1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文AFRAMEWORKFORINTERNATIONALTAXPLANNINGFORMANAGERSCREATINGABALANCEBETWEENMINIMIZINGALLOFTHEAPPLICABLETAXESSUBJECTTOADDITIONALCONSTRAINTSREQUIRESATAXPLANNINGFRAMEWORKWHICHRECOGNIZESTHECOORDINATIONOFLEGALMETHODSTOMINIMIZETAXESLEITCHANDBARRETT1992ASSERTTHATAMULTINATIONALFIRMEXISTSTOEXPLOI
2、TAVARIETYOFADVANTAGESWHICHOCCURDUETODIFFERENTIALSINOWNERSHIP,LOCATION,ANDINTERNATIONALIZATIONFACTORSACROSSCOUNTRYBOUNDARIESTHESESAMESORTSOFADVANTAGESCANBECONSIDEREDRELATEDTOTAXMINIMIZATIONTHEMULTINATIONALMANAGERINTHEHYPOTHETICALFIRMOFGLOBALCOMUSTCONSIDERTAXPLANNINGSTRATEGIESSUBJECTTODIFFERENCESIN1JU
3、RISDICTION2TIMEPERIODS3ENTITIES4CONTRACTUALFORMSAND5ACTIVITIESJURISDICTIONINAREGULATORYSENSE,TAXATIONEXISTSTOACCOMPLISHAVARIETYOFSOCIETALOBJECTIVESCONSEQUENTLY,THESEOBJECTIVESAREMANIFESTEDINDIFFERINGTAXRATESANDSCHEMESAMONGNATIONSSOMENATIONSOFFERATAXHOLIDAYTOCORPORATEENTITIESTOSTIMULATELOCALINVESTMEN
4、TANDEMPLOYMENT,WHILEOTHERSOFFERNOINCENTIVESSIMILARLY,ALLOWABLEEXCLUSIONSANDDEDUCTIONSUSEDINDETERMININGTAXABLEINCOMEMAYDIFFERAMONGCOUNTRIESGLOBALCOMUSTCONSIDERALLOFTHESEELEMENTSWHENSELECTINGCOUNTRIESFOROPERATIONSTHEMULTINATIONALFIRMISINAPOSITIONTOEXPLOITTHESEDIFFERENCESTOLEGALLYAVOIDTAXESANDMINIMIZET
5、HEOVERALLTAXBURDENCOMPLICATIONSARISEWHENMANAGERSMAKETAXPOLICYDECISIONSINISOLATIONFROMTHEOVERALLBUSINESSNEEDSOFTHEFIRMTHEOPTIMALSTRATEGYINCLUDESINTERNATIONALTAXPOLICYINCONJUNCTIONWITHBUSINESSSTRATEGYIFGLOBALCOSELECTSCOUNTRIESFOROPERATINGACTIVITIESSOLELYFORTAXCONSIDERATIONS,THENTHEFIRMMAYFAILTODERIVET
6、HEMAXIMUMBENEFITFROMAMULTINATIONALSTRATEGYWHICHSEEKSTOEXPLOITAVARIETYOFADVANTAGESTIMEPERIODSSINCETHEMULTINATIONALFIRMOFTENPRODUCESGOODSORSERVICESINAVARIETYOFPLACESOVERDIFFERENTECONOMICCYCLES,THEREARECHOICESAVAILABLEWHICHALLOWTHEFIRMTODEFERPAYMENTOFTAXORRECOGNITIONOFTAXABLEINCOMETHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSOR
7、TOFPLANNINGISTOALLOWINCOMETOBETAXEDATTHELOWESTPOSSIBLERATEFOREXAMPLE,GLOBALCOMIGHTVARYPRODUCTIONSCHEDULESATLOCATIONSINDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFDIFFERINGTAXRATESTHECROSSJURISDICTIONALDIFFERENCESINEFFECTIVETAXRATESFORAMULTINATIONALENTERPRISEMAYCHANGEOVERTIMEDURINGLOWPOINTSINABUSINESSCYCLE,AN
8、ENTITYINONECOUNTRYMAYHAVENETOPERATINGLOSSESWHICHRESULTINANETINCOMETAXRATEOFZEROIFTHATENTITYISUNABLETOIMMEDIATELYAPPLYTHENETOPERATINGLOSSES,THENTHEPARENTFIRMSSTRATEGYMIGHTBETOSHIFTINCOMEINTOTHATCOUNTRYTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFTHENETOPERATINGLOSSESTHEPARENTCOULDSHIFTINCOMEBYRAISINGTHETRANSFERPRICESPAIDONPRODU
9、CTSFROMTHATCOUNTRY,ORBYREDUCINGTHEROYALTYPAYMENTSTHATTHESUBSIDIARYPAYSTOOTHERENTITIESACCELERATINGRECOGNITIONOFTAXABLEINCOMECOULDALSOBEADVANTAGEOUSIFAFIRMEXPECTSFAVORABLETAXINCENTIVESWILLBEEXPIRINGINTHENEXTYEARDURINGHIGHPOINTSINABUSINESSCYCLE,THEMULTINATIONALENTERPRISECOULDATTEMPTTODEFERRECOGNIZINGIN
10、COMEINHIGHTAXCOUNTRIESFOREXAMPLE,INSTALLMENTSALESCONTRACTSCOULDBEWRITTENTODEFERINCOMERECOGNITIONTOFUTUREPERIODSTHESALESCONTRACTCOULDBEREVISEDTOLOWERTHEPRICEONINITIALPURCHASES,ANDINCREASETHEPRICEONFUTUREMAINTENANCEANDUPGRADESTHEYCOULDACCELERATEEXPENSERECOGNITIONBYPERFORMINGMORECURRENTLYDEDUCTIBLEMAIN
11、TENANCETHANCONSTRUCTINGFACILITIESTHATMUSTBEDEPRECIATEDOVERLONGTIMEPERIODSCHOICEOFENTITYTHEMULTINATIONALMAYSELECTAVARIETYOFORGANIZATIONALFORMSWITHWHICHTOCONDUCTTRANSACTIONSWITHDISTRIBUTEDUNITSINOTHERCOUNTRIESTHISCHOICEHASLEGALASWELLASTAXIMPLICATIONSFORTHECOMBINEDENTITYIFFOREIGNUNITSAREORGANIZEDASSUBS
12、IDIARIES,THEPARENTMAYBEALLOWEDTODEFERRECOGNITIONOFINCOMEFROMTHESUBSIDIARYUNTILDIVIDENDSAREDISTRIBUTEDTOTHEPARENTORGANIZINGUNITSASBRANCHESWILLRESULTINTHEINCLUSIONOFALLBRANCHINCOMEINTHEWORLDWIDEINCOMEOFTHEPARENTINSOMECOUNTRIES,THEPARENTMAYELECTTOFORMPARTNERSHIPSWHEREANYINCOMEORLOSSWILLFLOWDIRECTLYTHRO
13、UGHTOTHEPARTNERSWITHOUTTAXINGTHEFOREIGNENTITYAHYBRIDENTITYALSOMAYBEFORMEDWHICHRESULTSINONEJURISDICTIONTAXINGTHEUNITASAPARTNERSHIPANDANOTHERASACORPORATIONTHESECHOICESWILLAFFECTGLOBALCOINCHARACTERIZINGTHEINCOMERECEIVEDINTHEVENTUREASACTIVE,PASSIVE,ORTRIGGERINGCAPITALGAINSEACHRESULTYIELDSDIFFERINGTAXEFF
14、ECTSINANYEVENT,THECHOICEOFENTITYFROMATAXPLANNINGPERSPECTIVEMUSTBEBALANCEDWITHTHENEEDSOFTHEFIRMOVERALLTAXREGULATIONSARERATHERFLUID,ANDTHEMULTINATIONALMUSTBEPREPAREDTOFACECHANGINGSITUATIONSOVERTIMEMOREIMPORTANTLY,ITMAYBEDIFFICULTTOCHANGETHEORGANIZATIONALFORMOFAFOREIGNUNITONCEESTABLISHEDGLOBALCOWOULDNE
15、EDTOEVALUATETHEBUSINESSPURPOSEFORAPARTICULARCHOICEOFENTITYINCONJUNCTIONWITHTHERELATEDTAXEFFECTSTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALARRANGEMENTPARTICULARLEGALCONSIDERATIONSMAYBESOACUTETHATGLOBALCOWOULDELECTTOFORMATYPEOFENTITYEVENIFITRESULTEDINLESSTAXBENEFITCONTRACTUALFORMSVARIOUSCONTRACTUALFORMSFORTHESTRUCTUREANDWO
16、RKINGSOFTHEENTITYCANAFFECTTHETAXSITUATIONOFTHEMULTINATIONALONEOFTHEFUNDAMENTALCHOICESFORGLOBALCOISHOWTOFINANCETHEFOREIGNENTITYSEKELYANDCOLLINS1988SHOWTHATTHECAPITALSTRUCTURECHOICEOFAFIRMISINFLUENCEDBYTHECOUNTRYLOCATIONFINANCINGTHROUGHDEBTOREQUITYWILLHAVEDIFFERENTTAXEFFECTSRELATEDTOTHEDEDUCTIBILITYOF
17、INTERESTEXPENSEANDLACKOFDEDUCTIBILITYFOREQUITYCONTRIBUTIONSSIMILARLY,INTERESTINCOMEWOULDBERECOGNIZEDASINCOMETOTHERECIPIENT,WHEREEQUITYRECEIVEDISGENERALLYNOTTAXEDASINCOMECONVERTIBLEORHYBRIDSECURITIESMAYBECONSIDEREDASDEBTOREQUITYFORTHEMULTINATIONAL,DEPENDINGUPONTHECIRCUMSTANCESOPERATIONALCHOICES,SUCHA
18、SWHETHERTOHIREPERSONNELASCONTRACTUALEMPLOYEESORINDEPENDENTCONTRACTORS,WILLALSOHAVEDIFFERENTTAXEFFECTSFORGLOBALCOASIMILARSITUATIONEXISTSWITHRESPECTTOOWNINGORLEASINGVARIOUSASSETSTAXDIFFERENTIALSAMONGCOUNTRIESMAYEXISTREQUIRINGTHEMULTINATIONALTOBALANCETHESECHOICESACROSSFOREIGNUNITSCORPORATEACTIVITIESPER
19、HAPSTHEMOSTLOGICAL,YETLESSDIRECT,CONCERNFORTAXPLANNINGINVOLVESANEVALUATIONOFTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESUNDERTAKENBYTHEMULTINATIONALFIGURE1PROVIDESADIAGRAMOFTHEACTIVITIESOFAUSPARENTCORPORATIONANDITSFOREIGNSUBSIDIARYFOREXAMPLE,GLOBALCOMIGHTPROVIDEASSISTANCETOAFOREIGNSUBSIDIARYINTHEFORMOFRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMEN
20、T,FINANCING,PRODUCTION,ANDMARKETINGANDDISTRIBUTIONWHENGLOBALCOTHEPARENTPROVIDESTECHNOLOGY,THESUBSIDIARYPAYSTHEPARENTINTHEFORMOFROYALITESORMANAGEMENTFEESWHICHARETAXABLEINCOMETOTHEPARENTANDDEDUCTIBLEBYTHESUBSIDIARYTHEPARENTMAYPROVIDEOVERSIGHTTOTHESUBSIDIARYINPRODUCTIONDECISIONSWITHOUTCREATINGATAXABLEE
21、VENTMARKETINGANDDISTRIBUTIONACTIVITIESMAYGENERATEGAINSFOREITHERTHEPARENTORTHESUBSIDIARYDEPENDINGUPONWHERETITLEPASSESFORTHEGOODSSIMILARLY,ANYTRANSFERSANDTHELOCATIONOFTHESALEOFGOODSALSOAFFECTSVALUEADDEDTAXESANDTARIFFSINTERMSOFFINANCING,THETAXATIONSITUATIONFORGLOBALCODEPENDSUPONWHETHERDEBTOREQUITYWASUS
22、EDTOASSISTTHESUBSIDIARYEQUITYINFOREIGNSUBSIDIARIESGENERATESDIVIDENDSORCAPITALGAINSWHICHARETAXABLETOTHEPARENTBYTHEFULLAMOUNTOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONTOMINIMIZETAXESFORTHECOMBINEDCORPORATEENTITY,TAXATIONANDSOURCEOFINCOMEISSUESMUSTBECONSIDEREDINALLPHASESOFGLOBALCOSACTIVITIESPARTICULARACTIVITIESMAYBEDESIRABLEFR
23、OMABUSINESSPERSPECTIVE,BUTCREATELESSTHANIDEALTAXIMPLICATIONSFOREXAMPLE,GLOBALCOMAYWISHTOEXERCISECONTROLOVERASUBSIDIARYINTHEFORMOFASIGNIFICANTEQUITYINTEREST,BUTMAYPREFERMERELYTOLOANFUNDSANDGENERATETAXABLEINTERESTONTHELOANREPAYMENTINTHEVERYDISTANTFUTURETHERULESFORSOURCINGINCOMEOFTHECOMBINEDENTERPRISES
24、INTHEUSORFOREIGNCOUNTRIESARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE3THETYPEOFGOODSORSERVICESOFFEREDMAYINFLUENCETHELOCATIONOFTAXATIONOFTHETRANSACTION,ANDTHUSTHEEVENTUALEFFECTIVETAXRATEOFTHEMUITINATIONALENTITYANDANYFOREIGNSUBSIDIARIESFOREXAMPLE,IFGLOBALCOEXPORTSINVENTORYITPURCHASEDINTHEUSANDTITLEPASSESINCOUNTRYX,THENTHEINC
25、OMEONTHATSALEISCLASSIFIEDASFOREIGNSOURCEINCOMEANDANYCONTRACTDISPUTESWOULDBEDETERMINEDUNDERCOUNTRYXSLAWSTOSHIFTTHESOURCINGOFINCOMEONTHESALEOFPURCHASEDINVENTORIESFROMCOUNTRYXTOTHEUS,GLOBALCOCOULDRESTRUCTUREITSMARKETINGSOTHATTITLEPASSESTOTHEPURCHASERSINTHEUSWHENACORPORATIONMANUFACTURESGOODSINONECOUNTRY
26、ANDEXPORTSTHEMTOITSFOREIGNBRANCH,THEINCOMEFROMTHESALEOFTHOSEGOODSMUSTBEALLOCATEDBETWEENUSANDFOREIGNSOURCEINCOMEIFANARMS_LENGTHTRANSFERPRICECANBEESTIMATED,THENTHATTRANSFERPRICEISUSEDTOSOURCEINCOMEBETWEENTHECOUNTRIESIFNOT,THEGROSSINCOMEISCLASSIFIEDASUSORFOREIGNSOURCEUSINGANAPPOIONMENTFORMULABASEDONTHE
27、RATIOOFTHEFIRMSPROPERTYANDSALESINTHEUSANDFOREIGNCOUNTRIESPASSIVEINVESTMENTINCOMEINTERESTANDDIVIDENDSFROMUNRELATEDFIRMSISOFTENSUBJECTTOATYPEOFWITHHOLDINGTAXWHENTHEINCOMEISTRANSFERREDOUTOFTHECOUNTRYCAPITALGAINSONPROPERTYARETAXEDACCORDINGTOTHETYPEOFPROPERTYTANGIBLEPROPERTYGAINSTYPICALLYARETAXEDINTHECOU
28、NTRYWHERETHEPROPERTYISLOCATEDGAINSONINTANGIBLEPROPERTYMAYBETAXEDINTHECOUNTRYWHERETHEOWNEROFTHEINTANGIBLEPROPERTYRESIDESTHISRESULTMAYMAKEITNECESSARYFORGLOBALCOTOCONSIDERTHEOWNERSHIPOFANYINTANGIBLEPROPERTYTHATTHEFOREIGNENTITYMAYREQUIREFOROPERATIONSONCEGLOBALCODETERMINESTHEAPPROPRIATETAXSTRATEGYGIVENAN
29、OVERALLBUSINESSSTRATEGY,COMPLIANCEISTHENEXTPHASEWHICHCONFRONTSTHEMANAGERWITHASETOFCHOICESTHERESULTSOFAUSBASEDMULTINATIONALFIRMSEFFORTSATTAXMINIMIZATIONONAGLOBALSCALEAREFIRSTAPPARENTINCALCULATIONSONTHEUSINCOMETAXRETURNFORFOREIGNINCOMETAXESPAID,THETAXPAYERMAYSELECTEACHYEAREITHERADEDUCTIONTOREDUCETAXAB
30、LEINCOMEORAFOREIGNTAXCREDITTHATDIRECTLYREDUCESTHETAXLIABILITYFORTAXESPAIDOTHERTHANINCOME,DEDUCTIONISTHEONLYTREATMENTALLOWEDFORGLOBALCO,THEOPTIMALCHOICEBETWEENATAXDEDUCTIONORTAXCREDITWILLDEPENDUPONTHETYPEOFINCOMECREATEDBYTHESPECIFICFOREIGNENTITYANDRELATEDTYPESOFWORLDWIDEINCOMEGENERATEDBYTHECOMBINEDEN
31、TITYCHOICESTHATGLOBALCOMADEPREVIOUSLYWITHREGARDTOTHETYPEOFENTITY,FINANCINGDECISIONS,LOCATIONOFFOREIGNOPERATIONS,ANDPASSINGOFTITLE,ETCFORTHEFOREIGNENTITYWILLBEREFLECTEDINTHETYPEANDCHARACTEROFINCOMEGENERATEDBYTHEFOREIGNENTITYWHILEMULTINATIONALSATTEMPTTOCREATEATAXPOLICYWHICHMINIMIZESTOTALTAXESANDMAXIMI
32、ZESAFTERTAXCASHFLOW,THEGOVERNMENTSWHOADMINISTERTAXREGULATIONALSOPURSUETHEIROWNGOALSTHESEGOVERNMENTSTRYTOMAXIMIZETHEIROWNSOCIALPOLICYGOALSGIVENAVARIETYOFCONSTRAINTSANDEXTERNALFACTORSMULTINATIONALSCANIMPROVETHEIROWNTAXPLANNINGBYEVALUATINGTHEPOSITIONOFFOREIGNGOVERNMENTSWITHRESPECTTOTHEIROWNTAXPOLICYOBJ
33、ECTIVESANDFUTURECHANGESTHEREFORE,FORPLANNINGPURPOSES,THEMULTINATIONALSHOULDEVALUATETAXPOLICYGOALSOFFOREIGNGOVERNMENTSANDMETHODOFCOLLECTIONFOREACHCOUNTRYWHERETHEFIRMMAINTAINSOPERATIONSINACHIEVINGTHEIRREVENUEGOALS,GOVERNMENTSMAYADJUSTEITHERTHETAXRATEORTHETAXBASE,ORATTEMPTTOSTIMULATETOTALECONOMICOUTPUT
34、THROUGHINCENTIVESEMPLOYMENTGOALSFORTHEWORKFORCEPROVIDEINCENTIVESFORFIRMSTOSUPPORTJOBGROWTHINPARTICULARREGIONS,ORTOEXPANDSPECIFICTARGETEDINDUSTRIESGOVEMMENTSCOULDALSOSEEKTOCREATEANEUTRALENVIRONMENTWHICHMITIGATESINCENTIVESFORFIRMSTOADJUSTTHEIRBUSINESSBEHAVIORSOLELYINRESPONSETOTAXDIFFERENCESTHISTYPEOFC
35、ONSIDERATIONISALSOREFLECTEDINALLOWINGCREDITFORTAXESPAIDTOFOREIGNGOVERNMENTSTOAVOIDDOUBLETAXATIONFORMULTINATIONALSCOOPERATIONBETWEENTHEGOVERNMENTSOFNATIONSISEVIDENCEDBYTHECREATIONOFMULTILATERALTRADETREATIESANDBILATERALTAXTREATIESTHESEAGREEMENTSGREATLYSIMPLIFYCOMPLIANCEANDMINIMIZEUNCERTAINTYFORMULTINA
36、TIONALSANOTHERASPECTWHICHWILLAFFECTTHETAXPOLICYOFMULTINATIONALSISTHETAXADMINISTRATIVEPROCESSINEACHCOUNTRYTRANSACTIONSINTHEUSARECHARACTERIZEDBYASETOFFORMALRULES,WHILENEGOTIATEDSETTLEMENTSAREMUCHMORECOMMONINCOUNTRIESSUCHASTHENETHERLANDSATPRESENT,RELATIVEINSTABILITYINTHEADMINISTRATIVEPROCESSINTHEFORMER
37、SOVIETUNIONGREATLYCOMPLICATESTAXPLANNINGFORMULTINATIONALSWITHOPERATIONSTHEREMOSTCOUNTRIESEMPLOYAMIXOFSEVERALMETHODSTOEXECUTETHEIRTAXPOLICYTAXABLEINCOMECANBECALCULATEDUSINGWORLDWIDEORTERRITORIALINCOMETHERELATIVEEFFECTSOFSUCHPOLICIESONAMULTINATIONALDEPENDUPONSPECIFICCALCULATIONSFORINCOMEACCORDINGTOSOU
38、RCENONRESIDENTCORPORATIONSMAYALSOBESUBJECTTOAWITHHOLDINGTAXONINCOMEEARNEDFORGLOBALCO,ANOPTIMALINTERNATIONALTAXMINIMIZATIONSTRATEGYHASINVOLVEDTHEUSEOFSUBSIDIARIESINTAXHAVENCOUNTRIES,FSCS,TRANSFERPRICING,INCOMESOURCINGANDCHARACTERIZATIONDECISIONSAFFECTINGACTIVEANDPASSIVEDISTINCTIONS,ANDTHECREATIONOFAF
39、INANCINGSUBSIDIARYALLOFTHESEDECISIONSWEREMADEINCONJUNCTIONWITHTHEOVERALLGLOBALSTRATEGYOFTHECOMPANYANDTHEMOTIVATIONSFORCREATINGAMULTINATIONALENTITYTAXCONSIDERATIONSOUTSIDEOFTHEUSWEREBALANCEDWITHLEGAL,POLITICALANDECONOMICRISKSULTIMATELY,GLOBALCOSSTRATEGYINCORPORATESTHESERISKSANDEVALUATESCOMPETITIVESIT
40、UATIONSTOCHOOSETHEAPPROPRIATEFORMOFENTITYANDLOCATIONFINANCINGANDOPERATIONALDECISIONSWOULDSEEKTOMINIMIZETAXES,BUTNOTTOTHEDETRIMENTOFTHEOVERALLSTRATEGICPURPOSEINCREATINGFOREIGNOPERATIONSTHECENTRALTHEMEOFTHISPAPERISTHATMULTINATIONALFIRMSCANUSEAVARIETYOFTECHNIQUESTOREDUCEORDEFERPAYMENTOFINCOMETAXESINDEV
41、ELOPINGSTRATEGIESTOMAXIMIZEAFTERTAXCASHFLOW,BOTHTAXANDNONTAXFACTORSMUSTBECONSIDEREDSOMETIMESTHETAXBENEFITSOFIMPLEMENTINGAPARTICULARTAXMINIMIZINGSTRATEGYARELESSTHANTHENONTAXCOSTSPREVIOUSSECTIONSOFTHISPAPERHAVESHOWNBASICCONCEPTSANDEXAMPLESOFTHEINTERNATIONALTAXIMPLICATIONSOFTHECHOICEOFJURISDICTION,TIMI
42、NG,ENTITYFORM,CONTRACTUALFORM,ANDACTIVITIESALTHOUGHTHELEGALDETAILSARECOMPLEX,ALLMANAGERSINMULTINATIONALFIRMSSHOULDBEAWAREOFTHEBASICCONCEPTSOFINTERNATIONALTAXATIONTHATHAVEIMPLICATIONSFOROPERATIONALANDFINANCINGCHOICESTABLE8PROVIDESASUMMARYOFTHEMAJOROPERATIONALANDORGANIZATIONALISSUESFACINGTHEMULTINATIO
43、NALFIRM,ALONGWITHRELATEDINTERNATIONALTAXISSUESITISCRITICALTOCONSIDERHOWTHEENTIRECORPORATEENTITYISAFFECTEDBYTHECOLLECTIVEIMPACTOFAVARIETYOFBUSINESSDECISIONSWITHDIFFERINGTAXTREATMENTSSOURCEWILLIAMFYANCEY,1998“AFRAMEWORKFORINTERNATIONALTAXPLANNINGFORMANAGER”AUDITINGTAXATIONJULY,PP252272译文跨国公司的税收筹划在最少化所
44、有的应纳税款和他们的约束条件之间达到平衡，依靠一个合法的税收筹划框架，以减少税收。哈里斯和巴雷特指出跨国公司开发存在各种各样优势的原因，是因为它所有权和地理位置的独特，以及国际化经营。这些优势与税收最小化相关。跨国公司的管理者必须认识到公司的税收筹划受到管辖权、时期、企业实体、合同形式、经营活动这几个方面的影响。一、管辖权从管理上说，税收的存在时为了完成社会目标。因此这些目标被国家间不同的税率和税收计划体现出来。一些国家通过设立免税日来吸引企业，从而刺激本国投资和就业的发展，而其他的国家则没有提供什么优惠政策。跨国企业在选择国家进行经营投资时应该考虑这些因素。跨国公司可以利用这些差异来达到合法
45、避税和使税收负担最小化。如果企业管理者脱离企业的整体经营需要制定税收政策则会产生对企业不利的问题。最佳策略包括国际税收政策结合业务战略。如果全球公司经营活动选择国家税收专为考量,那公司可能无法获得更大的受益于多国化战略,它致力于利用各种各样的优势。二、经营时期跨国公司经常会在不同的经济周期和地方生产商品或提供服务,所以存在允许公司延迟缴税或重新确定应纳税额的机会。这里的筹划就是让收入按可能的最低的税率纳税，例如,全球公司会在不同国家制定生产计划，目的就是为了使用各个国家不通的税率。不同国家的实际税率相对于跨国公司来说会随着时间的变化而变化。在生产经营低落期，一个企业会产生营业损失，从而使净收益
46、税率为0。假如企业不能直接应用净营业损失，那么母公司的策略就是把收入转移到子公司所在的国家，以此来获得净营业损失带来的税收利益。母公司可以通过提高商品的转移价格或者减少子公司支付给其他公司的特权使用费来转移收入。企业的应纳税收入也是有利的假如企业所青睐的税收优惠将在下一年到期。在企业生产经营高峰期，跨国企业在高税收的国家则试图通过推迟纳税收入的确认来减少应纳税款。比如企业可以签订分期付款销售合同来推迟应纳税款的确认。这个销售合同可以修改减少最初的购买价格，增加未来的维修和升级费用。它们可以通过增加更多的当前维修费用而不是更新有很长折旧年限的设备来加速费用的确认。三、实体的选择跨国企业可以选择不
47、同的组织形式来管理分布在其他国家的子公司。这种选择具有法律以及税赋联合实体。如果设在国外的是子公司，则母公司可以通过子公司给母公司发放股利来推迟应纳税收入的确认。分公司的组织形式包含在世界各地全部分公司的收入。在一些国家，母公司通过构建合作伙伴关系使任何的收入和损失不要征税而直接流入母公司。这些不同的选择会影响跨国公司收入的确认或激起资本收益，每一个结果都产生不同德税收结果。在任何情况下，因不同组织形式的选择而形成的税收筹划必须和企业的全面需要相平衡。税收法规是相当灵活的，跨国公司必须做好准备,迎接日新月异的变化情况。更重要的是一个外国企业的组织形式一旦确定了就很能改变。跨国公司需要为一个有特
48、别组织形式的企业确定经营宗旨来与税务影响相联系，从而从而确定最优的安排。因为对特定法律的考虑如此的激烈，跨国公司选择形成一个类型的组织形式即使这样做的结果会产生较少的税收利益。四、合同形式对于企业结构和机制的各种合同形式能够影响跨国企业的税收情况。其中一种基本的选择是跨国企业如何向外国企业融资。斯克里和柯林斯1988认为企业资本结构的选择受国家地理位置的影响。通过股权和债务融资带来的不同的税收效应与利息费用和股利的可抵扣程度相关。同样，利息收入被确认为收入，而股利则不作为收入征税。跨国企业根据当时的情况来确定可转换债券或混合债券被当做是负债资金或权益资金。五、经营活动跨国公司从事多种复合逻辑的
49、，但不直接的与税收筹划相关的活动。例如，跨国公司会对海外子分公司在产品研究与开发、资金筹集、产品生产、市场开拓与销售上提供帮助。跨国企业母公司向子公司提供技术时，子公司以特权使用费或管理费向母公司支付费用，这些费用对母公司来说是应纳税收入，对子公司来说是可抵扣的费用。母公司在不涉及纳税事项的情况中为子公司的生产决策提供监督。不管以何种方式中转产品和所销售产品的存货地都会影响增值税和关税。在融资方面，跨国公司的税收环境取决于负债资金和权益资金是否用来协助子公司。母公司根据在国外子公司获得的股利或资本收益的总数来纳税。为了为混合制企业减少应纳所得税，税收缴纳和收入的来源问题必须考虑到跨国公司在各个时期的经营活动。比如，跨国公司通过子公司以股权收益的形式进行控制练习，但可能是在未来还款的贷款基金和形成应纳税收入。商品和服务的类型可能会影响税收的缴纳，对于跨国企业和、国外任何子公司的实际税率也是如此。比如，某跨国企业把它从英国购买的货物全部出口到另外一个国家，那么这笔销售收入则被定义为从国外获得的收入，而且，关于合同的任何争论都在货物购买国的法律下决定。为了把收入来源从货物购买国转到英国，跨国公司会调整他们的销售方式。当一个公司生产出产品，然后销往国外的分支结构，取得的销售收入必须在从英国取得的收入和外国取得的收入之间分配。假如这个转让价格可以估算，那么这个价格确定收入的来
