1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译OPTIMIZINGTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREFINDINGTHERIGHTBALANCEBETWEENDEBTANDEQUITYJUSTOVER50YEARSAGOMILLERANDMODIGLIANI1958SHOWEDTHATUNDERACERTAINSETOFCONDITIONSNAMELYPERFECTCAPITALMARKETSWITHNOTAXESANDAGENCYCONFLICTSAFIRMSCAPITALSTRUCTUREISIRRELEVANTTOITSVALUATIONTHEIRRESULTSARECONTROVERSIALANDH
2、AVERAISEDALARGENUMBEROFQUESTIONSFROMACADEMICSANDPRACTITIONERSTHISARTICLESUMMARIZESTHEMAINISSUESUNDERLYINGTHECHOICEBYFIRMSOFANAPPROPRIATECAPITALSTRUCTURE,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEIRSPECIFICFUNDAMENTALSASWELLASMACROECONOMICFACTORSITPRESENTSTHEBENEFITSANDCOSTSOFBORROWING,DESCRIBESHOWTOASSESSTHESETOARRIVEATT
3、HEBASICTRADEOFFBETWEENDEBTANDEQUITY,ANDEXAMINESCONDITIONSUNDERWHICHDEBTBECOMESIRRELEVANTTYPESOFFINANCINGTHEREARETHREEFINANCINGMETHODSTHATCOMPANIESCANUSEDEBT,EQUITY,ANDHYBRIDSECURITIESTHISCATEGORIZATIONISBASEDONTHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESECURITIESDEBTFINANCINGDEBTFINANCINGRANGESFROMSIMPLEBANKDEBTTOC
4、OMMERCIALPAPERANDCORPORATEBONDSITISACONTRACTUALARRANGEMENTBETWEENACOMPANYANDANINVESTOR,WHEREBYTHECOMPANYPAYSAPREDETERMINEDCLAIMORINTERESTTHATISNOTAFUNCTIONOFITSOPERATINGPERFORMANCE,BUTWHICHISTREATEDINACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSASANEXPENSEFORTAXPURPOSESANDISTHEREFORETAXDEDUCTIBLETHEDEBTHASAFIXEDLIFEANDHASAPR
5、IORITYCLAIMONCASHFLOWSINBOTHOPERATINGPERIODSANDBANKRUPTCYTHISISBECAUSEINTERESTISPAIDBEFORETHECLAIMSTOEQUITYHOLDERS,AND,IFTHECOMPANYDEFAULTSONINTERESTPAYMENTS,ITWILLBEDECLAREDBANKRUPT,ITSASSETSWILLBESOLD,ANDTHEAMOUNTOWEDTODEBTHOLDERSWILLBEPAIDBEFOREANYPAYMENTSAREMADETOEQUITYHOLDERSEQUITYFINANCINGEQUI
6、TYFINANCINGINCLUDESOWNERSEQUITY,VENTURECAPITALEQUITYCAPITALPROVIDEDTOAPRIVATEFIRMINEXCHANGEFORASHAREOWNERSHIPOFTHEFIRM,COMMONEQUITY,ANDWARRANTSTHERIGHTTOBUYASHAREOFSTOCKINACOMPANYATAFIXEDPRICEDURINGTHELIFEOFTHEWARRANTUNLIKEDEBT,ITISPERMANENTINTHECOMPANY,ITSCLAIMISRESIDUALANDDOESNOTCREATEATAXADVANTAG
7、EFROMITSPAYMENTSASDIVIDENDSAREPAIDAFTERINTERESTANDTAX,ITDOESNOTHAVEPRIORITYINBANKRUPTCY,ANDITPROVIDESMANAGEMENTCONTROLFORTHEOWNERHYBRIDSECURITIESHYBRIDSECURITIESARESECURITIESTHATSHARESOMECHARACTERISTICSWITHBOTHDEBTANDEQUITYANDINCLUDE,FOREXAMPLE,CONVERTIBLESECURITIESDEFINEDASDEBTTHATCANBECONVERTEDINT
8、OEQUITYATAPRESPECIFIEDDATEANDCONVERSIONRATE,PREFERREDSTOCK,ANDOPTIONLINKEDBONDSTHEIRRELEVANCEPROPOSITIONIN1958MODIGLIANIANDMILLERDEMONSTRATEDTHAT,UNDERACERTAINSETOFASSUMPTIONS,THECHOICEBETWEENANYOFTHESESECURITIESREFERREDTOASCAPITALSTRUCTUREORLEVERAGEISNOTRELEVANTTOACOMPANYSVALUATIONTHEASSUMPTIONSINC
9、LUDENOTAXES,NOCOSTSOFFINANCIALDISTRESS,PERFECTCAPITALMARKETS,NOINTERESTRATEDIFFERENTIALS,NOAGENCYCOSTSRATIONALITY,ANDNOTRANSACTIONCOSTSTHESEASSUMPTIONSARE,INFACT,THEMAINDRIVERSOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDGAVERISETOTHETRADEOFFTHEORYOFLEVERAGETHETRADEOFFOFDEBTINTHISSOCALLEDMILLERMODIGLIANIFRAMEWORK,FIRMSCHOO
10、SETHEIROPTIMALLEVELOFLEVERAGEBYWEIGHINGTHEFOLLOWINGBENEFITSANDCOSTSOFDEBTFINANCINGBENEFITSOFDEBTTHEREARETWOMAINADVANTAGESOFDEBTFINANCINGTAXATION,ANDADDEDDISCIPLINETAXATIONSINCETHEINTERESTONDEBTISPAIDBEFORETAXATION,WHEREASDIVIDENDSPAIDTOEQUITYHOLDERSAREUSUALLYPAIDFROMPROFITAFTERTAX,THECOSTOFDEBTISSUB
11、STANTIALLYLESSTHANTHECOSTOFEQUITYTHISTAXDEDUCTIBILITYOFINTERESTMAKESDEBTFINANCINGATTRACTIVESUPPOSETHATTHEDEBTOFACOMPANYIS100MILLIONANDTHEINTERESTRATEIS10EVERYYEARTHECOMPANYPAYSINTERESTOF10MILLIONSUPPOSETHATTHECORPORATIONTAXRATEIS30IFTHECOMPANYDOESNOTPAYTAX,ITSINTERESTWILLBE10MILLIONANDTHECOSTOFDEBTW
12、ILLBE10HOWEVER,IFTHECOMPANYISABLETODEDUCTTHETAXONTHIS10MILLIONFROMITSCORPORATIONTAXPAYMENT,THENTHECOMPANYSAVES10MILLION303MILLIONINTAXPAYMENTSPERYEAR,MAKINGTHEEFFECTIVEINTERESTPAYMENTONLY7MILLIONIFTHEDEBTISPERMANENT,EVERYYEARTHECOMPANYWILLHAVEA3MILLIONTAXSAVING,REFERREDTOASATAXSHIELDWECANCOMPUTETHEP
13、RESENTVALUEPVBYDISCOUNTINGANNUALVALUEBYTHECOSTOFDEBT,ASFOLLOWSPVOFTAXSHIELDKDDTCKDDTCWHEREKDISTHECOSTOFDEBT,DISTHEAMOUNTOFDEBT,ANDTHEPRODUCTOFKDANDDGIVESTHEAMOUNTOFTHEINTERESTCHARGETCISTHECORPORATIONTAXRATEWESIMPLIFYTHERATIOBYKDTOOBTAINTHEPRESENTVALUEOFTHETAXSHIELDASTHEPRODUCTOFTHEAMOUNTOFDEBTANDTHE
14、CORPORATIONTAXRATETHUS,THEVALUEOFACOMPANYTHATISFINANCEDWITHDEBTANDEQUITYSUCHACOMPANYISREFERREDTO“LEVERED”SHOULDBEEQUALTOITSVALUEIFITISFINANCEDONLYWITHEQUITYPLUSTHEPRESENTVALUEOFTHETAXSHIELDWECANWRITETHISVALUEASVALUEOFLEVEREDFIRMWITHDEBTDVALUEOFNONLEVEREDFIRMDTCTHESEARGUMENTSSUGGESTTHATTHEAFTERTAXCOS
15、TOFDEBTCANBECOMPUTEDAS101307ADDEDDISCIPLINEINPRACTICE,THEMANAGERSARENOTTHEOWNERSOFTHECOMPANYTHISSOCALLEDSEPARATIONOFMANAGERSANDSTOCKHOLDERSRAISESTHEPOSSIBILITYTHATMANAGERSMAYPREFERTOMAXIMIZETHEIROWNWEALTHRATHERTHATOFTHESTOCKHOLDERSTHISISREFERREDTOASTHEAGENCYCONFLICTINGENERAL,DEBTMAYMAKEMANAGERSMORED
16、ISCIPLINEDBECAUSEDEBTREQUIRESAFIXEDPAYMENTOFINTEREST,ANDDEFAULTINGONSUCHPAYMENTSWILLLEADACOMPANYTOBANKRUPTCYCOSTSOFDEBTDEBTHASANUMBEROFDISADVANTAGES,INCLUDINGAHIGHERPROBABILITYOFBANKRUPTCY,ANINCREASEINTHEAGENCYCONFLICTSBETWEENMANAGERSANDBONDHOLDERS,LOSSOFFUTUREFINANCIALFLEXIBILITY,ANDTHECOSTOFINFORM
17、ATIONASYMMETRYEXPECTEDBANKRUPTCYCOSTGIVENTHATDEBTHOLDERSCANDECLAREACOMPANYBANKRUPTIFITDEFAULTSONITSINTERESTPAYMENT,COMPANIESTHATHAVEAHIGHLEVELOFDEBTARELIKELYTOHAVEAHIGHPROBABILITYOFFACINGSUCHADEFAULTTHISPROBABILITYISALSOINCREASEDWHENACOMPANYISOPERATINGINAHIGHBUSINESSRISKENVIRONMENTDEBTFINANCINGCREAT
18、ESFINANCIALRISKTHUS,COMPANIESTHATHAVEHIGHBUSINESSRISKSHOULDNOTINCREASETHEIRRISKOFDEFAULTBYTAKINGONAHIGHFINANCIALRISKTHROUGHTHEIRUSEOFDEBTEVIDENCEINDICATESTHATMUCHOFTHELOSSOFVALUEOCCURSNOTINTHELIQUIDATIONPROCESSBUTINTHESTAGEOFFINANCIALDISTRESS,WHENTHEFIRMISSTRUGGLINGTOPAYITSBILLSINCLUDINGINTEREST,EVE
19、NTHOUGHITMAYNOTGOONTOBELIQUIDATEDAGENCYCOSTSTHESECOSTSARISEWHENACOMPANYBORROWSFUNDSANDTHEMANAGERSUSETHEFUNDSTOFINANCEALTERNATIVE,USUALLYMORERISKY,ACTIVITIESTHANTHOSESPECIFIEDINTHEBORROWINGCONTRACTTOGENERATEHIGHERRETURNSTOSTOCKHOLDERSTHEGREATERTHESEPARATIONBETWEENMANAGERSANDLENDERS,THEHIGHERTHEAGENCY
20、COSTSLOSSOFFUTUREFINANCINGFLEXIBILITYWHENAFIRMINCREASESITSDEBTSUBSTANTIALLY,ITFACESDIFFICULTIESRAISINGADDITIONALDEBTCOMPANIESTHATCANFORECASTTHEIRFUTUREFINANCINGNEEDSACCURATELYCANPLANTHEIRFINANCINGBETTERANDMAYNOTRAISEADDITIONALFUNDSRANDOMLYINGENERAL,THEGREATERTHEUNCERTAINTYABOUTFUTUREFINANCINGNEEDS,T
21、HEHIGHERTHECOSTSINFORMATIONASYMMETRYWHENCOMPANIESDONOTDISCLOSEINFORMATIONTOTHEMARKET,THEIRINFORMATIONASYMMETRYWILLBEHIGH,RESULTINGINAHIGHERCOSTOFDEBTFINANCINGREDEPLOYABLEASSETSOFDEBTLENDERSREQUIRESOMESORTOFSECURITYWHENTHEYFUNDACOMPANYTHISSECURITYISREFERREDTOASCOLLATERALLENDERSACCEPTASSETSTHATCANBERE
22、SOLDORREDEPLOYEDINTOOTHERACTIVITIES,SUCHASPROPERTYREALESTATE,ASCOLLATERALINGENERAL,THELOWERTHEVALUEOFTHEREDEPLOYABLEASSETSOFDEBT,THEHIGHERARETHECOSTSFINANCINGCHOICESANDAFIRMSLIFECYCLEALTHOUGHCOMPANIESMAYPREFERTOUSEINTERNALFINANCINGTOMINIMIZETHEISSUANCETRANSACTIONCOSTS,THETRENDINFINANCINGDEPENDSCRITI
23、CALLYONTHEFIRMSLIFECYCLESTARTUPSARESMALL,PRIVATELYOWNEDCOMPANIESTHEYARELIKELYTOBEFINANCEDBYOWNERSFUNDSANDBANKBORROWINGSTHEIRFUNDINGNEEDSAREHIGH,BUTTHEIRABILITYTORAISEEXTERNALFUNDINGISLIMITEDBECAUSETHEYDONOTHAVESUFFICIENTASSETSTOOFFERASSECURITYTOFINANCEPROVIDERSTHEYWILLTRYTOSEEKPRIVATEEQUITYFUNDINGTH
24、EIRLONGTERMLEVERAGEISLIKELYTOBELOWASTHEYAREMAINLYFINANCEDWITHSHORTTERMDEBTEXPANDINGCOMPANIESARETHOSETHATHAVESUCCEEDEDINATTRACTINGCUSTOMERSANDESTABLISHINGAPRESENCEINTHEMARKETTHEYARELIKELYTOBEFINANCEDBYPRIVATEEQUITYAND/ORVENTURECAPITALINADDITIONTOOWNERSEQUITYANDBANKDEBTTHEIRLEVELOFDEBTISLOWANDTHEYHAVE
25、MORESHORTTERMTHANLONGTERMDEBTINTHEIRCAPITALSTRUCTUREHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESARELIKELYTOBEPUBLICLYTRADED,WITHRAPIDLYGROWINGREVENUESTHEYWILLISSUEEQUITYINTHEFORMOFCOMMONSTOCK,WARRANTS,ANDOTHEREQUITYOPTIONS,ANDPROBABLYCONVERTIBLEDEBTTHEYARELIKELYTOHAVEAMODERATELEVERAGEMATURECOMPANIESARELIKELYTOFINANCETHEIRAC
26、TIVITIESBYINTERNALFINANCING,DEBT,ANDEQUITYTHEIRLEVERAGEISLIKELYTOBERELATIVELYHIGHBUTWILLDEPENDONTHECOSTSANDBENEFITSOFDEBTANDTHEIRFUNDAMENTALFACTORS,SUCHASBUSINESSRISKANDTAXATIONCONCLUSIONTHISARTICLEDISCUSSEDTHEDIFFERENTFINANCINGMETHODSCOMPANIESCANUSEANDTHENARGUEDTHATTHEIRCHOICEDEPENDSONTHECOSTSANDBE
27、NEFITSOFDEBTFINANCINGANDTHEFIRMSLIFECYCLEFOREXAMPLE,WHEREASSTARTUPCOMPANIESARELIKELYTOBEFINANCEDWITHPRIVATEPERSONALFUNDS,MAKINGTHEIRLEVERAGELOW,MATURECOMPANIESTENDTOHAVEHIGHLEVERAGEBECAUSETHEYAREABLETOMITIGATETHECOSTSOFDEBTANDGAINFROMTHETAXBENEFITSINADDITIONTOTHESEFACTORS,INPRACTICEFIRMSMAYCHOOSETHE
28、IRFINANCINGMIXBYMIMICKINGCOMPARABLEFIRMS,ORTHEYMAYADOPTTHEAVERAGELEVELOFDEBTOFALLTHECOMPANIESINTHEIRINDUSTRYTHESEMETHODSARENOTHIGHLYRECOMMENDABLEASTHEYMAYRESULTINASUBOPTIMALCHOICEINOTHERCASESTHEYFOLLOWAFINANCINGHIERARCHY,WHERERETAINEDEARNINGSARETHEPREFERREDOPTION,FOLLOWEDBYEXTERNALFINANCINGINTHEFORM
29、OFDEBT,ANDTHENEQUITYTHISPREFERENCEISDRIVENBYTHETRANSACTIONANDMONITORINGCOSTSMAKINGITHAPPENTHECHOICEOFFINANCINGISSTRATEGICANDINVOLVESTHEFOLLOWINGISSUESBOTHLOWANDHIGHDEBTFINANCINGARESUBOPTIMALCOMPANIESSHOULDAIMFORTHEMOSTADVANTAGEOUSLEVELOFDEBTFINANCING,WHEREBYTHECOSTSAREMINIMIZEDANDTHEBENEFITSAREMAXIM
30、IZEDTHECOSTSOFDEBTINCLUDEAGREATERPROBABILITYOFBANKRUPTCY,ANINCREASEINTHEAGENCYCONFLICTSBETWEENMANAGERSANDBONDHOLDERS,ALOSSOFFUTUREFINANCIALFLEXIBILITYINCLUDINGTHEAVAILABILITYOFCOLLATERALASSETS,ANDINFORMATIONASYMMETRYCOSTSTHEBENEFITSRELATEMAINLYTOTAXSHIELDSANDTHEADDEDDISCIPLINETOMITIGATETHEAGENCYCONF
31、LICTSBETWEENSTOCKHOLDERSANDMANAGERSTHISEQUILIBRIUMAPPLIESPRIMARILYTOMATURECOMPANIESSTARTUPSANDGROWTHCOMPANIESARELIKELYTOHAVELOWERLEVERAGEASTHEIRBORROWINGCAPACITYISLOWITALSOAPPLIESTOCOMPANIESTHATNORMALLYPAYDIVIDENDSANDDONOTACCUMULATECASHFORREINVESTMENTINORDERTOAVOIDTHENEEDTORAISEEXTERNALFINANCINGTHER
32、ECENTFINANCIALCRISISHASHIGHLIGHTEDANOTHERISSUEINDEBTFINANCING,NAMELYLIQUIDITYLEVERAGECONCEPTSWEREDEVELOPEDMAINLYINTIMESWHENDEBTFINANCINGWASFULLYAVAILABLEINTHECURRENTCREDITCRISISTHISISNOLONGERTHECASECOMPANIESTHEREFORENOWHAVETOPAYANEXTRALIQUIDITYCOSTTORAISEADDITIONALCAPITALTHEQUESTIONISWHETHERTHISISAT
33、EMPORARYSITUATIONORAPERMANENTONE,INWHICHCASEDEBTWILLBECOMEMORECOSTLYANDLEVERAGEWILLBELOWERTHANINTHEPASTANOTHERCHALLENGEOFDEBTFINANCINGRELATESTOTHEETHICSOFTHEUSEOFEXCESSIVEDEBTFINANCING,PARTICULARLYBYFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSPETTIFOR2006WASABLETOFORESEETHECURRENTCRISIS,TRACINGDEBTFINANCINGBACKTOEARLYTIME
34、SANDARGUINGTHATRELIGIONSAREAGAINSTDEBTBECAUSEITRESULTSINUSURYSHEPROVIDESINTERESTINGARGUMENTS,CHALLENGINGTHEWHOLESTRUCTUREOFDEBTFINANCING,PAYMENTOFINTEREST,ANDINTERESTTAXDEDUCTIBILITYPOSSIBLYANEWSTRUCTUREOFDEBTTHATISLINKEDTOTHEPROFITABILITYOFASSETSANDINCURSNOINTERESTWILLEMERGEFROMTHECURRENTCRISISSOUR
35、CEMEZIANELASFER,2009”OPTIMIZINGTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREFINDINGTHERIGHTBALANCEBETWEENDEBTANDEQUITY”HTTP/WWWQFINANCECOM优化资本结构债务与权益之间找到恰当的平衡仅仅在50年前,米勒和莫迪利亚尼(1958)表明,在一组特定的条件下,即没有税收和代理冲突的完全资本市场,一个公司的资本结构与其估值无关。他们的研究结果是有争议的,专业学者和从业人员对其提出了大量问题。本文总结了公司选择一个基本适当的资本结构的主要问题,考虑到他们的具体基本面以及宏观经济因素它提出了利润和借贷成本,并介绍了如何评估它们
36、来达到债务与权益的基本平衡。并探讨负债不相关时的情况。财务类型企业可以的有三种筹资方式债券,股票和混合证券。这种分类是根据有价证券的主要特征。负债融资债务融资的范围从简单的银行债务的商业票据和公司债券。这是公司和投资者的契约协议。据此,公司支付了预定的要求(或利息),不是其经营业绩,按照会计准则,作为税务开支,因此免税。债务是固定的,当经营期和破产时,在资金流量上有优先受偿权。这是因为向股权所有者赔偿在股利支付之后,若该公司拖欠股利支付,将被宣布破产,其资产将被出售。欠债权人的钱将在股东之前支付。产权筹资产权融资包括所有者权益,风险资本(产权资本提供给私人公司在公司换取A股的所有权),普通股本
37、和委托(行权期间以固定价格购买一股股票期权的权利)。不像负债,它是公司常设的,在利息和税款之后作为红利的支付,所以不创造税收优势。混合证券混合证券是一种和负债和权益有共同点,例如,可转换证券(定义为在预先指定的日期和转换率下,可以将债务转换成股权),优先股和期权挂钩的债券。不相关命题1958年莫迪利亚尼和米勒证实,在特定的假设下,这些证券之间的选择(简称资本结构或杠杆)与公司的估值不相关。这些假设包括没有税收,没有财务困境成本,完善资本市场,没有利率差,没有代理成本(理性),没有交易成本。事实上,这些假设是资本结构和产生杠杆的权衡理论的动因。权衡债务在这个所谓的米勒,莫迪里阿尼的框架内,企业通
38、过权衡以下好处和债务融资成本来选择最佳水平的杠杆。债务的好处债务融资有两个主要优势税收,并增加了纪律。税收由于债务利息是税前支付,而支付给股东的股息通常是从税后利润支付,债务成本大大低于股票的成本。这项税款扣除利息使得债务融资的吸引力。假设该公司的债务资本1亿美元,利率为10。公司每年支付1000万美元利息。假设公司税率为30。如果公司不付税,其利息将达到1000万,债务成本是10。但是,如果公司能够扣除这10万元在其公司纳税额上,那么公司每年节省了1000000030300万元的税款支付,使实际利率支付只有700万美元。如果债务是永久性的,公司每年将有300万节税,称为税盾效应。我们可以通过
39、债务成本值的贴现计算每年的现值(PV),如下所示税盾的现值债务数额公司税税率我们简化了债务成本的比率,以获取税盾的现值作为的债务数额和公司税税率的产物。因此,债务和股权融资应等于其公司价值(这样的公司被称为杠杆),如果它仅通过权益加税盾的现值融资。我们可以写这个值负债下公司杠杆的价值无杠杆公司的价值债务数额公司税税率这些参数表明,债务的税后成本可以计算为10(130)7新增规律实际上,公司的管理者不是公司的所有者。这种所谓管理人员和股东的分离提高了管理者可能希望自己财富最大化而不是股东财富最大化的可能性。这是被称为代理冲突。一般情况下,债务可能使管理者受制约,因为债务支付的利息固定,并且拖欠支
40、付这些会导致公司破产。债务成本债务有一些缺点,包括破产概率较高,管理者与债券持有人的代理冲突增加,未来财务灵活性损失,以及信息不对称成本。预期破产成本。由于债权人可以宣布破产公司,如果其拖欠支付利息,具有较高债务水平的公司面临这样一个拖欠的可能性很大。这个可能性也会在当公司处于高风险环境的商业运作的时候变大。债务融资产生的财务风险。因此,具有很高商业风险的公司不应利用债务处在一个高财务风险,增加其违约的风险。有证据表明,当这家公司正在努力来应付开支(包括利息),尽管它可能不会继续进行清算。许多价值损失不发生在清算过程,而是在金融危机阶段。代理成本。当一个公司借入资金和管理人员使用资金替代时,产
41、生代理成本。这通常更危险,在借款合同规定以外的活动能给股东带来更高的回报。所以管理者和领导者之间越大的分离,代理成本越高。未来融资灵活性的丧失。当一家公司的债务大幅增加,他要面对更多的债务出现困难。那些可以准确地预测其未来的融资可以更好的规划自己的融资,不得随意增加额外资金。在一般情况下,对未来的融资需求不确定性越大,需要的费用越高。信息不对称。当公司不向市场披露信息,他们的信息不对称会很高,导致更高的债务融资成本。重新部署资产债务。贷款人成立一家公司需要某种保障。这种保障被称为抵押。贷款人接受那些可以转售或重新部署到其他活动的资产,如作为财产(房地产)作为抵押品。一般来说,债务重新部署资产的
42、价值越低,代价越高。融资选择和与一个企业的生命周期虽然公司可能更愿意使用内部融资,以减低发行(交易)成本,在融资的趋势关键取决于企业的生命周期。初创企业是指小型、私人拥有的公司。他们很可能是由业主的资金和银行融资借款。它们的资金需求很高,但他们筹集外部资金的能力是有限的,因为他们没有足够的资产作为担保,提供给融资的提供者。他们会尽力寻求私人股本融资。其长期杠杆很可能是低,因为他们主要是短期债务融资。扩大企业是那些已经成功吸引客户和建立在市场存在的公司。他们很可能被私人直接投资或是除了所有者权益和银行债务的风险资本融资。他们的债务水平低,他们在更短的资本结构较长期债务期限。高增长公司在迅速增长收
43、入下,有可能公开上市。他们发行股票中的普通股,认股权证,股票期权和其他股票期权,可转换债券等形式。他们是可能有一个温和的杠杆作用。成熟的金融公司有可能通过内部融资,债务和权益的活动。他们的杠杆很可能是比较高,但将取决于债务和根本因素的成本和效益,如商业风险和税收。结论本文讨论了公司可以使用的不同融资方法,然后认为他们的选择取决于债务融资和公司生命周期的成本与效益。例如,尽管初创期公司有可能会有私人个人资金资助,使他们的杠杆低;成熟的公司往往具有高杠杆作用,因为它们能够减轻债务成本和获取税收优惠。除了这些因素,在实践中,企业可以通过模仿可比较的公司,选择融资组合,也可以采取所在行业的所有公司的平
44、均债务水平。这些方法不被推荐,因为他们可能不会导致一个最优选择。在其他情况下,他们遵循融资的层次,其中留存收益是首选的选项,其次是债务形式的外部融资,最后是权益。交易和监控成本产生这种偏好。实现目标在融资选择具有战略性并涉及以下问题低收入和高债务融资是最理想的。企业应该瞄准最具优势的债务融资水平,即成本最小化和效益最大化。债务的费用包括高的破产率,在管理者和债券持有人代理冲突的增加,对未来财务的灵活性(包括抵押资产的可用性)的丧失,信息不对称成本。好处主要涉及税盾和增加纪律以减轻股东和经理之间的代理冲突。这种平衡主要适用于成熟企业。初创企业和成长型公司可能有低杠杆因为他们的借贷能力低。它也适用
45、于那些正常支付股息,不积累现金再投资,以避免需要提高外部融资的公司。最近的金融危机突出了债务融资中的另一个突出问题,即流动性的另一个问题。杠杠概念在债务融资完全可用时快速发展。在当前的信贷危机这已不再是问题。因此,现在公司必须支付额外的流动性成本来筹集更多资金。但问题是这是否只是暂时的情况还是永久的,在这种情况下,债务将变得更加昂贵,而且杠杆作用会比过去低。债务融资的另一个挑战涉及到过度债务融资的使用的伦理,特别是金融机构。PETTIFOR(2006)能够预见当前的危机,追踪债务融资要上溯到早期的时候,他们认为宗教反对债务是因其导致了高利贷。她提供了有趣的争论,挑战债务融资结构,利息的支付,利息税扣除的整个结构。一个关系到资产的盈利能力及不支付任何利息的新债务结构将摆脱目前的危机。出处美梅泽安拉斯弗,优化资本结构债务与权益之间找到恰当的平衡,HTTP/WWWQFINANCECOM