1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文THEASSETSECURITIZATIONACTIVITYINITALYTHEMAINOBJECTOFTHISCHAPTERISTOANALYZETHEBASICCHARACTERISTICSANDTHEMARKETSTRUCTUREOFTHESECURITIZATIONACTIVITY,ESPECIALLYWITHREFERENCETOTHEITALIANSECURITIZATIONMARKET,WHICHHASRAPIDLYDEVELOPEDINRECENTYEARSINPARTICULAR,THISCHAPTERINTENDSTOANSWERTHEFOL
2、LOWINGQUESTIONS1WHATISMEANTBYSECURITIZATION2HOWISTHETRANSACTIONSTRUCTURED3WHATISTHEROLEOFFINANCIALINTERMEDIARIESWITHINTHESECURITIZATIONPROCESS,ESPECIALLYINITALY4WHATARETHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEITALIANSECURITIZATIONACTIVITYATTHISPURPOSE,WEWILLFIRSTEXPLAINTHEBASICCOMPONENTSOFASECURITIZATIONTRANSACTI
3、ON,DESCRIBINGTHETYPICALSTRUCTUREANDTHEMAINPLAYERSINVOLVEDSECONDLY,WEWILLANALYZETHEITALIANSECURITIZATIONMARKET,EMPHASIZINGITSPECULIARITIESTHROUGHANINTERNATIONALCOMPARATIVEANALYSISGENERALLYSPEAKING,THEAIMOFSECURITIZATIONISTOTRANSFORMILLIQUIDASSETSINTOSECURITIESFORTHEPURPOSEOFTHISCHAPTER,THETERMSECURIT
4、IZATIONISUSEDTOREPRESENTTHEPROCESSWHEREBYASSETSAREPOOLEDTOGETHER,WITHTHEIRCASHFLOWS,ANDCONVERTEDINTONEGOTIABLESECURITIESTOBEPLACEDINTOTHEMARKETTHESESECURITIESAREBACKEDORSECUREDBYTHEORIGINALUNDERLYINGASSETSANDAREGENERALLYDEFINEDASASSETBAKEDSECURITIESABSTHEORETICALLY,ANYFINANCIALASSETSPRODUCINGCASHFLO
5、WSRECEIVABLES,RESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALMORTGAGES,CREDITCARDRECEIVABLES,ANDOTHERCONSUMERANDCOMMERCIALLOANSCANBESECURITIZEDTHECONCEPTOFASSETSECURITIZATIONWASINTRODUCEDINTHEUSFINANCIALSYSTEMINTHE1970S,WHENTHEGOVERNMENTNATIONALMORTGAGEASSOCIATIONISSUEDSECURITIESBACKEDBYAPOOLOFLOANS,REPRESENTEDBYRESIDENTI
6、ALMORTGAGESDURINGTHELASTDECADE,ITHASRAPIDLYDEVELOPEDWITHINEUROPE,ESPECIALLYINTHEUKRECENTLY,THEITALIANSECURITIZATIONMARKETHASRAPIDLYEXPANDEDTHANKSTOTHEINTRODUCTIONOFASPECIFICREGULATIONLAW130/99TWOMAINTYPESOFSECURITIZATIONTRANSACTIONSEXIST1CASHFLOWBASEDCFBSECURITIZATIONTHETRANSACTIONISSTRUCTUREDASASAL
7、EOFASSETSBYACOMPANYORIGINATORTOASPECIALENTITYSPECIALPURPOSEVEHICLE,SPV,WHICHTHENISSUESSECURITIESBACKEDBYTHEUNDERLYINGASSETSTHECFBSECURITIZATIONISALSODEFINEDASFUNDEDSECURITIZATION,BECAUSETHEORIGINATORCANRAISEMONEYTHROUGHTHEASSETSALE,DIVERSIFYINGITSFINANCINGSOURCES2SYNTHETICSECURITIZATIONITISATRANSACT
8、IONTHROUGHWHICHTHECREDITRISK,ASSOCIATEDWITHAPOOLOFASSETS,ISTRANSFERREDTOASEPARATEENTITYSPVITISNOTASALEOFASSETS,SOTHEORIGINATORDOESNOTRECEIVEANYCASHFLOWTHESPVINTHISCASEISNOTTHEOWNEROFAPOOLOFASSETS,BUTONLYTHEENTITYTHATCARRIESTHEASSOCIATEDCREDITRISKITISREALIZEDTHROUGHTHEUSEOFDERIVATIVESINSTRUMENTSTOTAL
9、RETURNSWAPSANDCREDITDERIVATIVESASSETBACKEDSECURITIESABS,WHICHREPRESENTSECURITIESBACKEDBYSPECIFICASSETSAUTOLOANS,CREDITCARDRECEIVABLES,STUDENTLOANS,EQUIPMENTLEASESTHISDEFINITIONDOESNOTINCLUDEMORTGAGESLOANSORCORPORATEBONDLOANSMORTGAGEBACKEDSECURITYMBS,WHICHARESECURITIESBACKEDBYSPECIFICMORTGAGELOANSSEC
10、URITIZATIONISAFINANCIALINSTRUMENTAIMEDATTRANSFORMINGAPOOLOFASSETSINTOMARKETABLESECURITIES,WHICHARESECUREDBYTHECASHFLOWSTREAMRELATEDTOTHEUNDERLYINGASSETSASSETBACKEDSECURITIESABSITISREALIZEDTHROUGHATRANSFEROFASSETSBYACOMPANYORIGINATORTOASEPARATEFIRMSPECIALPURPOSEVEHICLESPV,WHICHTHENISSUESSECURITIES,IN
11、THEFORMOFDEBTINSTRUMENTS,TOBEPLACEDINTOTHEMARKETTHROUGHAPRIVATEORPUBLICOFFERINGINORDERTOANALYZETHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFASECURITIZATIONTRANSACTION,LETUSCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLETHEORIGINATORISABANK,WILLINGTORAISEMONEYBYLIQUIDATINGASPECIFICPOOLOFLOANSTHROUGHSECURITIZATIONTWOBASICDEALSAREINVOLVED1ASSETSAL
12、E2ISSUANCEOFASSETBACKEDSECURITIESASSETSALETHEFIRSTDEALISREPRESENTEDBYASALEOFASSETSBETWEENTWOPARTIES1ONEPARTYISTHESELLEROFTHEASSETSANDISKNOWNASTHE“ORIGINATOR”INOUREXAMPLEITISREPRESENTEDBYABANK2THEOTHERPARTYISASEPARATEENTITY,ESTABLISHEDFORTHEPURPOSEOFBUYINGTHEASSETSANDTRANSFORMINGTHEMINTONEGOTIABLESEC
13、URITIESTOBEPLACEDINTOTHECAPITALMARKETTHISENTITYSERVESONLYASSECURITIZATIONVEHICLEANDSOITISOFTENDEFINEDAS“SPECIALPURPOSEVEHICLE”SPVOR“SPECIALPURPOSECOMPANY”SPCITMAYTAKETHEORGANIZATIONALFORMOFCORPORATIONORLIMITEDPARTNERSHIPISSUANCEOFASSETBACKEDSECURITIESINORDERTOFINANCETHEASSETPURCHASE,THESPVISSUESSECU
14、RITIESUSUALLYDEBTOBLIGATIONINSTRUMENTS,WHICHAREBACKEDBYTHEACQUIREDASSETSASSETBACKEDSECURITIESABSTHECASHFLOWSORIGINATEDBYTHEACQUIREDPOOLOFASSETSARETHENUSEDTOPAYTHEPRINCIPALANDINTERESTONTHESECURITIESSOLDTOTHEFINALINVESTORSHOLDERSOFABSSECURITIES3THEISSUANCEOFASSETBACKEDSECURITIESCONTRIBUTESTOSATISFYDIF
15、FERENTINVESTORSNEEDSANDTODEVELOPPRIMARYFINANCIALMARKETS,ALLOWINGATRANSFEROFCERTAINRISKSTOTHEFINALINVESTORSTHERISKSCARRIEDBYTHEINVESTORSDEPENDMAINLYONTHEQUALITYOFTHEUNDERLYINGASSETS,RATHERTHANTHECREDITWORTHINESSOFTHEISSUERORTHEORIGINATORACAREFULEVALUATIONOFTHEASSETSCHARACTERISTICSISTHENESSENTIALBEFOR
16、EPERFORMINGANYSECURITIZATIONTRANSACTIONTHEQUALITYOFTHEASSETSINFACTWILLAFFECT1THECREDITWORTHINESSOFTHERELATEDABS,WHICHISUSUALLYREPRESENTEDBYARATINGASSIGNEDBYSPECIALIZEDAGENCIES2THETYPEANDTHEAMOUNTOFCREDITENHANCEMENTMECHANISMS,WHICHMIGHTBENECESSARYTOLOWERTHEASSOCIATEDRISKOFTHEASSETBACKEDSECURITIESANDI
17、MPROVETHEIRRATINGASECURITIZATIONDIFFERSFROMATRADITIONALEQUITYORDEBTFINANCINGFORATLEASTTWOREASONSFIRST,ITISNOTALOANITIMPLIESANASSETSALEBYTHEORIGINATORTOTHESPVSECOND,THEBUYERSOFASSETBACKEDSECURITIESRELYPRIMARILYONTHECASHFLOWSGENERATEDBYTHEUNDERLYINGPOOLOFASSETS,RATHERTHANTHECASHFLOWSGENERATEDBYTHEBUSI
18、NESSACTIVITYOFTHEISSUERTWOIMPORTANTASPECTSOFSECURITIZATIONNEEDSTOBEEMPHASIZEDFIRST,SECURITIZATIONISREALIZEDTHROUGHATRUESALEOFASSETSBYTHEORIGINATORTOASEPARATECOMPANYSPV,WHICHISSUESSECURITIESBACKEDBYTHOSEASSETSTHETRUESALEMECHANISMALLOWSACOMPANYTOISOLATEAGROUPOFFINANCIALASSETS,SEPARATINGTHERISKOFTHEFIR
19、MASAWHOLEFROMTHERISKASSOCIATEDWITHTHESECURITIZEDASSETSSECOND,THESPVREPRESENTSACRITICALACTORWITHINTHESECURITIZATIONPROCESSITSERVERSASAVEHICLETOACCOMPLISHASECURITIZATIONTRANSACTIONUNDERTHEITALIANLAW,ARATINGISREQUIREDONLYIFTHESECURITIESARESOLDTONONPROFESSIONALINVESTORSTHEEXPECTEDRETURNTOINVESTORSDEPEND
20、SMAINLYONTHERISKASSOCIATEDWITHTHECASHFLOWSGUARANTEEDBYTHESECURITIZEDASSETS,RATHERTHANTHEDEFAULTRISKOFTHEORIGINATORINORDERTOUNDERSTANDTHECRUCIALROLEPLAYEDBYTHESPV,LETUSCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGSCENARIOIMAGINETHATTHEORIGINATORCOULDDIRECTLYISSUESECURITIESBACKEDBYAPOOLOFASSETS,WITHOUTSELLINGITTOANINTERMEDIAT
21、EVEHICLEINTHISSCENARIO,THEINVESTORSINTERESTEDINBUYINGTHEASSETBACKEDSECURITIESWOULDCARRYBOTHTHEDEFAULTRISKCONNECTEDTOTHEENTIREBUSINESSACTIVITYOFTHEORIGINATORANDTHERISKRELATEDTOTHESECURITIESINREALITY,INASECURITIZATIONTRANSACTIONINVESTORSAREWILLINGTOASSUMEONLYTHERISKRELATEDTOTHEPOOLOFASSETSTHEYAREINVES
22、TINGININORDERTOPROTECTFINALINVESTORSAGAINSTTHEBANKRUPTCYRISKOFTHEORIGINATOR,ITISCRUCIALTOISOLATETHESECURITIZEDASSETSFROMITSBUSINESSACTIVITYANDITSCREDITORSTOGUARANTEETHISASSETISOLATION,ITISNECESSARYTOSTRUCTURETHETRANSACTIONASA“TRUESALE”OFASSETSBETWEENTHEORIGINATORANDATHIRDINDEPENDENTENTITY,THESPV,WHI
23、CHISESTABLISHEDEXCLUSIVELYFORTHEPURPOSEOFFACILITATINGTHEFINANCINGTHESPVINVOLVEMENTPROVIDESANINVESTORWITHGREATERPROTECTIONAGAINSTTHECREDITRISKOFTHEORIGINATORANDTHEDEFAULTRISKOFTHEISSUER,FORATLEASTTWOREASONSINTHEFIRSTPLACE,THESPVISASEPARATECOMPANYWHICHISINTENDEDTOGENERATEANISOLATIONOFASSETSINPRINCIPLE
24、,ONCEAPOOLOFASSETSISTRANSFERREDTOASPECIALINDEPENDENTVEHICLE,ITISNOLONGERAVAILABLETOTHEORIGINATORORTOITSCREDITORSTHESUBJECTASSETSARETHEN“ISOLATED”FROMTHEORIGINATORACTIVITYANDCANONLYBEUSEDBYTHESPVTOMAKEPAYMENTSTOTHEFINALINVESTORS,WILLINGTOHOLDTHEASSETBACKEDSECURITIESINTHESECONDPLACE,THESPVACTIVITYISST
25、RICTLYLIMITEDINORDERTOINCREASETHEPROTECTIONOFTHEINVESTORSRIGHTSTHEVEHICLECANONLYHOLDSPECIFICASSETSANDISSUEINTURNSECURITIESBACKEDBYTHESEASSETSTHESPVISNOTALLOWEDTOBEGINOTHERBUSINESSACTIVITIESANDTOASSUMENEWOBLIGATIONSBYRESTRICTINGITSACTIVITY,THENTHEOPERATIONALANDBUSINESSRISKCANBEMINIMIZEDTHISISWHYTHEVE
26、HICLEISALSOCALLEDA“BANKRUPTCYREMOTEENTITY”DIFFERENTCREDITENHANCEMENTSTRATEGIESCANBENECESSARYTOIMPROVETHECREDITRATINGOFTHEMARKETABLESECURITIESANDTOREDUCETHERISKSTHATISTRANSFERREDTOINVESTORSTHESEPROCEDURESAIMATCREATINGSPECIFICMECHANISMSTOABSORBPOTENTIALLOSSESCREDITENHANCEMENTCANBEEITHERINTERNALLYDETER
27、MINEDWITHINTHETRANSACTIONSTRUCTUREINTERNALENHANCEMENTOREXTERNALLYPROVIDEDBYATHIRDPARTYEXTERNALENHANCEMENTTYPICALEXAMPLESOFINTERNALCREDITENHANCEMENTPROVISIONSARETHEFOLLOWING1OVERCOLLATERALIZATIONOFTHEOFFERINTHISCASE,THEVALUEOFTHEUNDERLYINGASSETSACQUIREDBYTHESPVISGREATERTHANTHETOTALFACEVALUEOFTHEISSUE
28、DSECURITIESEXCESSCASHFLOWSWILLTHENBEUSEDTOCOVERPOTENTIALLOSSES2SPREADACCOUNTSTHESPREADISREPRESENTEDBYTHEPOSITIVEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEYIELDGENERATEDBYTHEUNDERLYINGASSETSANDTHEYIELDASSOCIATEDTOTHERELATEDSECURITIES,ISSUEDBYTHESPVTHISSPREADISRETAINEDBYTHESPVINORDERTOABSORBPOTENTIALLOSSES3RESERVEFUNDSACAS
29、HRESERVEFUNDMIGHTBECREATEDINORDERTOCOVERPOTENTIALUNDERPAYMENTSFROMTHEORIGINALBORROWERS4SENIOR/SUBORDINATEDDEBTSTRUCTUREWITHTHISPROVISION,THESPVSELLSDIFFERENTTYPESOFSECURITIESSENIOR,SUBORDINATEDWITHDIFFERENTRISK/RETURNCHARACTERISTICSINPARTICULAR,THESECURITIESHAVEDIFFERENTPAYMENTPRIORITYSENIORSECURITI
30、ESARECHARACTERIZEDBYALOWERRISK,HIGHERRATINGANDLOWERRETURNCONVERSELY,JUNIORSECURITIESAREMORERISKYASACONSEQUENCE,THEYAREASSOCIATEDWITHLOWERRATINGANDHIGHEREXPECTEDRETURNINTHEWORSTCASESCENARIO,SENIORSECURITIESGIVETHEHOLDERTHERIGHTTORECEIVETHERELATEDPAYMENTSBEFORETHESUBORDINATEDSECURITIESONESCONSEQUENTLY
31、,CASHFLOWSWILLBEUSEDTOPAYTHESENIORSECURITIESANDEVENTUALLY,ONLYIFSUFFICIENTCAPITALISLEFT,TOSATISFYTHESUBORDINATEDSECURITIESEXTERNALCREDITENHANCEMENTEXAMPLESARETHEFOLLOWING1LETTEROFCREDITSBYABANKORINSURANCECOMPANY,TOGUARANTEETHESECURITYISSUANCE2INSURANCECONTRACTS3SPECIALGUARANTEESFROMATHIRDPARTYASFIGU
32、RESHOWS,OTHERTWOPARTIESAREINVOLVEDINTOTHESECURITIZATIONPROCESSTHESERVICERANDTHETRUSTEETHESERVICERISRESPONSIBLEFORTHECOLLECTIONOFRECEIVABLESANDOTHERPAYMENTSONTHEASSETSACQUIREDBYTHESPVONTHEOTHERHANDS,THETRUSTEEISANINDEPENDENTTHIRDPARTYUSUALLYABANKASSUMEDTOMONITORTHEENTIRECOLLECTIONPROCESSANDTOMAKEPAYM
33、ENTSTOTHESECURITYHOLDERSITSAIMISTOPROTECTTHEINVESTORSINTERESTS,MONITORINGTHEREGULARPAYMENTREPORTSPREPAREDBYTHESERVICERUSUALLYTHEORIGINATORACTSASASERVICERINITALY,THISOCCURSWHENTHEORIGINATORISREPRESENTEDBYAFINANCIALINSTITUTIONINTHISSITUATION,THEOBLIGORSCONTINUETOMAKEPAYMENTSTOTHEORIGINATOR,WHICHWILLFO
34、RWARDTHECASHFLOWSTOTHETRUSTEETHEN,THETRUSTEEWILLFORWARDTHECASHFLOWSCOLLECTEDBYTHESERVICERTOTHEFINALINVESTORSMANYSTEPSARENECESSARYTOACCOMPLISHSECURITIZATIONTRANSACTIONSTHECREDITSAREFIRSTTRANSFERREDBYTHEORIGINATORTOASPV,ANDTHENTRANSFORMEDINTOMARKETABLESECURITIESTOBESOLDTOFINALINVESTORSTHEPAYMENTSONTHE
35、RECEIVABLESARETHENCOLLECTEDBYASERVICINGINSTITUTIONSERVICER,USUALLYREPRESENTEDBYTHEORIGINATORTHEFUNDSAREFORWARDEDTOATHIRDPARTYTRUSTEEWHICHFORWARDSTHEMTOTHESECURITYHOLDERSREGARDINGTHEFUTUREDEVELOPMENTSOFTHEITALIANSECURITIZATIONMARKET,WECANMAKEATLEASTTWOASSUMPTIONS1IFTHEMARKETWOULDHAVETOCONTINUETHEACTU
36、ALTREND,THENWEEXPECTTHECAPTIVEFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,SUCHASBANKS,LEASINGANDFACTORINGFIRMSANDPERSONALLENDINGINSTITUTIONS,TOMAINTAINAMASSIVEROLEWITHINTHEARRANGERACTIVITYINORDERTOINCREASETHEIRWEIGHT,THEYHAVETOBECOMEPRIMARYDEALERSINTHESECONDARYMARKETCONTEXT,GIVENTHESTRONGINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIONINTHEPRIM
37、ARYMARKET2ASECONDALTERNATIVEISTHATSECURITIZATIONWOULDHAVETOBECOMEANIMPORTANTFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSNOTONLYFORFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSBUTALSOFORCORPORATE,ESPECIALLYFORMEDIUM/BIGSIZEFIRMS,WHICHCOULDUSETHISTECHNIQUETORAISEMONEYOUTSIDETHETRADITIONALLENDINGCHANNELINORDERTOREALIZETHEABOVESCENARIO,THEBANKSYSTEMW
38、OULDHAVETOOFFERTOTHECORPORATESYSTEMANECONOMIC“FULL”SERVICEWITHINTHEPRIMARYANDSECONDARYMARKETCONTEXT,ESPECIALLYFORTHECREDITMANAGEMENTACTIVITYSERVICER,WHICHCOULDBEHANDLEDBYDOMESTICLENDINGBANKSITALIANFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSWOULDINCREASEENORMOUSLYTHEIRACTIVEROLE,INSPITEOFINTERNATIONALINTERMEDIARIESSOURCER
39、OBERTOTASCAANDSIMONAZAMBELLI1THEASSETSECURITIZATIONACTIVITYINITALYCURRENTANDFUTURETRENDSFINANCE,20034P1720译文意大利的资产证券化活动本章的主要目的是分析资产证券化的基本特征和证券化市场的活动结构,特别是借鉴了意大利证券化市场最近几年迅速发展的经验。与此同时打算在这一章回答下列问题1、资产证券化的含义是什么2、交易是如何组织的3、它在证券化金融中介机构中扮演什么样的角色,特别是在意大利4、意大利证券化活动的主要特点是什么在这个目的上,我们将首先说明资产证券化交易的基本组成,描述典型结构和主要
40、参与者。其次,我们将通过国际社会做出的比较来分析强调意大利证券化市场的一些特征。一般来说,资产证券化的目的是要把流通性很低的资产重组为有价证券。证券化是一种过程,用来表示合并在一起的资产,并将他们的现金流转化为有价证券投放在市场。这些债券由原来的潜在的资产担保或支持着,并通常被定义为资产证券化ABS。理论上,任何产生金融资产的现金流例如应收账款,住宅和商业抵押,信用卡应收账款等以及商业贷款可以被证券化。资产证券化的概念介绍了20世纪70年代美国政府国民抵押协会发行的有价证券。美国国民这一行为为社会提供了贷款池,其表现为住宅区贷款。在过去的十年里,欧洲得到了迅速的发展,尤其是在英国。近日,意大利
41、证券化市场由于迅速扩大因此引入了一个明确的规定法律130/99。交易资产证券化的两种主要存在形式1、现金流量为基础CFB的资产证券化。在潜在的资产支持下通过构建一个出售资产的交易公司(创始人)来发行证券,它是一个特殊实体特殊目的交易机构。资产证券化也被定义为资本资产证券化,因为发起人可以通过资产销售、多元化融资筹集资金;2、合成证券化。这是交易所通过相关资产把信用风险转移到一个独立的实体机构交易机构。这并不是出售资产,所以发起人可以不接受任何流动现金。人们通过利用衍生产品工具总回报互换和信用衍生产品来实现这一目标。资产支持证券ABS,它是由特定市场来支持的资产例如汽车贷款、信用卡应收账款、学生
42、贷款、设备租赁合同。这个定义不包括抵押贷款或者公司债券的贷款。抵押担保证券MBS,这是由特定市场来支持的抵押贷款。证券化是一种金融工具,目的在于将资产转变为有价证券或者进行资产重组转变为现金流证券标的资产,ABS,这些都是由相关支持资产来提前清偿的。通过实现资产转让的企业创始人转让资产给独立的公司交易机构,然后以债务形式等金融工具来发行有价证券,这些证券也都通过私人或公开发行股票的形式投入到市场。为了分析证券化交易的基本结构,让我们来考虑下面这个例子。发起人是一家银行,希望通过资产证券化来清偿一些特殊的债务,以达到筹集资金的目的。两种基本的交易涉及以下两项内容一是出售资产;二是资产支持证券的发
43、行。其中资产出售中,第一笔交易的代表人为卖出资产的两个当事人一方是卖方的财富,也就是被称为“发起机构”的那一方。在我们的例子中以银行为代表的是一方;还有一方是指对方是一个为购买资产而建立的独立的实体,其目的是将他们转化为有价证券放置在资本市场。这个实体仅仅是作为一个证券化服务的工具而已,所以它通常被定义为交易机构或“特殊目的公司”SPC。它可能会采取一些公司或有限合作伙伴的组织形式。为了采购资产,交易机构开始发行证券通常是债务凭证工具。它是以获得的资产资产支持证券ABS为支持,从资金池获得现金流,然后把这些现金流作为本金和利息支付给证券投资者(卖给最终投资者的资产支持型证券持有者。3、资产支持
44、证券的发行是为了满足不同投资者的需求以及发展不同的初级金融市场,并且允许在主要金融市场将某些风险转移给最后的投资者。风险投资者所携带的资产主要是依靠质量标的资产的信用度,而不是发行人或创始人个人的资产信用程度。资产的质量事实上会影响以下几个方面(1)相关ABS的信用度。这是一个代表评级交办的专门机构;(2)信用增级机制的种类和数量。这可能有必要去降低相关资产支持证券的风险并提高他们的等级。证券与传统的股票或者债务融资不同至少有两个原因首先,它不是一笔贷款,它是发起机构对交易机构(SPV)的资产出售;第二,买方依赖的资产支持证券主要是潜在资金池所产生的现金流,而不是经营活动的情况。此外,资产证券
45、化有两个重要方面需要加以强调。首先,证券化是由发起人把资产真实出售给独立公司(SPV),用这些资产抵押证券。真正的销售机制是指企业将孤立的金融集团资产与其相关的风险分离。第二,SPV的一个关键点是资产证券化的过程以IT服务器为一种工具来完成证券化交易。根据意大利法律,如果把证券出售给非专业投资者只需要一个等级。预期收益主要取决于投资者的风险与证券化资产,而不是默认的风险。为了了解SPV发挥的关键作用,让我们来考虑下面的情形。试想一下,发起人可以直接发行资产支持证券,没有把它卖给中间公司。在这种情况下,投资者就有兴趣购买资产,那么双方将继续存在支持证券的违约风险。这将会影响到企业的发起人以及和该
46、活动相关的证券的风险。事实上,证券交易的投资者只愿意承担与他们有关的资产池的风险投资英寸。为了防止最终投资者(发起人)的破产风险(关键是孤立的资产证券化业务活动及其债权人),为了保证这项资产的隔离,第三个独立的实体(SPV)是专门为这一目的而建立的。SPV的参与可以提供给投资者更多的保护,它的介入至少有两个原因第一,SPV是一个独立的公司,其目的是进行资产隔离。原则上,一旦资产池转入一个特别独立的形式,那么它就不再提供给发起人或债权人。“孤立”的活动发起人只能通过SPV将这个问题的资产支付给最后的投资者(愿意持有资产抵押证券)。第二,为了保护投资者的权益,SPV的活动受到严格限制。交易机构只能
47、容纳特定资产和资产支持证券的发行。该SPV是不允许开始其他经营活动,不允许承担新的义务。通过限制其活动,可使运作和业务风险最小化。这就是为什么该机构也被称为“破产隔离实体“。信贷策略的不同,可能有必要改善有价证券的信用评级。这些程序旨在建立特定机制,吸纳潜在的损失。信用增强可以在交易结构内部决定(内部提升)也可以是外部提供的第三方(外部增强)。内部信用增强规定的典型的例子包括下列各项1、要约抵押。在这种情况下,由特殊目的公司获得的相关资产的价值大于已发行的证券的价值。多余的现金流将被用来弥补潜在损失;2、利差账户。价差代表的是产量所产生的相关资产及相关证券,这是由SPV保留的,用来吸收潜在损失
48、;3、储备基金。基金的现金储备可以支付原来借款人的潜力;4、高级/次级债务结构。根据这一规定,SPV的销售与不同类型的证券(高级,次级)不同,特别是证券的优先支付。高级证券的特点是风险较低,有较高的评价和较低的回报。相反,更多的初级证券则体现为风险高。因此,他们是相关联的较低的评级,较高的预期回报。在最坏的情况下,优先证券支付给持有人有权收取相关费用的次级证券。因此,现金流将用于支付高级证券。最终,只有足够的资金满足次级证券。外部信用增强例证如下1、由银行或保险公司贷款,以信用为保证发行证券;2、保险合同;3、来自第三方的特殊保障;另外两方都参与到证券化过程服务商及受托人。服务商为应收账款和其
49、他收集业务工作,并由特殊目的公司支付收购的资产。在其他方面,受托人是一个独立的第三方(通常是银行),承担监控整个收集过程的任务,并作出对安全负责人支付资产的行为。其目的是保护投资者利益,监测由服务机构编制的定期付款报告,通常充当发起人服务商。在意大利,这发生在发起人为代表的金融机构。在这种情况下,义务人继续支付资产给发起人,这将使现金流向受托人。然后,受托人将提供现金流动服务机构收集到的资产给最后的投资者。完成证券交易需要许多必要的步骤。首先将资产转移给特殊目的公司的发起人,然后转化成有价证券出售给最终投资者。该应收款项由服务机构收取(通常由发起人)。最后这些资金转发给第三者(受托人),其中一部分也转发给证券持有人。对于未来发展意大利证券化市场,我们可以做出至少两个假设一是如果市场将继续目前的趋势,那么我们会期望金融机构(如银行、租赁和保理业务公司以及个人贷款机构)在安排活动方面能维持巨大的作用。为了增加他们的份量,他们必须成为二级市场环境中的主要经营者,并在首要投放市场中给予强大的国际竞争力;二是资产证券化能成为一种重要的金融工具。这不仅为金融机构也为公司,特别是对中/大公司,在传统借贷业务中提供较好的筹资渠道。为实现上述情况,银行体系在第一、第二市场范围内提供给企业制度经济“饱”的服务,尤其是对信用证银行的经营活动服务机构提供优质服务。这些都可由国内的问题贷款银行