1、 外文翻译 原文 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ATTITUdE OF TAIWANESE TERTIARY-LEVEL BUSINESS STUdENTS Material Source: social behavior and personality, 2010, 38 (1), master thesis Author: Malcolm.Sterling； Noel.Cotton. A model of attitude toward entrepreneurship and the factors influencing this we
2、re tested with students in the business department at technological colleges and universities in Taiwan. Personality traits were adopted as the independent variable, environmental cognition as the intervening variable, and attitude toward entrepreneurship as the dependent variable. Survey questionna
3、ires (1,085) were distributed to students of which 881 were returned, and 792 of these were valid. The responses were analyzed using stepwise regression and LISREL. Results indicated that student attitude toward entrepreneurship was affected by environmental cognition and personality traits, which i
4、ndirectly affected attitude toward entrepreneurship. Keywords: attitude toward entrepreneurship, cognition of environment, personality traits. Entrepreneurship as an element of social change is in part evolutionary, and also part revolutionary, so that it is partly beneficial and partly detrimental
5、to the well-being of society (Snyder, 2008). The younger generation of the 21st century is becoming the most entrepreneurial since the Industrial Revolution. An estimated 5.6 million Americans are actively trying to start their own businesses today. They are under the age of 34 and nearly 80% of wou
6、ld-be entrepreneurs are between the ages 18 and 34. These explosive numbers have come with similar increases in the field of entrepreneurship education (Kuratko, 2005). U.S. Small Business Administration (2001) found that small businesses represent 99.7% of all employers firms in North America. The
7、situation in the employment market of Taiwan is probably very similar to that of the USA. In Taiwan, colleges and universities offer courses to help students to prepare for the future, especially facing a period of economic downturn. The impact of education has been recognized as one of the crucial
8、factors that help young people to understand and foster an attitude of entrepreneurship (Gorman, Hanlon, Kourilsky the first involves the entrepreneurs own personal factors, including personality traits and conditions, while the second class involves external factors such as family, friends, and the
9、 external environment. Personality traits determine a persons words, deeds, and role in life. Moreover, individual actions and thinking are derived from personality traits (Zhao, 1989). Costa and McCrae (1992) found that personality traits determine the individuals degree of inclination towards and
10、are a model of consistency in determining thought, emotion, and action. They found that personality traits are different in kind and degree for all persons. In other words, the kind of personality trait is not the only variable factor, but the degree to which each trait is individually manifested is
11、 also different. In 1946, Cattell used emerging computer technology to examine a hypothesis about personality traits, that individuals describe themselves and each other according to 16 different independent factors. With these 16 factors as a basis Cattell went on to construct the 16PF Personality
12、Questionnaire, which is still used by universities and businesses for personnel selection. In 1963 Norman replicated Cattells work and suggested that five factors would be sufficient (Big Five personality traits (2006). The Big Five are five broad factors or personal trait dimensions: agreeableness,
13、 conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience; which were identified through empirical research (Goldberg, 1993) and are, therefore, suitable for measuring individual personality traits. In past studies of personality traits and entrepreneurship researchers have identifie
14、d entrepreneurial personality traits as the key component in creating a venture. The need for achievement, locus of control, risk-taking propensity, Type-A behavior, and tolerance for ambiguity are the kinds of personality traits necessary to entrepreneurs. As outlined by Carter et al. (2003), innov
15、ation, independence, self-realization, financial success, roles, and recognition were found to be the major reasons an entrepreneur chooses to start an enterprise. Littunen (2000) found that today there are more individuals than ever before with potential for entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur posse
16、sses some personality traits that makes him or her more likely than others to start an enterprise. For this reason, understanding the individuals personality traits could help us to identify the potential characteristics required for entrepreneurship. In this study the focus was on the individuals p
17、ersonality traits and environmental cognition, as the important variables that influence the attitudes of college and university students toward entrepreneurship in Taiwan. The environment is a comprehensive factor in influencing entrepreneurs to start an enterprise and the individuals attitude towa
18、rd entrepreneurship. This includes economic, social, cultural, and policy factors. The environment affects individual entrepreneurial will and ability (Gnyawali (2) Goal direction; (3) Need for achievement; (4) Locus of control; and (5) Creative thinking. Environmental cognition In this study, envir
19、onmental cognition was used as both the independent variable and intervening variable. According to Bird (1988) influential factors upon action in starting an enterprise involve the social and political environment. Environmental cognition in this study was divided into the following four factors: (
20、1) Family environment; (2) Educational environment; (3) Social environment; and (4) Economic environment. Attitude toward entrepreneurship Attitude toward entrepreneurship was the dependent variable in this study, measured according to the method proposed by Rosenberg and Hovland (1960). Attitude wa
21、s divided into: (1) Cognition; (2) Emotion; (3) Motivation; (4) Behavioral intention. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In this study the model of the influential factors on the attitude toward entrepreneurship was tested and was found to fit the data. It was also found that personality traits and environ
22、mental cognition were the important factors in entrepreneurship. In previous studies, researchers such as Carter et al. (2003) and Wang and Wong (2004) called for studies on entrepreneurs and students with similar factors that affected their entrepreneurial interest and actions. Although there are s
23、ome differences in the results of the current study from those of previous research on personality traits, the results of this research were confirmed by those of Gnyawali and Fogel (1994), and could also be explained by Banduras social learning theory. Bandura explains human behavior in terms of a
24、continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants. Accordingly, environmental cognition could affect the individual attitude toward entrepreneurship. Personality traits could affect the attitude toward entrepreneurship through environmental cognition. In
25、 this study we found that the need for achievement, locus of control, and creative thinking were the most important characteristics for entrepreneurship. The family, society, education, and economic environment were also found to be important factors. Attitude toward entrepreneurship of students at
26、technological colleges and universities could be enhanced through entrepreneurship education delivered by supplying entrepreneurial knowledge to students, promoting more entrepreneurial activities and fostering entrepreneurial personality traits. These objectives could be achieved by encouraging stu
27、dents to enter entrepreneurial competitions and join workshops on entrepreneurship. Students could, thus, get more information via the various programs or projects in school and work towards achievement and innovation. Government departments, enterprises, communities, and social organizations are su
28、itable organizations where students may complete this kind of assignment. Relevant lectures and classes should be held to help students understand policies, resources, and the entrepreneurial environment and they should be taught to analyze the direction and chances for entrepreneurship. This could
29、increase student confidence about entrepreneurship. A positive employment attitude should be fostered in students in order to improve their environmental cognition and establish a foundation for entrepreneurship in the future. In this research, it was found that undergraduates attitude toward entrep
30、reneurship is affected by the environment. If students have a more positive attitude about employment they will know about the occupations that are more important (key) than others in providing an insight into how to be entrepreneurial. Schools should require students to be responsible, conscientiou
31、s, pay attention to learning achievement, and attend entrepreneurial oriented activities. When students possess a good attitude about employment, this will also improve their attitude toward entrepreneurship. The major limitation of the current study is that the results may be more applicable to the
32、 specific context of Taiwan where the research was conducted. However, only a small number of previous studies related to entrepreneurship or entrepreneurial education in Taiwan could be found. The number of people unable to find employment is increasing continuously throughout the world. It is stil
33、l essential to discuss the topic of entrepreneurship because more and more people want to operate their own business and become entrepreneurs in the current economic recession. 译文 台湾大三年级商学院学生的创业态度影响因素 资料来源 : 社会行为与人格 ,2010 年 ,38(1),硕士论文 作者： 迈尔肯 .斯特林；诺尔 .克顿 . 在台湾的一些业务部门技术学院和科技大学的学生中做了一项关于大学生创业精神和态度的影响
34、因素的测试，性格作为自变量，环境认识作为中介 变量 ,企业家精神态度作为因变量。 发放 调查问卷 1,085份给学生，收回 881份 ,其中有效问卷 792份。 对其采用逐步回归和结构进行了分析。 结果表明 ,学生的态度 ,创业活动都受到环境 认知、人格特质态度 ,间接地影响。 关键词 :态度环境、企业家精神、认知的个性特征 创业是社会变革 和发展的重要构成元素 ,所以它对于社会福利既有有利的一方面，又有不利的地方。（施耐德 2008年 )。自工业革命以后， 21世纪的年轻人正成为最具有创业精神的一代人。 一个大约 560万美国人正在积极尝试自己创业，今天。 他们是 34岁以下的近八成 的潜在
35、创业者，年龄在 18至 34。 这些爆炸数量已经跟相似增加创业教育领域的 (Kuratko,2005)。 美国工商管理 (2001)发现 ,小型企业代表 99.7%所有的雇主公司在北美。就业市场的情况台湾是非常类似于美国。 在台湾 ,学院和大学提供的课程 ,以帮助学生为将来作准备 ,更是如此面对一段时间的经济衰退。教育影响被公认为能帮助年轻人的关键因素 ,使他们理解和培育创业态度 (Gorman,Hanlon,Kourilsky 和沃尔斯德 ,1998)。 尽管这的研究领域已经成为变得越来越流行 ,大多数创 业教育限于创业课程态度 (夏伊和 Terjensen,2005)。 创业精神可能塑造学
36、生的兴趣开始自己创业 （王建民和吕志宗 ,2004)。 因此 ,重要的是去理解如何培养和发展潜在企业家在他们还是学生的时候在学校里。 在回顾过去的文献建设一份研究框架 ,技术学院和大学的学生台湾进行了调查来检查他们的创业精神和态度是这些态度主要影响因素。 各种各样的人格特质、认识、影响个人和社会条件 、选择追求企业活动（ Carter, Gartner, Shaver和 Gatewood,2003年 )。 在本文中 ,我们主要集中在一套特定的环境 认识和个性特征 ,并通过学生所给的回答鉴定他们对创业所持的态度。 企业家的创业态度是一个创业的一部分 ,该公司管理流程 ,重点是投资于新的企业里 ,
37、创造一个新的风险 ,建立新的组织 部门 ,并提供新产品和新服务。 创业的态度可以形容为以下四个陈述 (卡特、苏达权等 ,2003年 ): 1。 态度是一种个人的观点 ,一个特定的东西和环境。这是一个人的倾斜向坚持和一致性。 此外 ,从文章中可以推断出来了这一倾向的个人的行为。 然而 ,目的在一个的态度不是分辨只有通过行为。 态度包括一般知识 ,包括认知 ,情感 ,和行动。 2。 态度必须有一个目 标。 目标的态度是一个复合型的人或东西，也可以是一个抽象的概念或思想。 3。 态度是类似的倾向。 当人们持有正面的态度对一个给定的目标 ,他们将举行同样积极的态度类似的目标。 4。 人的文化传统、家庭
38、环境、和教育环境影响的环境因素形成的态度。 一般来说 ,态度是一可被学习才个人特质。 总之 ,态度是对任何个体做好心理准备的表现形式。 它是一种受到环境影响的主观意识。 态度是一种永恒的倾向。 它可以以特殊形式，通过经验和研究可以改变的。 企业家的态度是一个个体的概念的企业家精神 ,评估和趋于创业行为或自我雇用的。 如果一 个人有强烈的开始一个新的冒险倾向的关系 ,态度和行为将更加强大。 因此 ,这个人有很强的趋于创业。 企业家的态度影响因素有几个方面 :首先 ,他们想冒险一试 ,或挑战市场。 其次 ,他们相信他们的管理技能更好比别人。 此外 ,他们相信他们的专业有可能发展成为一个企业。 第四
39、 ,他们已经开发出一种产品或服务 ,相信是一个利基市场。 第五 ,这是唯一的办法了开始一个企业因为其他的选择非常有限。 第六 ,受其影响 ,家人、朋友或家人传统 (Greenberger 和 Sexton,1988)。卡特 ,加特纳、 Shaver、和 Gatewood(2003) 确定了主要影响个人倾向的原因是开始企业财务成功的完满实现 ,他们自己的视觉效果的作用可能成就一个成功的企业家所选择模仿、创新、识别和独立 。 性别、家庭经验与业务 ,和教育水平发现企业利益的重要因素王建民和黄 (2004)当他们调查了在新加坡创业高校学生兴趣的决定因素。 小薇和伊斯 (2008)发现性格特性是必不可
40、少的因素在讨论创业问题 ,特别是在学习较小的公司。 综上所述 ,根据研究结果的表明，先前的研究影响企业企业家开始分为两类 ;一是企业家自己的个人因素 ,包括的个性特征和条件 ,而第二课涉及外部因素 ,如家族 , 朋友 ,和外部环境的影响。确定一个人的人格特质的话 ,行为 ,在人生中的角色。 此外 ,个人的行为和思想都源自人格特质 (著 ,1989 年 9 月初版。科斯塔和McCrae(1992)发现 ,性格特征决定个人的趋于程度 ,确定一致性的模型的思想、情感和行动。 他们发现 , 对所有人而言人格特质在类型和程度是不同的。 换句话说 ,这种人格特质在程度上不是唯一的变量因素 ,而在每个特征的
41、能力 表现也有所不同。 创业的态度 1946 年的今天 ,使用计算机技术采用新兴对假说关于人格特质、个人描述自己和对方根据 16 独立因素。 这些以 16 因素为基础构建了采用 16PF 心理个性问卷 ,这是静止的。仍然被大学和企业使用为对工作人员的选择。 1963 年诺曼重复的工作 ,建议采用五因素将足够大五人格特质 (2006)。 大五 5 大因素是或者是与私人有关特征尺寸 :宜人性、严谨、外向性、神经质 ,和开放性 ,通过实证研究确定 (歌德堡 ,1993),因此 ,适合测量的个性特征。 在过去对性格特点和企业家精神的研究，已经将个人的性格 和企业的特征鉴定为建立一个合资企业的关键部分。
42、在创造一次冒险。 对成功的渴望 ,内外控、风险倾向 ,模范行为 ,容忍度，构成了企业家必要的个性特征。作为 Carter等人的概括 (2003),创新 , 独立、自我觉悟 ,经济成功、角色、和认知能力是企业家选择开始一个企业的主要原因。 Littunen(2000)发现今天潜在的个人创业者比以往任何时候都多。 企业家拥有一些个性特点 ,让他们比其他人更可能开始创业。 这原因 ,了解个人的性格特点可以帮助我们鉴定所需的潜在性格创业。在这项研究中关注的焦点在个人的人格特征和环境认知。 作为影响在台湾高校的学生对成为企业家态度的重要变量。 环境是一个综合因子影响创业者开始一个创业活动和个人的创业态度
43、。 这包括经济、社会、文化、和政策因素。环境影响企业中的个人意志和能力(Gnyawali 和 Fogel,1994 年 )。 包括所有的企业环境的培训和咨询服务 ,包括政府机构 ,适用于任何人创建一个新的业务。 综合以上的基础上 ,主要研究文献回顾本研究假设 ,企业家的态度 (因变量 )会受到人格特质 (独立变量 )、环境认知占中介变量的关系的影响。 在参阅文献的基础上。衍生的方法进行测量变量如下所述。 性格个性 特征是独立变量。这性格量表的编配而成的五个人格量表 (科斯塔和 McCrae,1992)。个性特征量表”的纸和铅笔测量五个人格模型的基础上 ,其中包括 :(1)人际关系 ;(2)的目
44、标的方向 ;(3)需要为成就 ;(4)内外控 ;(5)创造性思维。 环境认知在这项研究中 ,环境认知是有作为独立变量和中介变量。 根据Bird(1988)在行动影响因素包括创业的社会，政治环境。 该研究中的环境认知分为以下四个因素 :(1)家庭的环境 ;(2)教育的环境 ;(3)社会环境 ;(4)经济的环境。 企业家精神态度对创业活动的态度，变量在这项研 究中 ,测量是根据Rosenberg 和 Hovland,2000(9)所提出方法的有效性。 态度是分为 :(1)认知 ;(2)情感 ;(3)动机 ;(4)行为意图。 结论和影响 通过本研究 ,创业者态度的影响因素的模型是被发现与测得的数据相
45、符合。 它也同样被被认为是人格特征和环境认知是重要的影响创业的因素。 此前 ,研究人员如卡特孙俐 (2003)和 Wang 和 Wong(2004)呼吁的企业家和学生研究类似的影响他们的创业兴趣和行动因素 ,。虽然有一些差异，但目前的研究结果和先前研究的人格特征 ,这项研究得到的结论可以被 Gnyawali 和 Fogel(1994)确认 ,还可以被 Bandura 的社会学习理论所解释。 Bandura 解释到人类行为的连续条件的认知、互动互惠行为、环境影响因素等方面的研究。 因此 ,环境认知可能影响一个人的创业态度。人格特质会通过对环境认识从而影响到企业家的创业态度。 在本研究中 ,我们发
46、现对创业来说最重要的因素是对成功的需要 ,包括内外控和创新思维能力。家庭、社会、教育、经济环境 ,也是非常重要的影响因素。科技学院和大学的学生的创业态度可通过提高创业教育和培养创业的人格特质 ,促进企业到学校和学生交流企业知识活动 ,促进企业的个性特征。 这些活动通过鼓励学生步入企业家创业比赛和参加研讨会。通过在学校的各种方案，努力把活动做的成功和创新，学生可以获得更多的信息 ,因此 , 政府部门、企业、社区、社会团体都适合组织到其中 ,在那儿 ,学生可以完成这类任务。有关讲座和课程应该帮助学生理解推行的政策、现有的资源和企业环境 ,我们应该分析创业的方向和机会。这可以提高学生创业的信心，应该
47、培养积极的工作态度以便 提高他们的环境认知，为将来创业打好基础。 在这项研究中 ,发现大学生创业的态度是受环境影响的。 如果学生们能更加积极的态度去了解有关 就业方面的知识 , 关于职业方面，他们就会比其他人更明白职业重要的关键点所在和如何成为企业家上有更敏锐的洞察力。学校应该要求学生们要有责任 ,脚踏实地 ,注重学习成果 ,并参加创业导向的活动。 当学生们具有很好的就业的态度 ,这也将改变创业的态度。目前的研究结果有其局限性 ,其结果可能只适用于台湾地区这个特定的环境下进行研究。然而 ,只有一小部分的研究与创业或创业教育在台湾能够被发现。世界各地不能找工作的人数量不断加大。这仍然是很值得讨论的话题。当前的经济衰退的情境下。人们想打理自己的生意 ,成为企业家。
