中国正在兴起的信息化战略【外文翻译】.doc

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1、 外文翻译 原文 Chinas Emerging Informatization Strategy Material Source: J Knowl Econ2010( 2) Author: Nagy K. Hanna & Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang Future directions for informatization What is the likely future of Chinas informatization strategy? How should ICT believe raged to support likely sources of growt

2、h, accelerate poverty reduction, and address other systemic economic problems? What are the implications for the enablers and building blocks of development? What priorities and challenge should be addressed in using ICT to transform government, empower communities, and foster a competitive private

3、sector? And what should be done to tap synergies and manage cross-cutting issues for a holistic approach to informatization? Informatization and economic development. After Chinas economic opening nearly 30 years ago, the countrys economic development entered a new stageand today requires a new info

4、rmatization strategy. Informatization and economic development are mutually reinforcing: Chinas successful economic development has laid the material and technological foundations for informatization and greatly expanded the demand for it. Urbanization, industrialization, increased consumption, and

5、expanded social mobility have created unprecedented opportunities as well as new challenges for informatization. Chinas future economic growth will likely come from three main sources:& Encouraging the development of services and domestic demand for them& Increasing firm competitiveness, particularl

6、y through ICT and foreign direct investment (FDI)& Facilitating the movement of workers out of agriculture and to cities. To sustain the momentum of economic growth, China needs to closely examine three interwoven factors during the 11th Five-Year Plan (20062010) and well beyond. First, industrializ

7、ation has resulted in continuous changes to Chinas economic structure. Many workers are moving from agricultural to industrial and service jobs with higher value added. Electronic communications, real estate, and social services are among the fastest growing sectors in terms of both value added and

8、employment. Second, productivity has increased considerably in industries that produce ICT equipment as well as among ICT-using providers of wholesale, retail, financial, and logistics services. These increases suggest that the economy will continue to shift toward information- and technology-intens

9、ive manufacturing and services vectors. Finally, FDI continues to flow into China at a growing rate, mainly to develop manufacturing capacity for exports but increasingly to service domestic demand. In2006 China attracted $78 billion in FDI (IMF), and between 1997 and 2006, it received more than $50

10、0 billion in FDI (UNCTAD). Foreign firms used to invest in China primarily to take advantage of its low labor costs. An increasingly important benefit for China is the opportunity to transfer R&D efforts, through new technology embedded in equipment and processes, demonstration effects, circulation

11、of managers and workers, competitive pressures, and technological links among foreign firms and their suppliers and subsidiaries. All these effects provide incentives for businesses to adopt ICT. Aside from contributing to productivity, the spread of ICT has the potential to accelerate innovation in

12、 abroad range of products and processes. Foreign firms also use informatization to penetrate the domestic market. Productivity and innovation at the firm level are functions of ICT use and FDIC companies that use ICT grow faster, employ more skilled workers, and are more productive and profitable th

13、an those that do not. Among Chinese firms, join ventures and firms linked to international production networks invest most heavily in IT, highlighting the significance of FDI. Since the 1980s Chinas growth has been driven by urban areas and the Irindus trial activities. Accordingly, the country has

14、experienced rapid urbanization, with the urban share of the population reaching nearly 40% in 2004, up from 30% in the 1990s. Rural emigration has accounted for nearly 70% of the increase in the urban population. The fastest growing industries are in major cities on the coast as well as a few along

15、main inland waterways. Because of these changes, the income gap between urban and rural populations has widened. By the third quarter of 2005, the average per capita urban income was3.3 times that in rural areas (Peoples Daily Chinas Urban-Rural Income Gap May Reach the Highest in History, 5 Decembe

16、r 2005). The growing gap is partly a result of Chinas development strategy focusing on industrialization, which tends to be urban-centered. The evolving needs of firms based in coastal areasand of the growing middle class concentrated in cities in those areasare increasing the demand for informatiza

17、tion. To support informatization and sustain growth, coastal areas need to develop high-quality infrastructureincluding access to ICT facilities and servicesfor the growing urban centers that drive economic performance and serve as the locus of innovation. On the other hand, provinces seeking to cat

18、ch up also need to grasp informatization to avoid increasing urbanrural economic and social gaps. A framework for Chinas informatization strategy and challenges Though Chinas informatization strategy is linked to goals for increasing economic growth, it is not equally focused on alleviating poverty.

19、 Moreover, Chinas ICT strategy suffers from a lack of coordinated management, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and coordinated efforts to narrow the digital divide. Given Chinas vast size and population, an effective implementation strategy will be critical to ensuring that its informatization

20、strategy serves its development goals. The overarching long-term goal of informatization is to support Chinas efforts to achieve rapid sustainable economic growth that benefits all of its citizens. Over time China will shift from a growth pattern that favors capital-intensive industry to one that is

21、 less resource-intensive, more efficient, and more equitably shared. That will involve rebalancing growth to sectors that require less capital, energy, and resources and that generate more employment. Informatization could support the following goals: 1. Institutional changes that make government fu

22、nctions more service-oriented, efficient, and transparent, contributing enormously to efficient markets and resource allocations. 2. Growth of the service industry (such as IT services and IT-enabled services) and elated employment opportunities. 3.ICT use in reforming manufacturing and energy indus

23、tries, improving access to financial resources, and increasing the value added of Chinese products. 4.Efforts to increase Chinese enterprises productivity, inter national competitiveness, and capacity for technological innovation. For the overall informatization strategy to progress, links these pri

24、orities and goals to drivers and enablers. These enablers, with the support of solid leadership, should aim to transform government and business processes into automated, streamlined processes that support ICT applications in governments, communities, and businesses. Enabling environment Given the c

25、omplex and cross-cutting nature of ICT, creating the right environment for its development is a daunting task for policymakers. Chinas policy and legal environment has been adapted to promote informatization. A telecommunications act and regulations on publicizing government information have been dr

26、afted. The E-Signature Law went into effect in April 2005 13. In addition, many provincial and municipal governments have dedicated resources to coordinating and managing ICT initiatives. Despite progress in developing the enabling environment, Chinas legal and regulatory framework for informatizati

27、on faces several challenges. The legal framework for the enabling environment is quite complexcontributing to the institutional and regulatory competition and overlapand, in some cases, underdeveloped. Several areas of the legal framework will require high-level legislation in the short and medium t

28、erm. The Peoples Congress and its Standing Commission have passed only two major statutes in this area: the E-Signature Law and the Resolution on Internet Security. Other statutes provide only a broad foundation for administrative regulation and departmental regulatory agencies. In some cases the go

29、vernment has taken a bottom-up approach to legislationallowing precedence and practices to take hold first, then legislating practices. This approach is useful for legal reform because it provides rich experiences based on current legal practices and ensures a smooth legislative transition, but it c

30、arries greater risks because it is not systematic and often creates conflicts among departmental jurisdictions. In other areas a top-down approach has been used. In addition, several aspects of the Chinese economy lend themselves to the software industrys growth, such as the manufacturing sector (wh

31、ich uses software in computer and telecommunications equipment) and widespread use of consumer electronic products and automated machinery, all of which require software bundling. The countrys 20 million small- and medium-size enterprises provide a substantial business user base for software. But, C

32、hinas IT services industry faces several problems. Key among them is the industrys fragmented structure. Three-quarters of Chinas software firms have fewer than 50 employees. Without adequate scale, such companies are unlikely to attract top international clients, secure adequate quality and process

33、 controls, attract and provide training and challenging opportunities for talented software engineers, and invest in R&D. 译文 中国正在兴起的信息化战略 资料来源 : 知识经济杂志 2010(2) 作者:纳吉凯西 .汉娜 .克里斯汀 曾伟强 信息化的未来方向 未来 中国 会是什么 样的 信息化策略 ? 信息与通信技术 的发展又 是如何 ? 相互 支持 来支援各地 的 发展 , 如何 加速摆脱贫困 , 能 解决地方性的 经济问题吗 ?对构建电子信息的发展有什么影响 ? 在 信

34、息与通信技术 发展 过程中 有什么重点和困难?政府和社区 , 有 什么有 效途径和方法 来 培养具有竞争力 的企业的发展 ?应如何 协调 和管理信息化 问题是否有 一套 完整 的方法 ? 在 30 年前 中国的信息化和经济 得到 发展 , 今天 中 国的 经济 开始 进入了一个新的发展 阶段, 需要一个新的基础策略。信息化 能 增强与经济的发展 , 中国成功 的 经济发展 为信息化 奠定了物质和技术 的 基础 , 大大扩展了 信息化的 需求。 中国 城市化 和工业化 的进程 , 消费增加 , 社会流动和扩展创造了前所未有的机遇 , 同时也为信息化带来了挑战 。 中国仔细研究自己的 第 11 个

35、 五年计划 ( 2006 2010) , 特别是通过信息与通信技术和外商直接投资和促进 来 鼓励发展的服务和国内市场对产品的需求和提高公司的竞争力 , 来 维持经济增长势头 。 中国未来经济的增长将有可能来自三个主要来源 : 首先 , 工业化导致中国经济结构 的 不断变化,同时 许多工人正从农业向工业 方向 工作 , 以 博取 更高的价值。 在 行业方面价值增加和就业 增加方面, 电子通讯、房地产和社会服务都是增长最快的。 第二 ,在 批 发、零售、金融、物流服务 中, 信息化与通信技术的运用使生产力明显增加 。这些增长暗示 经济的增长主要集中在信息技术的方面。 最后 , 外国直接投资继续流入

36、 促进了 中国的发展速度 , 主要 集中在 发展制造能力出口 方面 , 而且 外资 越来越多地服务于国内需求。在 2006 年中国吸引的外国直接投资 780 亿美元 , 在 1997 年至 2006 年 , 中国总共 收到超过 5000 亿美元 的外国直接投资 。 外国公 司在中国用于投资主要是利用 国内的低廉的人力 劳动成本。 外国公司通过使用新兴技术和设备来提高竞争力, 有助于中国 找机会 机会 研发 自己的技术。通过 管理者和员工队伍 的共同努力 ,来提高 竞争的压力 , 应对 国外机构和他们的供应商和子公司。信息与通信技术除了贡献生产力 之外, 信息与通信技术的传播 也是一个 加速创新

37、产品 的 过程 。 外国公司 同时 也用信息化进入国内市场。 外国 的公司 直接投资高,信息与通信技术高,那么 生产效率和创新水平也是高, 公司 的 增长 速度随之 加快 , 技术型工人更多 , 能提高生产力的员工比落后的员工多 。在中国公司 中 , 企业 技术 和企业投资 是 生产网络中 最重要的 ,这也 突出了外商投资企业的意义。 自 20 世纪 80 年代以来中国的发展推动了市区和 区域发展 的工业活动 , 因此 , 国家经历了快速的城市化 的过程 。 2004 年 农村与 城市人口的 比例 , 从 30%达到了 40%。 国内 主要城市增长最快的产业 是在 海岸上 和少数 主要内河水路

38、进行 的运输业 。因为这些变化 , 城市与农村的居民们 的 收入差距 逐渐变小 。在 2005年的城市人均收入农村地区的 3.3 倍 , 人民日报 记者说 :“ 中国的城乡收入差距达到历史上 的最高”。 造成这个问题的部分原因中国的发展战略 的问题, 以往产业化中心往往是城市,这种差距会不断增大。 公司总部设在沿海地区和 那些生长在沿海地区的 中产阶级 的增加, 信息化和通信技术的不断发展,促进 保持经济持续增长 ,使 沿海的 信息基础设施不断建造,信息化服务不断增加 , 城市中 心 带动 整个地区的 经济 发展和服务创新 。另一方面 , 必须让农村 寻求迎头赶上 城市信息化 , 以避免增加城

39、乡经济 的差距和社会 的 缺口。 一个用于中国信息化战略和挑战 的框架 虽然中国信息化战略目标是 为 了 提高经济效益 , 这是为了减少地区的贫穷 。此外 , 中国的信息与通信技术战略 也 缺乏协调管理 , 监测和评估 机制不健全 。鉴于中国 这 样一个人口与土地同样巨大的国家 , 实施 信息化 战略关键之一就是保障 信息技术 为 自身 服务 , 努力缩小 城乡 数字 上 的 鸿沟 是 信息化战略发展目标。 信息化的主要的长期目标是支持中国在努力实现快速的经济的可持续增长的同时,使 所有的公民 受益 。中国将随时间改变 , 增长模式从资 源 密集型行业向 资 本 密集型 转变 ,这使得经济发展

40、 更加有效 , 并且更加公平分享。 信息化能使企业运用 更少的资金、能源和资源而产生更多的工作。最后 , 信息化所支持的是 以下四个目标 : 1、 政府在制度上的转变, 高效、透明、高效的 手段为 市场做出了巨大的资源分配。 2、 增加服务业,信 息 业的 就业机会 。 3、 在改造和使用生产 的 行业 , 提高的 资源利用率 , 增加了中国产品的附加值。 4、 努力提高中国企业的生产力、国际竞争力 , 和技术 的 创新能力。 信息化战略的全面进步 , 重点是信息化的使用者 。 在这些信息化应用者得支持下 ,政府 善于领导 , 企业改造自身制造流程 , 为政府,社区和企业共同发展。 有力环境

41、鉴于信息和通信技术的复杂和跨部门性质,创造合适的环境发展是决策者的艰巨任务。中国的政策和法律环境已经进行了调整,以促进信息化。电信法规 与政府信息公开条例已经起草 , 该电子签名法开始生效 2005 年 4 月。此外,许多省, 市政府已 运用 专门的资源来协调和管理信息和通信技术倡议。尽管在发展的有利环境的进步,中国的法律和信息化监管框架 仍然 面临一些挑战。 由于 做 出贡献的机构和管理竞争 上的 重叠 , 法律框架在环境 中是相当复杂的, 法律框架的几个领域 中在 短期和中期 内 都 需要高层次的立法 的支持 。人民代表大会及其常务委员会已通过两个主要的法律在这一领域: 电子签名法 和 互

42、联网 安全 。其他法规只提供了广阔的基础行政法规和部门管理机构 的支持 。在某些情况下,政府已经采取了自下而上的 立法的方式 ,允许优先 做法 ,抓住 关键再立法的做法。这种做法是有益的法律改革, 因为它提供关于当前和法律实践的丰富经验为基础确保平稳过渡的立法,但它承载更大的风险,因为它不系统和部门的司法管辖区之间经常产生冲突 , 在其他地区 自下而上 的方法已被使用。 此外,在中国经济的几个方面都适于采用软件产业的发展,如制造业(其中利用计算机和电信设备的软件)和消费电子产品,自动化机械,所有这些都需要软件捆绑的广泛使用。该国的 20 万小型和中等规模的企业提供了大量的商业软件的用户群。 但是,中国的 IT 服务产业面临的几个问题。其中的关键是行业的结构松散 , 四分之三的中国的软件公司宿舍少于 50 名员工。 如果没有足够 的规模,这样的公司是不可能吸引到顶尖的国际客户,获得足够的质量和过程控制,吸引和培训优秀的软件工程师和具有挑战性和投资于研发的机会。

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