1、 本科毕业论文 （ 20 届） 英语 用顺应论分析访谈节目中的模糊限制语 Analysis of the Hedges in Interview Programs from the Theory of Adaptation 诚 信 声 明 我声明，所呈交的论文 (设计 )是本人在老师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我查证，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文 (设计 )中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 或其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。我承诺， 论文 (设计 )中的所有内容均真实、可信。 论文 (设计 )作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日 授 权 声
2、 明 学校有权保留送交论文（设计）的原件，允许论文（设计）被查阅和借阅，学校可以公布论文（设计）的全部或部分内容，可以影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文（设计），学校必须严格按照授权对论文 (设计 )进行处理，不得超越授权对论文（设计）进行任意处置。 论文 (设计 )作者签名： 签名日期： 年 月 日 I 摘要 模糊限 制语是一种很常见的语言，它所带来的不确定性，不可控制性对会话的顺利进行及不断地延续起到了至关重要的作用，因此它是一个值得研究和探讨的有趣的话题。本文的研究对象是访谈节目中的模糊限制语，结合了前人的研究理论成果，笔者从一个特殊的角度 -顺应性去剖析模糊限制语在访谈节目中的构成和语用
3、功能。本文首先介绍了顺应性和模糊限制语的定义，其次选取了 欧普拉秀 和杨澜访谈录里各一段访谈实录进行定量的数据分析，归纳总结访谈中的模糊限制语的构成及形式。然后分析了顺应主持人心理下的模糊限制语存在的原因，顺应嘉宾心理下模糊限制语存在 的原因，顺应观众心理下模糊限制语存在的原因。最后本文分析了模糊限制语的语用功能。 关键词 ： 模糊限制语 ； 顺应性 ； 访谈 II Abstracts Hedges are a kind of common language. Its uncertainty and uncontrollability play important roles for the
4、smooth progress of the conversation, so this interesting topic is worth studying and discussing. The object of this research is the hedges in the interview programs. Based on previous theoretical studies and focusing on a special view adaptation, the author profoundly analyzes the composition and pr
5、agmatic functions of hedges in interview shows. Firstly, this paper introduces the definition of the adaptation and hedges. Secondly, this paper selects Oprah Show and Yang lans interviews to do the quantitative analysis of data and discusses the hedges structure. Thirdly, the author analyzes the re
6、asons for existence of hedges in the interview program when conforming to the hosts psychology, respondents psychology and audiences psychology. Finally, in this paper, the author analyzes the pragmatic functions of hedges in interview programs. Key words: hedges; adaptability; interview Contents 1.
7、 Introduction . 1 1.1 The definition of adaptability . 1 1.2 The definition of hedges . 1 2. Analysis of the materials . 2 3. The reasons for the existence of hedges in the interview programs . 4 3.1 Conforming to the hosts psychology . 4 3.2 Conforming to the respondents psychology . 6 3.3 Conformi
8、ng to the audiences psychology . 7 4. The pragmatic functions of hedges in interview programs . 8 4.1 Enhancing persuasion . 8 4.2 Expressing politeness . 9 4.3 Creating humor and relaxing atmosphere . 9 5. Conclusion . 10 Bibliography . 111 Acknowledgements . 12 1 1 Introduction The famous American
9、 semantics scholars Lakoff who was influenced by Zadeh of University of California at Berkeley in 1972 firstly proposed the terminology “hedges“. In China, Hedges were introduced by Professor Wu Tieping, a professor of Beijing Normal University. Nowadays, the research on theory and application of he
10、dges are presenting a thriving scene at home and abroad. But many experts just concentrate on the news report. Even researches involving interview are mainly in macroscopic structure. Research which quantitatively focuses on hedges in English interview is limited. In other words, the research about
11、hedges in interview is still vacant. And it is very frequent that hedges appear in the interview, so the author thinks that with the help of adaptation theory, it is very necessary to analyze the composition and pragmatic functions of hedges in the interview program. 1.1 The definition of adaptabili
12、ty Pragmatics expert Jef Verschueren from Belgium pointed out the definition of hedges for the first time in 1987. Verschuren thinks the process of using language is continually selecting the proper language, such as communication strategy and the choice of languages form. The process of selecting l
13、anguage is flexible and uncertain. It has many characteristics: It happens in all levels of language (pronunciation, vocabulary, structure, style, etc.), not only including languages structure, but also relating to strategies of linguistic performance. It also can be a kind of conscious or unconscio
14、us behavior which runs through the generating and comprehension of language, etc. The flexibility of language is based on its three characteristics: variability, negotiability and adaptability. Adaptability refers to language users can make flexible choices by selecting different language items to m
15、eet the communication needs. (Verschueren, 1999) 1.2 The definition of hedges He Ziran (2004) thought that hedges can be divided into Approximators hedges and Shields hedges. Approximators hedges always make the number and frequency fuzzy, which still can be further divided into two classes: adaptor
16、s and rounders. Adaptors are those that can reveal the difference of true degree of words, such as: sort of , a little bit ,almost , entirely , kind of , more or less , quite , really , some , somewhat , to some extent, etc. Rounders refer to words and phrases limiting the changes range, such as: ab
17、out, around, approximately, essentially, in most respects, loosely/ strictly speaking, roughly, 2 over etc. These words are always used with specific numbers together, which make the listener understand the words within a certain range and pay little attention to the difference between practical sit
18、uation and words. Shields can be divided into two classes: plausibility and attribution. Plausibility means speakers attitude, expressing the speculation or skeptical attitude on the topic. For example I think, as far as I know, as far as I can, seem, probably, wonder, hard to say, I believe, I assu
19、me, I suppose, I am afraid, I guess, I suspect, etc. Attribution shows the speaker quotes others statement or viewpoint in order to express the uncertainty of the words. But it is actually through a third partys opinion to indirectly express their attitudes, which skillfully avoid the responsibility
20、 by expressing uncertainty. For instance: as is well know, presumably, someone says that, it is said that, the possibility is, would be, the probability is, it is assumed that, etc. 2. Analysis of the materials Based on the previous classification of hedges, the author of this thesis chose different
21、 subjects-two interview manuscripts of “Oprah show” and “YangLan interview”. In fact, “Oprah show” is an entertainment conversation that is full of fun, while “YangLan interview” seems much more serious than “Oprah show”. The draft of “Oprah show” is about theme of The World s Got Talent on May 11th
22、 2009, which shows the content of the conversations between Oprah and the world-renowned talent scout Simon Cowell and Susan Boyle, Jane Zhang, etc. And the draft of “Yang Lan interview” is the interview with Hillary Clinton U.S. secretary of state in 2009 when visiting China. The conversation laste
23、d about 10 minutes long. The author is going to compare the hedges in these two interview programs of distinctly different styles. Based on the word-for-word analysis for these two texts, the author summarizes frequency and species of hedges in the texts. Details are showed in the table below. Table
24、 one Case one（ Yang lan interview） Case two（ Oprah show） Total number Approximators Adaptors 35 39 74 Rounders 4 2 6 Shields Plausibility 19 20 39 Attribution 3 6 9 3 Table two As we can see from the table one, in a single interview, the adaptors appear far more frequently than the other three types
25、 of hedges. Plausibility is the second largest parts, although it can not compare with the adaptors in the quantity, it still appears more than rounders and attribution. The results we can get from two interviews are that people would like to use adaptors and plausibility in daily life. In Table 2 t
26、he hedges are divided in details. The author analyzes two typical kinds of hedges. The various types of adaptors are obviously more than other kinds of hedges, and we can also find that there are a large quantities of colloquial words, such as very, really etc, which reminds us of the definition of
27、the interview. Actually, we all know what the interview is, but if it must be given a definition, whoever can not say it clearly. Hu Bing, Wu Cheng (2008) thought that interview is a serious conversation in order to achieve one or some important goals. In other words, its a dynamic conversation betw
28、een a career man in a certain area of knowledge structure and a person who wants to get benefits from the expert. In fact, an interview is a conversation. So colloquial words often appear in the interview, it also demonstrates that why there are a large number of words like “very”, “really” etc, in
29、the interview. 4 Next the plausibility ranks second. In authors material, the species of plausibility is limited, but we can find these two words “well” and “I think” appear with great frequency. Why? The reason is that these two words are also kinds of oral vocabulary. In our daily communication th
30、ey are frequently used, which also meets the above principle that as long as it is an interview that is inseparable from its colloquial characteristics. 3. The reasons for the existence of hedges in the interview programs 3.1 Conforming to the hosts psychology The host needs to grasp and lead the rh
31、ythm and atmosphere of the entire interview. The definition of adaptability was introduced at the beginning of this paper, which refers to language users can make flexible choices by selecting different language items to meet the communication needs (Verschueren, 1999). Interview has such a context,
32、 in which as the time going, the mood of the performers and other factors are changing gradually. At that time the host must act as such a role who became aware of this slight change and seize it, and then drive the whole audience at the present in his own rhythm. This time he should change his way
33、of expressing diction and words according to the rapid changing context, to achieve this effect. For example: （ 1） S: good to see you. Youre well. O: you are well. S: I think I fell well. O: you are well. S: the mic. O: Theres your a little bit of undershirt showing. Do you want it to show or not to
34、 show. You want a little . S: you make the decision. Oprah show The hedges in example 1 are adaptors. We can imagine this scene from the environment of this language, whether it is full of happiness and fun or not. In such a joyful context, what a host should do is to keep this feeling going, that i
35、s to say, the host can not destroy this cheerful atmosphere, so she timely inserts a phrase “a little bit of”. It is such a simple word that makes this funny atmosphere to be continued. Dont look down upon this simple phrase. It is expressed by twice thinking of the host, which shows the wisdom of the host. A good host will know how to complete his
