况作出适 当的医疗决定 临床指南的存在问题 1.评估标准不统一 2.缺乏证据 不存在的证据 3.时间局限性 过时、更新 4.受到药厂的影响,有一定的利益因素 5.由少部分专家制定 6.个体差异 7.临床医生执行时困难 Shorvon S. Epilepsia 2006,4).10913 制订指南原则 透明:无利益驱动 公平:所有数据采用同样的评估标准 严格:评价方法严格可行 动态:不断更新 抗癫痫治疗指南大事记 发布机构 发布年限 苏格兰临床指导协作组 (SI
2、GN) 2003 英国临床优化研究所 ( NICE) 2004 美国神经学会( AAN) 美国癫痫学会( AES) 2004 ILAE 2006 Payakachat et al. J Manag Care Pharma 2006 Welcome to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence website NICE is the independent organization responsible for providing national guidance on the promotion of good h
3、ealth and the prevention and treatment of ill health. On 1 April 2005 NICE joined with the Health Development Agency to become the new National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (also to be known as NICE). Clinical Excellence Public Health Excellence NICE was set up as a Special Health Au
4、thority for England and Wales on 1 April 1999. Its role is to provide patients, health professionals and the public with authoritative, robust and reliable guidance on current best practice. (http:/www.nice.org.uk/) NICE指南 对于抗癫痫药物使用的指证,药物选择,换 药,停药等原则性问题均作出了相应推荐 Ref: National Institute for Health and
5、 Clinical Excellence. Technology appraisal guidance 76: newer drugs for epilepsy in adults. Available at: http:/www.nice.org.uk/TA076guidance. Accessed July 5, 2005. NICE在治疗中 尽可能选择单药治疗 不推荐常规监测看癫痫药物的血药浓度 停药原则 NICE指南 Ref: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Technology appraisal guid
6、ance 76: newer drugs for epilepsy in adults. Available at: http:/www.nice.org.uk/TA076guidance. Accessed July 5, 2005. NICE指南 目前仍缺乏高质量的临床试验支持新药单药治 疗比传统药物更有效 研究中的药物副作用和耐受性并未提供足够多 且一致的结果支持新药优于传统药物 仅 9项比较新药和老药单药治疗新诊断癫痫患 者生活质量的研究,未提供强有力的证据支持 新药提高患者生活质量 传统抗癫痫药物单药治疗费用更便宜 Ref: National Institute for Health
7、 and Clinical Excellence. Technology appraisal guidance 76: newer drugs for epilepsy in adults. Available at: http:/www.nice.org.uk/TA076guidance. Accessed July 5, 2005. 首选单药治疗药物应为传统抗癫痫药物如丙戊 酸钠或卡马西平,除如下原因 : 禁忌症 与患者目前服用的药物有潜在的相互作用 患者在既往治疗中对该药耐受性差 患者处于准备生育期 新型抗癫痫药物作为初始治疗的二线选择 Ref: National Institute f
8、or Health and Clinical Excellence. Technology appraisal guidance 76: newer drugs for epilepsy in adults. Available at: http:/www.nice.org.uk/TA076guidance. Accessed July 5, 2005. NICE指南 NICE缺点 1.评定的证据标准和证据分类没有明确的描述 2.传统抗癫痫药没有进行同样的评估 NICE指南 Neurology. 2004,62(8):1252-1260 Neurology. 2004,62(8):1261-1
9、273 AAN指南 1. AAN指南有明确证据分类和证据评级 2. 以有效性作为主要评估指标 3. 缺点: 未评估传统药物 生活质量和成本效益未作为参考指标 抗癫痫临床治疗指南比较总结 评价指标 NICE指南 AAN指南 有效性 安全性 生活质量 成本效益 Payakachat et al. J Manag Care Pharma 2006 Payakachat et al. J Manag Care Pharma 2006 AEDs as Monotherapy of Partial/Mix Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure ANN* NICE SIGN Ph
10、enobarital 1st - - Carbamazepine (generic Tegretol) Tegretol XR 1st 1st 1st Phenytoin (generic Dilantin) 1st 1st - Valproic acid (generic Depakene) Divalproex (Depakote) Divalproex (Depakote ER) 1st 1st 1st Primidone (generic Mysoline) - - - Gabapentin (generic Neurontin) 1st - - Zonisamide )Zonegra
11、n) - - - Tiagabine (Gabitril) - - - Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) 1st 2nd 1st Topiramate (Topamax) 1st 2nd - Levetiracetam (Keppra) - - - Lamotrigine (Lamictal) 1st 2nd 1st NICE指南和指南和 AAN指南对于新药的使用推荐指南对于新药的使用推荐 Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 61821 Drug Newly diagnosed epilepsy Refractory epilepsy Partial Absence
12、 Partial Partial Idiopathic Symptomatie mixed monotherapy generalised generalised US UK US UK US UK US UK US UK US UK Felbamate* No NA No NA Yes NA Yes NA No NA Yes NA Gabapentin Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Lamotrigine Yes Yes| Yes Yes| Yes Yes* Yes Yes No Yes* Yes Yes* Levetiracetam No N
13、o No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Oxcarbazepine Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Tiagabine No No No No Yes Yes| No No No No No No Topiramate Yes Yes No No Yes Yes* Yes Yes Yes Yes* Yes Yes* Vigabatrin NA No NA No NA Yes NA No NA No NA Yes Zonisamide No NA No NA Yes| NA No NA No NA No NA Non
14、e of the drugs is recommended as first choice in newly diagnosed epilepsy by the UK guidelines (see text). NA=not available. *Patients Unresponsive to standard drugs in Whom the risk/benefit ratio supports use; only patients 18 years; only patients 4 years with Lennox-Gastaut ayndrome; indication no
15、t approved FDA; only patients 6 years; | only patients 12 years; * only patients 2 years; only patients 16years; only generalized tonic-clonic seizures; in the UK the indications are limited to adjunctive use after failure of all other appropriate drug combinations; only West ayndrome; | only adulte
16、. 新药的严重新药的严重 /非严重不良事件非严重不良事件 Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 61821 AED Serious adverse vevnts Nonserious adverse Felbamate Aplastic anaemia, hepatotoxicity Gastrointestinal disturbancse, anorexia, insomnia Gabapentin Aggresion* Weight gain, peripheral cedema, behavioural changes Lamotrigine Rash, including S
17、tevens Johnson and toxic epidermal necrolysis Tics and insomnia (high risk for children, also more common with concomitant vaiproic-acid use and low with slow titration); hypereensitivity reactions, including hepatic and renal failure, DIC, and arthritis Levetiracetam None Irritability/behaviour cha
18、nge Oxcarbazepine Hyponatraemia (more common in elderly people), rash None Tiagabine Nonconvulsive status epilepticus Dizziness, asthenia Topiramate Nephrolithiasis, open angle glaucoma, hypohidrosis, Metabolic acidosis, weight loss, depression, psychosis language dysfunxtion, paraesthesia Vigabatri
19、n Visual field defects, psychosis, depression Weight gain Zonisamide Rash, renal calculi, hypohidrosis Irritability, photosensitivity, weight loss AED=antieptic drug; DIC=disseminated intravascular coagulation. * Mosthy in cognitively impaired patients; predominantly children. 上述各抗癫痫药治疗指南的差异在于 单药治疗的
20、推荐上(新药与传统药) 原因: 1.证据的评估标准 2. 制定指南的目的差异 临床医生在应用指南时特别注意 临床医生在应用指南时特别注意 要特别注意癫痫药物加重癫痫发作 可能加重某些癫痫综合征的抗痫药物可能加重某些癫痫综合征的抗痫药物 药物 综合症 可能加重的情况 卡马西平 失神癫痫 肌阵挛、失神发作 青少年肌阵挛癫痫 肌阵挛性发作 进行性肌阵挛癫痫 肌阵挛 中央回癫痫 CSWS. 肌阵挛 苯巴英钠 失神癫痫 失神发作 进行性肌阵挛癫痫 小脑综合症,肌阵挛 苯巴比妥 失神癫痫 大剂量时失神发作 苯二氮卓类药物 LGS 强直性发作 氨已烯酸 失神癫痫 失神发作 伴肌阵挛的癫痫 肌阵挛 加巴喷丁
21、失神癫痫 失神发作 伴肌阵挛的癫痫 肌阵挛 拉莫三嗪 严重的肌阵挛癫痫 大剂量时 GTCS 青少年肌阵挛癫痫 肌阵挛性发作 Ref: Epilepsia. 39(Suppl. 3):S15-S18, 1998 Topiramate Vigabatrin 0 2 4 6 8 10 Clonazepam Clobazam Sodium Valproate(德巴金德巴金 ) Carbamazepine Barbexaclone Primidone Phenobarbital Ethosuximide Sulthiame Oxcarbazepine Phenytoin Lamotrigine Gaba
22、pentin Elger等对 1006 例局灶性癫痫 (包括单药和 添加治疗)荟 萃分析 抗癫痫药物恶化发作 癫痫患者发作增加的百分比 临床医生在应用指南时特别注意 治疗要个体化 ,要特别关注特殊人群 :儿童 、妇女、老人 临床医生在应用指南时特别注意 认识的更新 SANAD试验 发现丙戊酸和其它新抗癫痫药在 癫痫治疗的综合作用中明显优于其它药物 研究研究 A: 基线的人口学资料和临床表现基线的人口学资料和临床表现 CBZ (n=378) GBP (n=377) LTG (n=378) OXC (n=210) TPM (n=378) Total (n=1721) 性别 , n (%) 男 女
23、208 (55) 170 (45) 207 (55) 170 (45) 208 (55) 170 (45) 111 (53) 99 (47) 208 (55) 170 (45) 942 (55) 779 (45) 治疗史 , n (%) 未治疗 单药治疗 (效果差 ) 发作较少后最近发作 309 (81.8) 60 (15.9) 9 (2.4) 306 (81.2) 60 (15.9) 11 (2.9) 308 (81.5) 61 (16.1) 9 (2.4) 181 (86.2) 25 (11.9) 4 (1.9) 308 (81.5) 60 (15.9) 10 (2.7) 1412 (82
24、.1) 266 (15.5) 43 (2.5) 病史 , n (%) 高热惊厥 其他急性症状性发作 1o 级亲属患癫痫 27 (7.1) 6 (1.6) 39 (10.3) 16 (4.2) 15 (4.0) 44 (11.7) 25 (6.6) 18 (4.8) 38 (10.1) 7 (3.3) 8 (3.8) 24 (11.4) 17 (4.5) 13 (3.4) 34 (9.0) 92 (5.4) 60 (3.5) 179 (10.0) 癫痫综合征 , n (%) 特发性部分性 症状性或隐源性 部分性 特发性全面性 其他综合征 未分类 4 (1.1) 338 (89.4) 3 (0.8
25、) 2 (0.5) 31 (8.2) 5 (1.3) 333 (88.6) 3 (0.8) 0 (0) 35 (9.3) 6 (1.6) 330 (88.0) 4 (1.1) 0 (0) 35 (9.3) 3 (1.4) 180 (85.7) 5 (2.4) 1 (0.5) 21 (10.0) 6 (1.6) 322 (85.4) 7 (1.9) 1 (0.3) 41 (10.9) 24 (1.4) 1503 (87.6) 22 (1.3) 4 (0.2) 163 (9.5) 平均年龄 标准差 , 岁 39.2 18.3 37.8 17.9 36.8 18.3 40.1 18.0 38.4 1
26、8.6 38.3 18.3 Ref: SANAD研究结果 研究研究 A:治疗无效的时间治疗无效的时间 , 意向性治疗集意向性治疗集 Log-Rank Chi-square=22.150, df= 3, p0.0001 -O- LTG -O- CBZ -O- TPM -O- GBP 继续治疗的比例继续治疗的比例 结论 研究 A 拉莫三嗪治疗无效的比例显著低于卡马西 平 , 加巴喷丁 , 托吡酯 拉莫三嗪的疗效与卡马西平相似且并不低 于卡马西平 拉莫三嗪对于部分性发作的患者可考虑为 第一线药物 Ref: SANAD研究结果 LTG (n=239) TPM (n=239) VPS (n=238) T
27、otal (n=716) 性别 , n (%) 男 女 142 (59) 97 (41) 142 (59) 97 (41) 143 (60) 95 (40) 427 (60) 289 (40) 治疗史 , n (%) 未治疗 单药治疗 (效果差 ) 发作较少后最近发作 210 (87.9) 19 (8.0) 10 (4.2) 209 (87.5) 20 (8.4) 10 (4.2) 209 (87.8) 21 (8.8) 8 (3.4) 628 (87.7) 60 (8.4) 28 (3.9) 病史 , n (%) 高热惊厥 其他急性症状性发作 1o 级亲属患癫痫 16 (6.7) 9 (3.
28、8) 53 (22.2) 22 (9.2) 6 (2.5) 38 (15.9) 21 (8.8) 6 (2.5) 38 (16.0) 59 (8.2) 21 (2.9) 129 (18.0) 癫痫综合征 , n (%) 特发性部分性 症状性或隐源性 部分性 特发性全面性 其他综合征 未分类 1 (0.4) 18 (7.5) 145 (60.7) 9 (3.8) 66 (27.6) 2 (0.8) 11 (4.6) 147 (61.8) 12 (5.0) 66 (27.7) 0 (0) 20 (8.4) 150 (63.0) 9 (3.8) 59 (24.8) 3 (0.4) 49 (6.9)
29、442 (61.8) 30 (4.2) 191 (26.7) 平均年龄 标准差 , 岁 22.8 14.3 22.3 13.3 22.5 14.5 22.5 14.0 研究研究 B:基线的人口学资料和临床表现基线的人口学资料和临床表现 Ref: SANAD研究结果 研究研究 B:治疗无效的时间治疗无效的时间 Log-Rank Chi-square=10.117, df= 2, p=0.006 -O- VPS -O- LTG -O- TPM 继续治疗的比例继续治疗的比例 时间 (天 ) Ref: SANAD研究结果 结论 研究 B 丙戊酸的疗效显著高于拉莫三嗪和托吡酯 丙戊酸和拉莫三嗪的耐受性高
30、于托吡酯 丙戊酸对于全身发作或未分类的发作的患者 可考虑为第一线药物 传统抗癫痫药与新型抗癫痫药在 疗效上无显著差异 Kwan P, Brodie MJ. N Engl Med. 2000; 342:314-315 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Patients seizure free for 1 year Traditional AED (n=289) New AED (n=134) Patients treated with 1 AED P=NS 67% 69% 70% 10% 0% Persistent seizures Seizure free
31、 for1 year Patients with epilepsy (n-525) 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Patients 63% 37% 289 were receiving an established drug (155 were receiving carbamazepine, 125 valproate sodium, 8 phenytoin, and 1 ethosuximide), 134 were taking one of the newer antiepileptic drugs (99 were receiving lamotrigine, 15 gab
32、apentin, 7 oxcarbazepine, 9 tiagabine, 3 topiramate, and 1 vigabatrin). 传统抗癫痫药与新型抗癫痫药在疗效上传统抗癫痫药与新型抗癫痫药在疗效上 无显著差异无显著差异 N Engl J Med 2000;342:314-9. 470 patients has never received An antiepileptic drug before (64% seizure-free) Epilepsy was not controlled by 1st antiepileptic drug in 248; 168 receved
33、 an established drug and 80 received a new drug 69 Had intolerable Side effects (41% seizure-free) 29 Had an idiosyncratic reaction (55% seizure-free) 37 Had other reasons For stopping treatment (62% seizure-free) Figure 3. Outcome in 470 Previously Untreated Patients. The status of patients at the
34、time of the last clinic visit is given in parentheses. Epilepsy was controlled by 1st antiepileptic drug in 222 (47% seizure-free); 151 received an established drug (47% seizure-free) and 71 received a new drug (47% seizure-free) Treatment was Ineffective in 113 (11% seizure-free) 总结 传统抗癫痫药物如丙戊酸钠、卡马西平、 苯妥英钠仍旧是新诊断癫痫患者的首选单 药治疗药物 除非新药在疗效、成本效益和生活质量上 能显示出其优越性,否则他们仍将作为二 线用药 Payakachat et al. J Manag Care Pharma 2006 人有了知识,就会具备各种分析能力, 明辨是非的能力。 所以我们要勤恳读书,广泛阅读, 古人说 “书中自有黄金屋。 ”通过阅读科技书籍,我们能丰富知识, 培养逻辑思维能力; 通过阅读文学作品,我们能提高文学鉴赏水平, 培养文学情趣; 通过阅读报刊,我们能增长见识,扩大自己的知识面。 有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操, 给我们巨大的精神力量, 鼓舞我们前进 。