1、（20_届）本科毕业设计英语儿子与情人不是俄狄浦斯情结的继承SONSANDLOVERSNOHEIRTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEXI摘要儿子与情人被认为是DH劳伦斯的成名佳作，甚至被一些学者视为是他一生唯一一部重要的小说。一些评论家认为儿子与情人生动完整的体现了弗洛伊德的俄狄浦斯情结。但是在当时劳伦斯承认对弗洛伊德的作品并不了解，而且在他的精神分析与潜意识中提出来与弗洛伊德背道而驰的看法。本文第一部分简要的介绍了作者劳伦斯，作品儿子与情人和俄狄浦斯情结。第二部分通过三个角度分析和证明了儿子与情人不是俄狄浦斯情结的继承。最后笔者想要强调的是劳伦斯想要表达的是工业文明对人性的抑制并且探索一种两性和
2、谐的男女关系。所以说运用俄狄浦斯情结来分析这部小说是站不住脚的。关键词俄狄浦斯情结弗洛伊德儿子与情人劳伦斯IIABSTRACTSONSANDLOVERSISREGARDEDASDHLAWRENCESMASTERPIECEANDITISEVENCONSIDEREDTHEONLYMAJORNOVELBYSOMESCHOLARSSOMECRITICSBELIEVESONSANDLOVERSISVIVIDLYANDCOMPLETELYILLUSTRATEDFREUDSOEDIPUSCOMPLEXBUTATTHATTIMELAWRENCE,BYHISOWNADMISSION,DIDNOTACKNOWLE
3、DGEFREUDSWRITINGSANDINPSYCHOANALYSISANDTHEUNCONSCIOUSPOINTEDOUTDIFFERENTVIEWTHEFIRSTPARTOFTHISPAPERISAQUICKOVERVIEWOFLAWRENCE,SONSANDLOVERSANDOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTHESECONDPARTOFTHISPAPERMAINLYANALYSESANDPROVESTHATSONSANDLOVERSDOESNOTSUCCEEDTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEXFROMTHREEFACETSULTIMATELYTHEAUTHORWANTSTOSTRESSTHA
4、TWHATLAWRENCEADVOCATEDWASTHATINDUSTRIALCIVILIZATIONSTIFLEDHUMANNATUREANDTOEXPLORETHEHARMONIOUSRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSEXESTHEREFORE,UTILIZINGOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTOANALYZETHENOVELISUNTENABLEKEYWORDSOEDIPUSCOMPLEXFREUDSONSANDLOVERSLAWRENCECONTENTSABSTRACTII1INTRODUCTION111ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOLAWRENCEANDSONSANDL
5、OVERS112FREUDIANTHEORYANDITSCONTRADICTORY22THEPROOFOFNOHEIRTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEX321DIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEPLOTOFTHENOVELANDOEDIPUSCOMPLEX322LAWRENCESADMISSIONANDINTENTIONTOWRITETHISNOVEL423THEREALREASONSOFABNORMALLOVEBETWEENTHESONANDTHEMOTHER5231SOCIALBACKGROUND6232FAMILYBACKGROUND7233PAULSPERSONALITY93CON
6、CLUSION11BIBLIOGRAPHY10ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS1111INTRODUCTION11ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOLAWRENCEANDSONSANDLOVERSDAVIDHERBERTLAWRENCEWASBORNON1ST,SEPTEMBER,1885INTHEMIDLANDMININGVILLAGEOFBESTWOOD,NOTTINGHAMSHIREHEHADBEENCONSIDEREDTOBEONEOFTHEGREATESTWRITERSIN20THCENTURYENGLISHLITERATUREINTHEBRIEFTWENTYORSOYEARS
7、OFLAWRENCESWORKINGLIFE,HEHADWRITTENMORETHANTENNOVELSANDSEVERALVOLUMESOFSHORTSTORIESBESIDESBEINGAGREATNOVELIST,LAWRENCEWASALSOAPROFICIENTPOET,ACOMBATIVEESSAYIST,ANATMOSPHERICTRAVELWRITER,ANDAPROLIFICLITERARYCORRESPONDENTFURTHERMORE,HEEXTENDEDHISTALENTSTOBOOKREVIEWING,TRANSLATION,PHOTOGRAPHICDISCOURSE
8、ANDPAINTING“DURINGHISLIFETIMEANDEVENAFTERWARDSLAWRENCEWASACONTROVERSIALFIGUREBECAUSEOFHISFRANKTREATMENTOFSEXANDHISOUTSPOKENINSISTENCEUPONANEEDFORAREADJUSTMENTINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEXESHISMOSTCONTROVERSIALNOVELWASLADYCHATTERLEYSLOVER,THEBESTPROBABLYTHERAINBOW”1SONSANDLOVERSPERHAPSHISMOSTPOPULAR
9、NOVEL,REGARDEDASAPIONEERINGACHIEVEMENTINENGLISHFICTIONSONSANDLOVERSWASCREATEDBYTHEBACKGROUNDOFLAWRENCESCHILDHOODANDADULTLIFE,TELLINGTHESTORYOFTHEMORELSFROMWALTERMORELTOPAULMORELINACOALMINEVILLAGEOFBESTWOODWALTERMORELISAMINERMEETINGGERTRUDECOPPARDWHOCOMESFROMAGOODOLDBURGHERFAMILYINABALLTHEYFALLINLOVE
10、ATFIRSTSIGHTANDAREMARRIEDVERYSOONAFTERMARRIAGE,MRSMORELISDISSATISFIEDWITHTHEROUGH,DRUNKEN,UNEDUCATEDHUSBANDAFTERSEVERALQUARRELS,MRSMORELISEXTREMELYDISAPPOINTEDINHISHUSBANDANDTURNSALLHERLOVETOFOURCHILDRENESPECIALLYHEROLDESTSONWILLIAMWHOISAHANDSOMEANDANINTELLIGENTBOY,FINDINGASATISFIEDPOSITIONINLONDONH
11、OWEVER,DUETOTHEEMOTIONALPROBLEMANDOVERWORK,HEDIESATEARLYAGETHEREISNODOUBTAFTERWILLIAMSDEATHTHATMRSMORELINVESTSINHERYOUNGERSON,PAUL,ALLHERHOPESANDPASSIONSINORDERTOMAKEUPTHEFAILUREOFMARRIAGE,MRSMORELDECIDESTOCONTROLANDPOSSESSPAULPSYCHOLOGICALLYSHECANNOTBEARPAULFALLINLOVEWITHOTHERGIRLSPAULSFIRSTGIRLFRI
12、ENDISMIRIAMWHOPURSESPSYCHOLOGICALLOVEANDLOOKSDOWNONCARNALDESIREALTHOUGHPAULANDMIRIAMAREVERYINTIMACY,PAULFEELSMIRIAMSLOVEEGOCENTRICANDINTOLERABLEMOREOVER,MRSMORELSINTERVENTIONMAKESPAULUNABLETOLOVEMIRIAMPSYCHOLOGICALLYANDPHYSICALLYDISAPPOINTED,PAULMAKESLOVEWITHCLARAWHOISBEAUTIFUL,ENERGETIC,ANDOPENMIND
13、EDHAVINGSOMETIMESSEXESWITHCLARA,PAULFINDSHECANNOTBALANCETHEMENTALANDPHYSICALWORLDPERFECTLYTHEFAILUREOFRELATIONSHIPWITHTWOGIRLSILLUSTRATETHATWHENHISMOTHEREXISTS,HECANNOTFINDREALLOVEFINALLY,WHENMRSMORELISSERIOUSLYILL,PAULANDHIS2SISTERANNIEPUTANOVERDOSEOFMORPHINEINHERMILKTOENDHERLIFELIBERATEDFROMHISMOT
14、HERSMENTALOPPRESSION,PAULWALKSTOWARDSTHEFAINTLYHUMMING,GLOWINGTOWN,SEEKINGANEWLIFEANDNEWFUTURE12FREUDIANTHEORYANDITSCONTRADICTORYINORDERTOCONFIRMTHETRUTHOFCONTROVERSIALISSUEWHETHERSONSANDLOVERSISANOEDIPUSNOVEL,ITISIMPERATIVETOINTRODUCEFREUDIANTHEORYOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTHEOEDIPUSCOMPLEX,APSYCHOLOGICALTERM,
15、WASEMPLOYEDBYSIGMUNDFREUD,THEFATHEROFMODERNPSYCHOLOGYTHECOMPLEXWASNAMEDAFTERTHEGREEKMYTHICALCHARACTEROEDIPUS,WHOKILLEDHISFATHERANDMARRIEDHISMOTHERACCORDINGTOSIGMUNDFREUD,THEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXISAUNIVERSALPHENOMENONBORNINPHYLOGENETICALLY,ANDRESPONSIBLEFORMUCHSUBCONSCIOUSGUILT,WHICHCONCENTRATESONTHEDESIRET
16、OPOSSESSTHEPARENTOFTHEOPPOSITESEXANDELIMINATETHEPARENTOFTHESAMESEX2SPECIFICALLY,FREUDEXPLOITEDLIBIDOWHICHALLCHILDRENWEREMOREORLESSAFFECTEDBYSEXUALLYBASEDFEELINGSABOUTTHEIRPARENTSTOEXPLAINTHISPHENOMENONHEBELIEVEDTHATTHELIBIDOHADEXISTEDDURINGTHEPERIODOFINFANTTHE“ORALSTAGE”ISTHEFIRSTSTAGETHATTHEINFANTE
17、XPERIENCESTHEINFANTTAKESADVANTAGEOFBREASTTOSATISFYHISLIBIDOFROMTHEAGEOFONETOTHREE,THEINFANTENTERSINTOTHE“ANALSTAGE”INTHISPERIOD,THEINFANTRECEIVESPLEASURETHROUGHEXCRETIONTHISISALSOASATISFACTORYOFSEXANDTHENTHEBABYENTERSINTOTHE“PHALLICSTAGE”AFTERTHATHEORSHEWILLEXPERIENCE“OEDIPUSCOMPLEX”INTHISTIMECHILDR
18、ENSTARTTOIDENTIFYTHEROLEOFPARENTSNATURALLY,CHILDRENHAVECLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEIRMOTHERWHOISLIKELYTOPAYMOREATTENTIONTOTHEMSOONONESIDE,CHILDRENAREWILLINGTOGIVETHEIRLOVETOTHEMOTHERWHILEONTHEOTHERSIDE,THEYINTENDTOHATETHEIRFATHERGIVINGRISETOTOTALLYSEIZINGTHEIRMOTHERSLOVEACCORDINGTOFREUDIANTHEORY,IFBOYSG
19、IVETHEIRLOVETOTHEIRMOTHERMORETHANTHEIRFATHER,ONEWILLSUSPECTWHETHERGIRLSLOVETHEIRFATHERMORETHANTHEIRMOTHERFREUDEXPLAINEDTHISQUESTIONASFEMALEDIDEXPERIENCEANOEDIPUSCOMPLEXACCORDINGTOFREUD,GIRLS,ASBOYS,WEREORIGINALLYATTACHEDTOTHEMOTHERFIGUREHOWEVER,DURINGTHE“PHALLICSTAGE”,WHENTHEYDISCOVEREDTHATTHEYLACKE
20、DPENIS,THEYBECAMELIBIDINALLYATTACHEDTOTHEFATHERFIGURE,ANDIMAGINEDTHATTHEYWOULDBECOMEPREGNANTBYHIM,ALLTHEWHILEBECOMINGMOREHOSTILETOWARDTHEIRMOTHERFREUDATTRIBUTEDTHECHARACTEROFTHISDEVELOPMENTALSTAGEINGIRLSTOTHEIDEAOF“PENISENVY”,WHEREGIRLSWEREENVIOUSOFTHEMALEPENISALTHOUGHFREUDIANTHEORYMAKESSENSETOSOMEP
21、OINT,ITISINESCAPABLETHATFREUDIANTHEORYHASSOMECONTRADICTIONSPRIMARILY,THECOMPLEXBETWEENBOYSANDGIRLSARETOTALLYOPPOSITERECEIVINGMOTHERSLOVEEQUALLYTHEMOTHERCARESFORBOYSANDGIRLSINTHESAMEWAY,BUTWHYBOYSLOVETHEMOTHERWHILEGIRLSLOVETHEFATHERSECONDLY,ITISUNIVERSALACKNOWLEDGEDTHATWHETHERKIDSAREININFANTPERIODORC
22、HILDHOOD,THEIRMOTHERGIVESMOREATTENTIONTOTHEM,ANDBOTHEXPERIENCEANDCOMMONSENSE3INDICATETHATCHILDRENAREEASYTOHAVEAFFECTIONFORTHEIRMOTHERNOTFATHERSINCETHEMOTHERHASCLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHTHEIRDAUGHTERS,WHYGIRLSWILLTURNTHEIRLOVETOTHEFATHERANDHATETHEIRMOTHERFREUDEMPLOYEDTHEIDEAOF“PENISENVY”TOEXPLAINMAKINGUSU
23、NCONVINCEDREGARDLESSOFBEINGDOUBTEDBYSOMECRITICS,MANYFAMOUSPSYCHOLOGISTSOPPOSEFREUDIANTHEORYSUCHASMELANIEKLEINWHOFOCUSESMOREONTHEEARLYRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEMOTHERHERINSISTENCETHATOEDIPALMANIFESTATIONSCANEVENBESEENDURINGTHEFIRSTYEAROFLIFEWASAFEATUREOFTHESOCALLED“CONTROVERSIALDISCUSSIONS”WHICHTOOKPLACEINT
24、HEBRITISHPSYCHOANALYTICALASSOCIATIONBETWEEN1942AND1944KLEINIANSBELIEVETHATUNDERLYINGTHEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXASFREUDDESCRIBEDIT,THEREISANEARLIERLAYEROFMOREPRIMITIVERELATIONSHIPSWITHTHEOEDIPALCOUPLE2INKLEINSWORKTHEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXISALSO“DETHRONED”TOSOMEEXTENT,ITSCENTRALROLEINDEVELOPMENTBEINGUSURPEDBYHERCONCEPT
25、OFTHEDEPRESSIVEPOSITION34ITISCLEARTHATINKLEINSOPINION,SOCALLED“OEDIPUSCOMPLEX”ISRELATEDTOFAMILYBACKGROUNDNOTTHELIBIDOANDALSOCANBEDETHRONEDTOSOMEEXTENTSIMILARLY,USINGOEDIPUSCOMPLEXTOEXPLAINTHEABNORMALPHENOMENONBETWEENSONANDMOTHERINSONSANDLOVERSLACKSCONSIDERATIONOFCOURSE,ITISNOTENOUGHTOEXPLAINJUSTFROM
26、FREUDIANTHEORYONENEEDSTOSTUDYDEEPLYINTHENOVELTOFINDTHEDIFFERENCESANDCONTRADICTIONS2THEPROOFOFNOHEIRTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEXWHETHEROEDIPUSCOMPLEXINSONSANDLOVERSORNOTISDIVERGENTFROMPERSONTOPERSONMANYCRITICSBELIEVETHENOVELMANIFESTSFREUDIANTHEORYONTHECONTRARY,BECAUSEFREUDIANTHEORYISCRITICIZEDSERIOUSLYANDLAWRENC
27、EPERSONALLYDENIEDTHATHEFOLLOWEDOEDIPUSCOMPLEX,DISSENTERSALSODONOTGIVEINTHEAUTHORCOULDNOTAGREEMOREWITHTHELATTERANDINTHEFOLLOWINGPARTWILLLISTSOMEEVIDENCESTOPROVE21DIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEPLOTOFTHENOVELANDOEDIPUSCOMPLEXATFIRSTGLANCE,ITSEEMSTOARGUETHATTHEPLOTOFSONSANDLOVERSISSIMILARTOOEDIPUSCOMPLEXLOVEMOTH
28、ERANDHATEFATHERBUTAFTERCLOSERINVESTIGATIONREVEALSTHATTHETWOAREEXTREMELYDIFFERENTTHEMORELSHAVEFOURCHILDRENWILLIAM,ANNIE,PAUL,ARTHURACCORDINGTOFREUD,OEDIPUSCOMPLEXISAUNIVERSALPHENOMENONTHATTHETHREEBOYSSHOULDALLHATEEVENHAVEDESIRETOKILLTHEIRFATHERBUTFROMNOVEL,FROMTHESHALLOWVIEWONECOULDSEETHEYOUNGESTSOND
29、OESNOTHATEHISFATHERATALLBUTHASASORTOFADMIRATIONONOTHERHAND,THEDAUGHTERANNIEHASNOTJEALOUSYTOWARDHERMOTHEREITHERINTHEOPPOSITION,ANNIELOVESHERMOTHERDEEPLYINANUTSHELL,INMORELSFAMILY,ALTHOUGHTWOOLDERSONSHATETHEIRFATHER,THE4YOUNGESTSONADMIRESHISFATHERANDTHEDAUGHTERFONDSOFHERMOTHERTOTALLYAGAINSTWHATOEDIPUS
30、COMPLEXCONTAINS,WHICHISTHEFIRSTDIFFERENCEINADDITION,PAULSINTENTIONTOKILLHISFATHERISDEBATABLEINTHENOVELOFCHAPTERFOURTHEREARESOMELINESTHATPAULPRAYSTOGOD“MAKEHIMSTOPDRINKING,”HEPRAYEDEVERYNIGHT“LORD,LETMYFATHERDIE,”HEPRAYEDVERYOFTEN“LETHIMNOTBEKILLEDATPIT,”HEPRAYEDWHEN,AFTERTEA,THEFATHERDIDNOTCOMEHOMEF
31、ROMWORK5ACCORDINGTOTHESELINES,ONECOULDLITERALLYFINDPAULDOESNOTWANTHISFATHERTODIEHEWORRIESHISFATHERWHENHISFATHERCOMESHOMELATEPAULORALLYWISHESHISFATHERTODIEREPRESENTINGTHATHEWANTSTOVENTHISANGERANDTHISKINDOFREBELLIONNEITHERISTHEMANIFESTATIONOFOEDIPUSCOMPLEXNORCOMESFROMLIBIDOTHIRDLY,INTHECHAPTERFOURTEEN
32、OFTHENOVEL,PAULPUTSOVERDOSEMORPHINEPILLSINTOTHEMILKANDKILLSHISMOTHERINTHESURFACE,PAULRENDERSHISMOTHERABLETORELEASEFROMPHYSICALAGONY,BUTVIRTUALLY,INHISSUBCONSCIOUSHEURGESTOBREAKAWAYFROMHISMOTHERSMENTALCONTROLSIMPLYPUT,PAULSUBCONSCIOUSLYDESIRESTORELEASEHIMSELFFROMHISMOTHERSMENTALCONTROL,ANDHEPUTSHISTH
33、OUGHTINTOPRACTICETHATISWHYTHISCHAPTERISCALLED“RELEASE”INTHISPOINT,ITRUNSINTHEOPPOSITEDIRECTIONOFOEDIPUSCOMPLEX22LAWRENCESADMISSIONANDINTENTIONTOWRITETHISNOVELASFARASTHENAMEOFTHISBOOKWASCONCERNED,LAWRENCEIMPLIEDITWASNOTANOEDIPUSNOVELIN1912,LAWRENCECHANGEDTHEORIGINALNAMEOFTHENOVELPAULMORELTOSONSANDLOV
34、ERSITWASNOTDIFFICULTTODISCOVERTHATTHEORIGINALNAMECOMESFROMTHEVIEWOFTHESONANDTHELATTERPUTSTHEMOTHERANDTHESONINTHESAMEPOSITIONIFLAWRENCEIMITATEDOEDIPUSCOMPLEX,ITWASNOTNECESSARYFORHIMTOCHANGENAMEBECAUSEOEDIPUSCOMPLEXWASFROMTHEVIEWOFTHESONLOVEMOTHERANDKILLFATHERWHATSMORE,NOTONLYCOULDONEDIGOUTWHATLAWRENC
35、EIMPLIEDINTHENAMEOFHISNOVEL,ONECOULDCLEARLYSEEHOWHEOPPOSEDFREUDIANBY1916,FOLLOWINGPROMINENTPSYCHOANALYTICASSESSMENTSOFSONSANDLOVERS,HEFELTLESSINCLINEDTOBEMEASUREDINHISCOMMENTSTOHISFRIENDBARBARALOW,ANANALYST,HEWROTE,“IHATETHEPSYCHOANALYSISREVIEWOFSONSANDLOVERSYOUKNOWITHINK“COMPLEX”AREVICIOUSHALFSTATE
36、MENTSOFTHEFREUDIANSSORTSOFCANNOTSEETHEWOODFORTHETREES”6FROMTHEVIEWOFLIBIDO,FREUDTHOUGHTTHATLIBIDOWASBORN,HOWEVER,LAWRENCEARGUEDTHATSEXWASNOTNATUREBUTDEVELOPEDBYGROWINGUPLAWRENCECRITICIZEDFREUDIANTHATITWASFILLEDWITHFLAVOROFLABORATORY7“ITWOULDHELPYOUMAKEOUTYOUREMOTIONCOMPLETELYBUTYOUWOULDNEVERHAVEYOUR
37、REALEMOTION”LAWRENCEONCESAIDANDANOTHEREVIDENCEWASLAWRENCEONCERESENTEDALFREDKUTTNERSEARLYSEIZUREOFTHEBOOKFORPSYCHOANALYTICCASELAW5ANDCOMPLAINEDTOAFRIEND,“WHENYOUVESAIDMUTTERCOMPLEX,YOURESAIDNOMORETHANIFYOURECALLEDHYSTERIAANERVOUSDISEASEHYSTERIAISNOTNERVES,ACOMPLEXISNOTSIMPLYASEXRELATIONFARFROMITMYPOO
38、RBOOKITWAS,ASART,AFAIRLYCOMPLETETRUTHSOTHEYCARVEAHALFLIEOUTOFIT,ANDSAYVOILA,SWINE”8“ONECOULDSAYTHATTHENOVELBEGINSWITHTHEAUTHORSPROBLEMSBUTDOESNOTENDWITHTHEMITOPENSOUTINTOTHEREADERSWORLD,ILLUMINATINGANDENHANCINGITBYTHEDEPTHIFITSINSIGHTANDTHESTEADYHONESTYOFITSVISION”“ONESHEDSONESSICKNESSESINBOOKS,”LAW
39、RENCEONCEWROTE,ANDDIDHIMSELFLESSTHANJUSTICEBYTHEIMPLICATIONOFANINERTCASTINGOFFOFPSYCHOLOGICALDISTURBANCESINTOFICTION”16LAWRENCESREALINTENTIONTOWRITETHISNOVELHASTWOGOALSFIRSTLY,TOPROBEWITHREADERSTHEHUMOROUSRELATIONSHIPBETWEENMANANDWOMANSECONDLY,TOEXPOSEINDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONTHATBRINGSWORKINGCLASSDESTRU
40、CTIONANDPOVERTYTOBEMORESPECIFIC,INTHISNOVEL,PAULTRIESTOSEEKTHEBALANCEBETWEENFLESHANDSOULTHROUGHFALLINGINLOVEWITHMIRIAMANDCLARAMIRIAMISFULLOFPURITYANDREASONTHATSHEREPRESENTSSUCHKINDOFPERSONTHATCARESABOUTMENTALLOVEINTURN,CLARESTANDSFORTHEPERSONOFENJOYINGSEXUALLOVEPAULCOULDNOTCONTROLTHETWOSIDES,SOFINAL
41、LYHEFAILSTHROUGHTHECHARACTEROFPAUL,LAWRENCECONTENDEDTHATTRUELOVEMIGHTNOTPERFECTINALLSIDES,BUTATLEASTITINCLUDEDMENTALANDSEXUALLOVEATTHESAMETIMEOTHERWISE,ITWASJUSTADAMTHATEASYTOCOLLAPSEINTHENOVEL,PAULCOULDNOTMAKEUPHISMINDATFIRSTWHENHEISDEVASTATEDBUTFINALLY,THERATIONALITYFIGHTSAGAINSTTHEIMPULSE,ANDHERE
42、MAINSLONELYBECAUSEHECOMESTOREALIZETHETRUTHTHATTHETRUELOVENEEDSUNIFYTHESPIRITANDTHECARNALITYLAWRENCEONCEPOINTEDOUTTHATTHEREWERETOOMANYUTTERWORTHLESSMENWALKINGTHESTREETANDTOOMANYWOMENALMOSTDEAD,WHICHCOULDCOMPARETOAPIANOTHATHALFOFTHEKEYSMISSTHESOUNDTHESECONDLEVELLAWRENCEVIVIDLYSHOWEDTHECOLDANDCRUELCAPI
43、TALISTSOCIETYMANSBODYANDMINDSUFFERAGREATDESTRUCTIONINTHESQUEEZEOFCAPITALISTMECHANICALPRODUCTIONTHATSTRANGLESTHEIRCHARACTERANDNARROWSTHEIRHORIZONEVERYONELABELSADEEPBRANDTHATCOULDNOTREMOVENOMATTERHOWGREATEFFORTTHEYTAKETHISKINDOFLIFEJUSTLIKEBEATSADEADHORSETHATCOULDNOTHAVEANYIMPROVEMENTITISEQUALTOCOMMIT
44、SUICIDESLOWLYMRMOREISTHERIGHTPERSONTHATHISCOLDNESSANDVULGARITYARECAUSEDBYINDUSTRIALSOCIETYTURNINGINTOFAMILYSDEFORMITYANDTHISSTRANGESURROUNDINGCAUSESPAULSABNORMALLOVEANDFINALLYBECOMESTRAGEDYTHEUNHEALTHYCAPITALISTSOCIETYISWHATLAWRENCEAIMEDTOEXPRESSTOREADERSANDALSOTHETHEMEOFTHISNOVEL23THEREALREASONSOFA
45、BNORMALLOVEBETWEENTHESONANDTHEMOTHERSINCELAWRENCEDENIEDTHATOEDIPUSCOMPLEXWASNOTTHEREASONOFABNORMALLOVEBETWEENSONANDMOTHER,THENWHATARETHEREALREASONSINTHISPART,THEAUTHOREMPHASIZESTHIS6QUESTIONANDTRIESTOFURTHERCONVINCEREADERSTHEIRRELEVANCEOFOEDIPUSCOMPLEXANDSONSANDLOVERSWHENONELOOKSFORREASONS,PRIMARILY
46、MAYCONSIDERSOCIALREASONSANDTHENPERSONALREASONSTHISTHESISWILLDISCUSSTHEREASONSOFABNORMALLOVEINTHREEPARTS231SOCIALBACKGROUNDAFTERTWOWORLDWARS,WITHTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTECHNOLOGY,INDUSTRYDEVELOPEDRAPIDLYHOWEVER,THEIMPROVEMENTOFTECHNOLOGYANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANCIVILIZATIONCOULDNOTREALLYSOLVEHUMANPROBLEMSONT
47、HECONTRARY,INDUSTRIALPRODUCTIONNOTONLYDESTROYEDBEAUTIFULENVIRONMENT,BUTALSOCUTOFFASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEMANANDTHENATURETHEOLDRURALECONOMYWASBROKEN,ANDMENWHOWEREDEGENERATEDSLAVEOFMACHINELOSTTHEIRMAININITIATIVEINWESTERNINDUSTRIALCIVILIZATION,THEMOREWEALTHWORKERSCREATED,THEMOREPOVERTYANDMISERYTHEYWOULDBE
48、MANUALLABOURCONSTRICTEDMANSBODYANDMINDTHATSTRANGLEDTHEIRHUMANNATURE“THEMORALSTRAGEDYISTHESHADOWOFINDUSTRIALCIVILIZATIONTHATBRINGSWORKINGCLASSPOVERTYANDTRAGICDESTINY,”9FRANKKERMODEONCESAIDTHEINDUSTRIALMACHINEDESTROYSMEN,ANDTHENMENPUTTHEIRMISERYTOWOMENBEINGDISAPPOINTEDINTHEIRHUSBANDS,THEWOMENTURNTHEIR
49、HOPEANDLOVETOTHECHILDRENTHECONSEQUENCEISCHILDRENBECOMEODDINTHEIRLOVECAPACITYANDDEVELOPMENTVICIOUSCIRCLE,THEPEOPLEOFNEXTGENERATIONFOLLOWTHESAMEOLDDISASTROUSROADTHISPHENOMENONVIVIDLYREFLECTSINTHENOVELPAULSFATHER,WALTERMOREL,ISAWORKINGCLASSMINERFROMTHEAGEOFTEN,HEBEGINSTODIGMINEDAYANDNIGHTLIKEHAMSTERINTHEDARKPITUNDERTHESTRESSOFHEAVYWORKANDBEINGTHEONLYBREADWINNEROFFAMILY,HEWORKSLIKECATTLEANDHORSESBECOMINGAMACHINEOFCAPITALISMGRADUALLY,HEBECOMESROUGHANDIRRITATEDBECAUSEHISBODYANDMETALAREHURTSTRIKINGLYBYINDUSTRIALCIVILIZATIONDEPRESSED,HEPOISONSHIMSELFBYDRINKINGA
