1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题公司治理与盈余管理关系的研究资料来源FSARESEARCHREVIEW作者HIDETAKAMITANI在所有权与控制权分离的民营企业中,公司治理的一个主要目标就是减少持股人与经理人之间的代理成本。这种代理成本的一个表现就是盈余管理,借此管理者可因私人利益歪曲一个公司的真实财务状况。因此,盈余管理成了假经粉饰的财务报表的行为。盈余管理产生于管理者对财务报告以及结构化交易行使裁决之时,这种裁决是为了修正财务报告,以避免误导利益相关者对于公司基础经济表现的观念,或影响依赖于报告中会计数据的契约性支出。因种种理由管理者实行盈余管理,比如在以绩效为基准的管理者保险合
2、同中会计信息的功能,债务契约中基于科目的条款的作用,以及迎合分析师对于企业表现的期望和管理层对于企业表现的预测的需求。公司治理机制大致可分为两类内部机制与外部机制。内部机制与管理者所有权、高管层薪资水平以及所有权集中相关。外部机制则与财团控制的市场即被接管的压力(公司由于经营不善等原因造成资产清算,兼并或者所有权被转移)机构所有权,财政机构以及其他公司的持有股份相关。本论文旨在分析公司治理机制与盈余管理之间的关系。在此,以1999年至2004年的799家日本制造企业为抽样标本,我们对不同管理机制(包括内部的和外部的)进行盈余管理上的效用评鉴。在内部的管理机制方面,该研究指出如下三项结果。第一,
3、管理者所有权的高度与盈余管理的力度呈正相关。第二,在所有权集中与盈余管理之间存在一种意义重大的“U”型关联,这种关联被定义为十位最高持股人所有的股份比率;集中在低水平管理所有权上的盈余管理持续增长,直到所有权集中程度到达51时,盈余管理最小化,再次提升至更高水平。这表明了“U”型关联的大致情形。第三,股票期权对盈余管理并无影响;以绩效为基准的管理方案也并非总是行得通。在外部的管理机制方面,该研究指出如下三项结果。第一,盈余管理与社会机构投资人所持股票的比例呈负相关;社会机构投资人持股的高度与盈余管理的力度呈负相关。第二,在非银行金融机构持股与盈余管理之间存在一种意义重大的“U”型关联;值得一提
4、的是,非银行金融机构持股的“U”型转向点2约为39(最小)。第三,外资企业持股对于盈余管理来说存在积极作用。此外,其他本土企业间的相互持股现象对盈余管理并无影响;也就是说,这些外部管理机制对盈余管理并不具高效约束力。传统代理文献显示,管理者所持股份在统一持股者利益方面起到了助力作用。也就是说,管理方的股份持有对治理机制来说是非常有益的。然而,由于本文并未指出该机制对盈余管理具有高效约束力,因此我们得出结论管理者的股份持有并不属于有效的治理机制。为什么管理者所持股份无法作为一种管理机制方式而有效发挥作用BOLTON,SCHEINKMANANDXIONG认为盈余管理并非由所有权与控制权之间的冲突所
5、驱使,而是由当前持股人与未来持股人之间的冲突所促成,因为当前持股者倾向于为保证短期股票业绩而选择以物质刺激鼓励管理,尽管他们意识到了为管理而建立奖励措施会影响收益。这就是为什么管理者所持股份,本应为当前持股人的利益所服务,并应具备化解所有权与控制权之间冲突的作用,却无法有效限制盈余管理。另外,在盈余管理与所有权集中二者之间关系上的主观成效为MAUG的观点提供了支持。MAUG提出了一个理论,该理论包含了流动的股票市场与大股东的奖励措施之间的关系,以此起到监督公众企业的作用。在他的理论中,股票比率的增长是由于大股东而产生,这显示出所有权集中的程度,加强了大股东的奖励措施,因为正是由于占有更多的股份
6、才使的企业股票所得回报对于大股东来说更有意义。他称此现象为“锁入效应”。然而,在同一时间,如果股票中的很大一部分是由大股东所持有,那么私人所有的股票则寥寥无几,股票市场也便丧失以往的流动性。这便是MAUG所说的流动性效应。这种效应减少了大股东实行控制的诱因,因为流动性的缺乏将导致小股东无本获利的现象。因此,所有权的集中程度,是由大股东所持股份比例来衡量的,将决定之间权衡的锁定效应和流动性效应。本文的实证结果提出,所有权的集中,这两种效应的平衡约51。在资本市场的机构投资者的作用已经越来越重要。机构投资者持有一个公众公司的股份的大部分,他们中的一些积极监控其投资组合中的公司。我们给出机构持股与较
7、低的盈余操纵相关的证据。这方面的证据证明了卡恩和通泰(1998)的干预或监督的影响这是机构投资者的行为,应最有可能给其他企业或者个人投资者一个讯息这是成熟或完善的“蓝筹股”公司。金融机构在公司的股东净资产债务持有人股份财富股份不理想的股份投资决策妥协债务持有人的利益,风险是一个债务持有人持有的立场。也就是说,金融机构要始终暴露机构之间的股东和持有该公司股份债务冲突。然而,詹森和MACKLING(1976)提出,金融机构作为股东的角度来看,从股东债务持有人的代理问题源于代理成本可以降低。3不同于美国的金融机构,日本的金融机构允许将股权出售,这么说,在日本,代理成本就可被降低,因为金融机构能够把自
8、己所持有的股份出售给其他公司因此,金融机构不仅持有公司一部分股份,而且也发挥更积极的作用在监督和管理方面,这将更好地管理金融机构的股权。4外文文献原文TITLEADDITIONALEVIDENCEONEARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMATERIALSOURCEFSARESEARCHREVIEWAUTHORHIDETAKAMITANIINWIDELYHELDCORPORATIONSWITHSEPARATIONOFOWNERSHIPANDCONTROL,AMAINOBJECTIVEOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEISTOMITIGATEAG
9、ENCYCOSTSBETWEENSHAREHOLDERSANDMANAGERSONEMANIFESTATIONOFSUCHAGENCYCOSTSIS“EARNINGSMANAGEMENT“WHEREBYTHETRUEFINANCIALPERFORMANCEOFACOMPANYISDISTORTEDBYMANAGERSFORPRIVATEGAINSKLEIN20021THUS,EARNINGSMANAGEMENTISWINDOWDRESSFINANCIALSTATEMENTEARNINGSMANAGEMENTOCCURSWHENMANAGERSUSEJUDGMENTINFINANCIALREPO
10、RTINGANDINSTRUCTURINGTRANSACTIONSTOALTERFINANCIALREPORTSTOEITHERMISLEADSOMESTAKEHOLDERSABOUTTHEUNDERLYINGECONOMICPERFORMANCEOFTHECOMPANYORINFLUENCECONTRACTUALOUTCOMESTHATDEPENDONREPORTEDACCOUNTINGNUMBERSHEALYANDWAHLEN1999MANAGERSUNDERTAKEEARNINGSMANAGEMENTFORAVARIETYOFREASONS,SUCHASTHEUSEOFACCOUNTIN
11、GINFORMATIONINPERFORMANCEBASEDCOMPENSATIONCONTRACTSFORMANAGERS,THEUSEOFACCOUNTINGBASEDCOVENANTSINDEBTCONTRACTSANDTHENEEDTOMEETANALYSTSEXPECTATIONANDMANAGEMENTFORECASTSABOUTFIRMPERFORMANCECORPORATEGOVERNANCECANBEBROADLYCLASSIFIEDINTOINTERNALANDEXTERNALMECHANISMSDENISANDMCCONNELL2003INTERNALMECHANISMS
12、ARETHOSERELATEDTOMANAGERIALOWNERSHIP,EXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONANDOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONEXTERNALMECHANISMSRELATETOTHEMARKETFORCORPORATECONTROLIETHETAKEOVERPRESSUREANDTHEINSTITUTIONALOWNERSHIP,FINANCIALINSTITUTIONSANDOTHERCORPORATIONSSHAREHOLDINGSTHEPRIMARYPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOANALYZETHERELATIONSHIPBETWE
13、ENCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSANDEARNINGSMANAGEMENTSPECIFICALLY,USINGASAMPLEOF799LARGEJAPANESEMANUFACTURINGFIRMSFROM1999TO2004,WEVERIFYTHEEFFECTOFDIFFERENTGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSINCLUDINGINTERNALANDEXTERNALONEARNINGSMANAGEMENTFORINTERNALGOVERNANCEDEVICES,THISSTUDYPRESENTSFOLLOWINGTHREERESULTSFIRST,FIR
14、MSWITHHIGHERMANAGERIALOWNERSHIPAREASSOCIATEDWITHMOREEARNINGSMANAGEMENTSECOND,THEREISASIGNIFICANTUSHAPEDRELATIONBETWEENEARNINGS5MANAGEMENTANDOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATION,WHICHISDEFINEDASTHERATIOOFSHARESOWNEDBYTOPTENLARGESTOCKHOLDERSEARNINGSMANAGEMENTISINCREASINGINCONCENTRATIONATLOWLEVELSOFMANAGERIALOWNERSH
15、IP,REACHESAMINIMUMWHENOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONREACHES51,ANDAGAININCREASINGATHIGHERLEVELSTHISSUGGESTSAROUGHLYUSHAPEDRELATIONSHIPTHIRD,EXECUTIVEOPTIONCOMPENSATIONDOESNOTAFFECTTHEEARNINGSMANAGEMENTTHEPERFORMANCEBASEDMANAGERIALINCENTIVESCHEMEISNOTALWAYSEFFECTIVEFOREXTERNALGOVERNANCEDEVICES,THISSTUDYPRESEN
16、TSFOLLOWINGTHREERESULTSFIRST,THEREISASIGNIFICANTNEGATIVERELATIONBETWEENEARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDTHEPROPORTIONOFSHARESHELDBYINSTITUTIONALINVESTORSFIRMSWITHHIGHERINSTITUTIONALOWNERSHIPAREASSOCIATEDWITHLESSEARNINGSMANAGEMENTSECOND,THEREISASIGNIFICANTUSHAPEDRELATIONBETWEENEARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDTHESHAREHOLDIN
17、GSOFFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSSPECIFICALLY,THETURNINGPOINTONTHEUSHAPEDFUNCTIONOFTHESHAREHOLDINGSOFFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSISAPPROXIMATELY39MINIMUMTHIRD,THESHAREHOLDINGSOFFOREIGNOTHERCORPORATIONSHAVEAPOSITIVEEFFECTONEARNINGSMANAGEMENTFURTHERMORE,THECROSSSHAREHOLDINGSOFOTHERDOMESTICCORPORATIONSDONOTAFFECTTHEE
18、ARNINGSMANAGEMENTTHATIS,THESEEXTERNALGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSDONOTCONSTRAINEARNINGSMANAGEMENTEFFECTIVELYTHETRADITIONALAGENCYLITERATUREPRESENTSTHATSHAREHOLDINGSBYMANAGERSHELPALIGNTHEIRINTERESTSWITHTHOSEOFSHAREHOLDERSJENSENANDMECKLING19762THATIS,MANAGERIALSHAREHOLDINGSAREGOODFORTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEHOWEV
19、ER,WECONCLUDETHESHAREHOLDINGSBYMANAGERSARENOTVALIDGOVERNANCEMECHANISM,SINCETHISPAPERDOESNOTPRESENTTHISMECHANISMCONSTRAINSEARNINGSMANAGEMENTEFFECTIVELYWHYDOESNOTTHESHAREHOLDINGBYMANAGERSFUNCTIONEFFECTIVELYASAMEANSOFTHECORPORATEGOVERNANCEBOLTON,SCHEINKMANANDXIONG2005SUGGESTTHATEARNINGSMANAGEMENTISNOTD
20、RIVENBYTHECONFLICTBETWEENOWNERSHIPANDCONTROL,BUTDRIVENBYTHECONFLICTBETWEENCURRENTANDFUTURESHAREHOLDERS,SINCECURRENTSHAREHOLDERSMAYCHOOSETOINCENTIVIZEMANAGEMENTFORSHORTTERMSTOCKPERFORMANCE,EVENTHOUGHTHEYRECOGNIZETHATTHISCREATESINCENTIVESFORMANAGEMENTTOMANIPULATEEARNINGSTHATISWHYTHESHAREHOLDINGSBYMANA
21、GERS,DESIGNEDTOWORKINTHEINTERESTOFCURRENTSHAREHOLDERSANDRESOLVETHECONFLICTBETWEENOWNERSHIPANDCONTROL,DONOTCONSTRAINEARNINGSMANAGEMENTEFFECTIVELYADDITIONALLY,THEEMPIRICALRESULTONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEARNINGSMANAGEMENTANDOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONGENERALLYSUPPORTSMAUG1998MAUG61998OFFERSATHEORYOFTHERELATI
22、ONSHIPBETWEENALIQUIDSTOCKMARKETANDTHEINCENTIVESOFLARGESHAREHOLDERSTOMONITORPUBLICCORPORATIONSINHISTHEORY,ANINCREASEINTHERATIOOFSHARESAREOWNEDBYLARGESHAREHOLDERS,WHICHINDICATESTHEDEGREEOFOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATION,STRENGTHENSTHELARGESHAREHOLDERSINCENTIVESTOMONITOR,BECAUSEOWINGALARGERSTAKEMAKESTHERETURNON
23、THEFIRMSSHARESMORESIGNIFICANTFORTHELARGESHAREHOLDERSHECALLSTHISTHELOCKINEFFECTHOWEVER,ATTHESAMETIME,IFALARGEFRACTIONOFTHETOTALSHARESISOWNEDBYTHELARGESHAREHOLDERS,THENFEWERSHARESAREHELDBYHOUSEHOLDS,MAKINGTHEMARKETLESSLIQUIDINTHESESHARESHECALLSTHISTHELIQUIDITYHENCE,THEDEGREEOFOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONTHA
24、TISMEASUREDINRATIOOFSHARESTHATAREOWNEDBYLARGESHAREHOLDERSWILLBEDECIDEDBYTHETRADEOFFBETWEENTHELOCKINEFFECTANDTHELIQUIDITYEFFECTTHEEMPIRICALRESULTINTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHATOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONWITHWHICHBOTHEFFECTSBALANCEISAPPROXIMATELY51THEROLEOFINSTITUTIONALINVESTORSHASBEENINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTINCAPITA
25、LMARKETSINSTITUTIONALINVESTORSHOLDASIGNIFICANTFRACTIONOFTHESHARESOFPUBLICFIRMSANDSOMEOFTHEMACTIVELYMONITORTHEFIRMSINTHEIRINVESTMENTPORTFOLIOSWEPRESENTTHEEVIDENCETHATINSTITUTIONALOWNERSHIPISASSOCIATEDWITHLOWEREARNINGSMANIPULATIONTHISEVIDENCESUPPORTSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFKAHNANDWINTON1998THATINTERVENTIONOR
26、MONITORING,WHICHISACTIVISMBYINSTITUTIONALINVESTORS,SHOULDBEMOSTLIKELYFORFIRMSTHATARERELATIVELYACCESSIBLETOWELLINFORMEDOUTSIDERSMATUREORWELLESTABLISHED“BLUECHIP“FIRMSTHEFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSAREINTHEPOSITIONTHATTHERISKTHATFIRMSSHAREHOLDERSSKIMWEALTHFROMDEBTHOLDERSBYMAKINGSUBOPTIMALINVESTMENTDECISIONSW
27、HICHCOMPROMISEDEBTHOLDERSINTERESTSISHELDASADEBTHOLDERSTHATIS,THEFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSARETOBEALWAYSEXPOSEDTOTHEAGENCYCONFLICTBETWEENTHESHAREHOLDERSANDDEBTHOLDERSOFTHEFIRMHOWEVER,JENSENANDMECKLING1976SUGGESTTHATTHEFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSACTASSHAREHOLDERSSTANDPOINT,ANDTHEAGENCYCOSTWHICHSTEMSFROMTHESHAREHOLDERSDEBTHOLDERSAGENCYPROBLEMCANBEREDUCEDUNLIKEUSFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,JAPANESEFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSAREALLOWEDTOTAKEEQUITYPOSITIONSINTHEFIRMSTOWHICHTHEYLENDTHATIS,INJAPAN,THEAGENCYCOSTMAYBEREDUCEDASJENSENANDMECKLING1976SUGGEST,