1、 1 外文翻译 原文 Effects of Media Formats on Emotions and Impulse Buying Intent Material Source: Journal of Information Technology Author: Adelaar Factors Driving Consumer Intention to Shop Online ,An Empirical InvestigationThis article examines consumers intention to shop online during the information ac
2、quisition stage .Specifically , the study incorporates 3 essential variables, which are likely to influence consumer intentions: (a) convenience characteristic of shopping channels, (b) product type characteristics, and (c) perceived price of the product. Results indicate that convenience and produc
3、t type influence consumer intention to engage in online shopping .When consumers perceive offline shopping as inconvenient, their intention to shop online is greater. Also, online shopping intention is higher when consumers perceive the product to be search goods than experience goods. These cases i
4、llustrate a continuum of shopping preference anchored by online shopping at one end and traditional shopping at the other. Never before have consumers been able to shop from anywhere at anytime with a few clicks of their fingers. In fact, online shopping, an unforeseen event only a few years ago, ha
5、s continued to grow. It is predicted that U.S. business-to-consumer sales over the Internet will grow from an estimated $25 billion in 1999 to $152 billion in 2002, according to Giga Information Group (Pastore, 2000). The rapid growth of online retailing has created a vibrant market space and compet
6、ition with all other shopping channels. It has challenged traditional retailers and is reshaping consumers shopping habits. The inclination to use a particular shopping channel often depends on various factors such as consumer characteristics as well as situational variables. Although online shoppin
7、g is more convenient and makes price comparisons easier, it is obvious that consumer retail patronage is not limited exclusively to any one particular channel. Because the Internet is a multi-dimensional channel aggregating several salient features of other shopping formats such as distribution, tra
8、nsaction, and communication, it coexists as a system both complementary to and competing with other conventional retailing channels (Burke, 1997; McGaughey Peterson, Balasubramanian , (b) the product or service offerings being marketed; and (c) the specific sequence of decision followed by consumers
9、 in carrying out their purchasing function. In such a case, consumers have the choice of (a) whether to focus on a product/service category or a brand at any stage of the information acquisition process, (b) whether to use the Internet or conventional retail channels for information acquisition, and
10、 (c) whether to use the Internet or a conventional retail channel for the final transaction and brand acquisition .They illustrated how the choice of product category or brand could influence the consumers acquisition process. When consumers begin their acquisition process with a selected brand, the
11、 competition among shopping channels is limited because the brand choice is clearly defined and consumers are likely to focus on price information and brand availability in the search process. On the other hand, when consumers are not clear about their brand choice but only have a category in mind,
12、information acquisition process could take place in either or both the Internet and conventional shopping channels. In this study, the focus is on consumers choice to shop on the Internet and at the physical stores during the information acquisition stage. At this stage, consumers only have a catego
13、ry in mind but lack specific brand preferences .Based on previous discussions, the study incorporates three essential variables influencing consumers choice of shopping medium:(a) convenience characteristic of shopping channels, (b) product characteristics, and (c) perceived price of the product. Co
14、nvenience Unlike traditional shopping, the distinct characteristic of online shopping is its convenience and it has been found to be the major motive for consumers to shop electronically (JarvenpaaMonroe, 1973, 1990). Therefore, it has been concluded that it is the perceived price, not the actual pr
15、ice, of a product that affect consumers product evaluation and choices (Jocoby Zeithaml, 1988). Consequently, it is argued that consumers perceived price would influence their choices of shopping 4 channels. Alba et al. (1997) pointed out that a key difference between online and offline shopping is
16、the ability of online consumers to obtain more information about both price and non-price information as a result of reduced search cost. Because consumers are able to obtain more price information online and compare across online retailers with a few clicks, they are likely to shop online when the
17、price of a product is high rather than low. This study empirically examined the influence of convenience, price, and product type on consumers intention to shop online .The results of the study indicate that convenience influences consumers intention to shop online. When consumers perceive shopping
18、offline as inconvenient, they are more likely to shop on the Internet. This finding is consistent with previous studies (e.g., Chiang, 2001).Compared to other shopping medium , online shopping provides a greater degree of convenience that motivates buyers to shop online. Although this study consider
19、ed only the time dimension of convenience (driving time to stores), one can infer that other dimensions of convenience (such as waiting time at checkout lines and crowded shopping environment) would also similarly influence consumers intention to shop online. This finding implies that conventional r
20、etailers need to address this disadvantage by making shopping more convenient, especially for increasing numbers of time-conscious consumers. Generally, shopping in stores has several drawbacks such as “painful to drive to the mall,” difficult to compare products and prices at different stores, and
21、limited inventory. In dealing with these issues, retailers could combine the speed, convenience and immediacy of e-commerce technology, which is gradually changing the way in which conventional retailing works. The study also reveals that product type influences consumers to shop online .For search
22、goods such as books, intention to shop online is higher than intention to shop for experience goods. Because search costs are reduced, search goods have a greater chance of success in this electronic environment. This is consistent with product categories currently purchased by consumers online. Thi
23、s poses challenges for online retailers specializing in experience goods. As dominant product attributes cannot be obtained prior to purchase, transforming an experience good into a search good could potentially stimulate online purchases. The availability of online shopping has intensified the comp
24、etition among retailers in various shopping channels, particularly between online and conventional retailers. Although e-commerce is growing, conventional retailers are fiercely competing to retain their customers. Because consumers do not concentrate their shopping activities within one particular
25、shopping channel, identifying forces driving consumer choices is essential 5 for retailing strategies. The findings of this study suggest that convenience and product type are two major forces driving consumers to shop on the Internet.6 译文 消费者意图驱动因子在网上购物的实证研究 资料来源 : 资讯科技杂志 作者: Adelaar 消费者意图驱动因子在网上购物
26、 的 实证研究 一文中 探讨 了 消费者在网上购物 的 信息获取阶段的意图。具体地说 ,这项研究将 从三个 可能会影响消费者意图特征 的 基本变量 出发 :(a)方便 的 购物频道 (b)产品类型的特点 ,(c)价格认知的产物。结果表明 ,方便和产品类型影响消费者网上购物 的意图。 当消费者 在离线购物 时 ,因为不方便 ,更加 想要在网上购物。而且 ,网上购物的目的是消费者对 商品 比经验搜索货物 有更 高的产品 感知 。 这些情况说明了一个 是 配有网上购物 的 持续的购物偏好 ,另一个是 传 统的购物。 在此之前 消费者从来没有能够随时随地 购买 到东西 , 只要点击几次手指。事实上 ,
27、应对意外事件 的 在线购物 ,只有几年的历史 ,却 一直在增长。据预测 ,美国 B2C 销售英特网将会 从 1999 年的 25 亿美元 发展 到 2002 年 的 152 亿美元 ,根据基因信息集团 (Pastore,2000 年 )。网上零售业的快速增长创造了一个充满活力的市场空间 并 与所有其他购物频道 形成了竞争 。它已经 开始 挑战传统零售商和也正在改变消费者的购物习惯。 这种 使用特定的购物频道 的 倾斜往往取决于各种因素 ,如消费者特性以及环境变量。 尽管网上购物比较方便 ,使价格比 较简单 ,很明显 ,消费者零售光顾不专门限制在 任何一款渠道。因为互联网是一个多维的渠道 ,相对
28、于其他的购物形式,它 汇整几个显著特点 如 分布 、 交易 、 沟通 ,它作为一种制度 与 其他常规零售渠道既 共 存 互 补 又 相 互 竞争 ( 1997; McGaughey& 彼 得 森 (1998), 梅森 ,Balasubramanian,和 Bronnenberg,1997)。除了做产品购置决策 (交易 ), 消费者必须经常决定购物 媒介 (通讯 ),他们能够最好的 满足他们的信息需求。在这个竞争激烈的背景下 ,如何决定要用一个特定消费者购物频道 ,尤其是互联网 ,从管理的观点 去理解是很重要的 。 皮特森孙俐 (1997)描绘了一个框架消费者决策序列。他们争论说购物介质的 性能
29、和竞争 力 的调停 受以下影响: (a)消费者沟通 ,交易 ,分销渠道 的选择; (二 )产品或服务被 定 位 ; (三 )消费者在执行采购功能的决议 时会遵循 特定的顺序。在这种情况下 , 消费者 会做出以下 选择 : (a)在 信息采集过程中是否要将焦点放在产品 /服务种类或品牌 上 (b)为信息的获取 , 是否使用互联网或普通零售渠道和 (c)是否用互联网或传统零售渠道为最后的交易和品牌的习得。他们说明选择的产品种类的或品牌会影响消费者的习得过程。当消费者用选定的 品牌开始他7 们的 购买 过程 时 ,这时的 竞争是受物频道品牌选择 的 限购 ,因为品牌的选择是 明确的 , 消费者在搜索
30、过程 中 可能 把注意力放在 价格信息和品牌可用性 上 。在另一方面 ,当消费者并不清楚他们的品牌的选择却只有一个范畴在思想 , 信息获取的过程可 能发生在 互联网和传统的购物频道 的 一侧或 同时存在 。 在这项研究中 ,把重点放在消费者在选择互联网和在实体商店 时是如何进行 信息获取的。在这个阶段 , 消费者只有一个范畴的想法 , 但是缺少具体的品牌偏好 。基于前面的讨论, 研究了三个影响消费者购物 选择的 基本变量 : (一 )购物频道的方便特点 ; (2)产品的特点 ; (c)产品 价格 的 认知 。 便利性 不像传统的购物 ,网上购物最 鲜明 的 特征 是 很方便 ,这被发现是 人们
31、 选择网上购物的 主要动机 ( Jarvenpaa&消费者购物有电子版本 (录 ,1997)。在 针对220 名 消费者 的 调查中 , Jarvenpaa 和 Todd ( (1997)发现方便 性事 网上购物最显著的有利特征 。同样 ,伯克 (1998)对 集中在美国不同的 区域的 6 个群体 作了研究, 发现 便利性是引起 消费者从事网上购物 的最主要原因 。当消费者离线购物 时 ,因为 不方便 ,会更加 想要在网上购物 ,反之亦然。 商品种类 由于因特网 的进入 ,学者一直试图 从 市场领域探讨网络消费市场的含义。一个显著的含义就是 “ 合适的互联网来进行营销 , 在很大程度上取决于产
32、品的特征和服务 , 正在国内市场上热销 ”( 皮特森苏达权等 ,1997 年 ,p。 334),因此 ,很有必要考虑产品特点 , 合并一个商品归类纳入分析之中。这里的基本原理是零售业态提供有关产品属性与消费利益的能力 有很大的区别 (阿尔巴苏达权等 ,1997)。 因为经验品购买之前需要个人检查信息 ,这种信息在网络上 是 很难获取的,很可能是消费者的网上购物意向经验品是低于搜寻品 。此外 ,减少搜索代价可能会 有助于在网上环境下 搜索商品。 同样的 ,因为网上购物降低了 商品搜索的成本 ,消费者最终可能 搜索网上商店的商品而不是经验品, 如果他们觉察到购物离线带来极大的不便。 当离线购物也一
33、样方便时 ,产品类型不 再 影响消费者网上购物 的意图,反之亦然。 价格 描述 一个主要动机消费者网上购物是节省更多的承诺。事实上 ,85%的消费者购物时寻找价格信息联机 (芦苇 ,1999)。上网或离线 ,价格却最重要的一个线索在利用消费者的决策过程。价格可以被定义为消费者的感性代理或目标的主观感受这个产品的价格 (Jacoby 和欧尔森 ,1977 年 )。 Ziethaml(1982)建议消费者实际价钱和解释编码方式 ,是一个很有意义的。确切地说 ,它已经被认为在此基础上 ,Helson 适应级 (1964 年 ) 和 assimilation-contrast 理论8 (Sherif,
34、Sherif,和 Nebergall 1965)消费者随身携带改编水平价格或范围可接受的价格对于一个给定的产品类别和审判实际产品价格高 ,低 ,或公允相比 ,这些内部标准 (Gabor&格兰杰 ,1970 年 ,梦露 ,1973 年 ,1990)。因此 ,已经得出了它的价格认知 ,而不是实际价格、产品的影响消费者产品评估和选择 (1977 年 ),美国 Jocoby 和欧尔森 ,Zeithaml,1988)。因此 ,有人争辩说 ,消费者价格认知将会影响他们选择的购物频道。 艾尔芭孙俐 (1997)指出主要区别在线和离线购物的能力在参加此项在线调查的消费者得到更多的信息对于价格和非价格信息由于减
35、少搜索成本。由于消费者能够获得更多的价格信息在在线和比较网络零售商只要点击几次 ,他们很有可能在网上购物当产品价格高而非廉价。 本研究的影响进行了实证分析检查方便、价格、产品类型对消费者意图在网上购物 ,结果显示 ,消费者意图方便影响在网上购物。当消费者对购物离线是有困难的 ,他们更有可能 商店在互联网上。这一发现是一致的 ,与先前的研究 (例江 ,2001).Compared 其他购物中 ,网上购物提供了更大的便利 ,激励买家在网上购物。虽然这项研究视为是时间维度的便利 (驾驶时间 ,都可以推断其它维度的便利 (如等待时间校验线和拥挤的购物环境 )也同样影响消费者的目的是在网上购物。 这个发
36、现意味著 ,传统的零售商需要解决这些问题 ,使购物更方便 ,尤其是对越来越多的 有时间意识的 消费者。一般来说 ,有几个商店买东西了诸如 “ 痛苦开车去购物中心 ,“ 困难的比较 ,不同的商店 ,产品和价格 ,有限的库存。在处理这些问题 ,零售商将把速 度、方便性、即时电子商务技术 ,这种技术逐渐地转变传统的零售的作品。 研究还表明 ,产品类型影响消费者网上购物 ,因为搜索商品如书籍 ,打算在网上购物高于打算买经验的货物。因为搜索成本降低 ,搜索的货物有更大的机会获得成功在这个电子环境。这是符合消费者购买的产品种类目前网上。这造成了挑战专业经验品网络零售商。为主导产品属性不能前已取得采购、变革工作经验在搜索好可能刺激在线购买。 网上购物的可用性零售商之间的竞争加剧 ,尤其是在不同的购物频道网络和传统的零售商之间。虽然电子商务增长 ,传统的零售商激烈竞争保留他们的客户。由 于消费者不集中购物活动中的一个特定的购物频道、识别力量驱动消费者的选择是必不可少的零售策略。结果表明 ,方便、产品种类有两个主要的力量驱动消费者购物在互联网上。