1、本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译原文THEDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSOFLOYALTYTHEFIRSTPROBLEMINSTUDYINGLOYALTYINHUMANORGANIZATIONSISTHATTHERESEEMSTOBENOGENERALLYACCEPTEDDEFINITIONOFTHISCONCEPTOFTEN,LOYALTYISTAKENTOMEANREMAININGINANORGANIZATIONFORALONGTIMEBUTSOMESTUDIESHAVESHOWNHOWITCANHAVEMANYDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSCOLE2000,FORINSTAN
2、CE,INTERVIEWEDDAVIDLSTURN,PRESIDENTOFTHELOYALTYINSTITUTE,ANARMOFCHICAGOBASEDAONCONSULTING,ABOUTASTUDYUNDERTAKENBYTHATORGANIZATIONINTERVIEWINGTHEEMPLOYEESOFMORETHAT200OFITSCORPORATECLIENTSACCORDINGTOTHATSTUDY,WHATCHARACTERIZESA“COMMITTED”EMPLOYEEISTHAT1HEISATEAMPLAYER2WILLINGTOMAKESACRIFICESFORTHEGOO
3、DOFTHECOMPANY3BELIEVESINTHECOMPANYSPRODUCTS4WILLRECOMMENDTHECOMPANYASAMONGTHEBESTPLACESTOWORK,AND5ISPREPAREDTOSTAYINTHECOMPANYFORTHENEXTSEVERALYEARS,EVENIFOFFEREDAMODESTPAYINCREASEELSEWHERECOLE,2000OBVIOUSLY,THEFIRSTFOURCHARACTERISTICSOFACOMMITTEDEMPLOYEEGOWELLBEYONDTHEFIFTHONE,WHICHISTHEONLYONERELA
4、TEDWITHREMAININGINTHEORGANIZATIONAND,STILLQUALIFYINGTHEFACTOFREMAININGINTHEORGANIZATIONBYREJECTINGACHANGEWITHA“MODEST”PAYINCREASEELSEWHEREEMPLOYEESARETHEBASICINGREDIENTS,THEIRENTHUSIASMONBEHALFOFCORPORATEMORALE,AWARENESSOFTHEIRWORKREFLECTEDINTHESUBTLESTRENGTHOFTHEENTERPRISEEMPLOYEELOYALTYWILLGREATLY
5、STIMULATETHEIRINITIATIVEANDCREATIVITYSOTHATPOTENTIALEMPLOYEESINTOFULLPLAYLOYALTYISTHEEFFICIENCY,INCREASEEMPLOYEELOYALTYANDINCREASECUSTOMERSATISFACTIONTHEREISPROMOTIONBUSINESSPEREMPLOYEEINCREASEDLOYALTY,COMPETITIVESTRENGTHWILLHAVEBEENIMPROVEDINTHEMODERNECONOMY,EMPLOYEESWILLBEJUDGEDACCORDINGTOTHEIROWN
6、PERSONALDEVELOPMENTCONTINUETOFINDTHEIROWNSPACE,THEFLOWOFTALENTTOBEACOMMONPHENOMENONENTERPRISESASALWAYSINTHEDYNAMICDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMICORGANIZATIONS,EMPLOYEESANDBUSINESSCONTRACTBETWEENTHETEXTDOESNOTGUARANTEEASTABLERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEMPLOYEESANDENTERPRISESTOMAINTAINTHISLONGTERMSTABLERELATIONSHIP,AND
7、INGOODFAITHRELIANCEONTHENEEDTOBUILDTHEEMPLOYMENTRELATIONSHIP,NURTUREANDINCREASEEMPLOYEELOYALTYPOWERS2000OFFERSANINTERESTINGSETOFINDICATORSOFLOYALTYREMAININGWITHTHECOMPANYNOTLEAVING,NOTJOBHUNTINGSTAYINGLATETOCOMPLETEAPROJECTKEEPINGTHECOMPANYSBUSINESSCONFIDENTIALNOWHISTLEBLOWINGPROMOTINGTHECOMPANYTOCU
8、STOMERSANDCOMMUNITYADHERINGTORULESWITHOUTCLOSESUPERVISIONSACRIFICINGPERSONALGOALSTOACHIEVECOMPANYSGOALSNOGOSSIPING,LYING,CHEATINGORSTEALINGBUYINGCOMPANYSPRODUCTSCONTRIBUTIONTOCOMPANYSPONSOREDCHARITIESOFFERINGIMPROVEMENTSUGGESTIONSPARTICIPATINGINCOMPANYSEXTRACURRICULARACTIVITIESFOLLOWINGORDERSTAKINGC
9、AREOFCOMPANYPROPERTYANDNOTBEINGWASTEFULWORKINGSAFELYNOTABUSINGLEAVEPOLICIESINCLUDINGSICKLEAVEHELPINGCOWORKERSCOOPERATINGAGAIN,REMAININGWITHTHECOMPANYISASYMPTOMOFLOYALTY,BUTONLYASYMPTOMANDASYMPTOMISANINDICATION,ANOISYSIGNALAHEADACHEMAYBEASYMPTOMOFAMALIGNANTBRAINTUMORORASYMPTOMOFPOOREYESIGHTTHEREMAINI
10、NGINDICATORSAREALSONOISYSIGNALS,WHICHGOALONGWITHTHEBASICINTUITIVECONCEPTOFLOYALTYINSUMMARY,BOTHINTHECOLEANDPOWERSARTICLES,THEBASICIDEAISTHATANEMPLOYEEISCOMMITTED,ORLOYAL,TOANORGANIZATIONWHENHEHOLDSTWOKINDSOFBELIEFS1BELIEVESTHATWHATTHEORGANIZATIONISDOING“ISWORTHTHEWHILE”,IE,FEELSTHATTHEPRODUCTSOFTHEC
11、OMPANYAREREALLYSOLVINGSOMETYPEOFHUMANNEEDAND2FEELSTHATTHEPEOPLEHEWORKSWITHSUPERIORS,SUBORDINATES,ORATTHESAMELEVELAREPEOPLEHECANWORKWITH,AND,THEREFORE,ISWILLINGTOCOOPERATEWITHTHEM,ISWILLINGTOHAVEINITIATIVES,ANDBEATEAMPLAYERITISINTERESTINGTOPOINTOUTTHOUGH,THATINTHESEANALYSES,LOYALTYANDCOMMITMENTAREVIE
12、WEDASVERYPOSITIVEFORTHEORGANIZATIONANDPOSSIBLYFORTHEINDIVIDUALONTHEOPPOSITESIDE,SOMERESEARCHERSHAVENOTICEDSOMENEGATIVECHARACTERISTICSOFLOYALTYANDCOMMITMENTRANDALL1987,FORINSTANCE,SIGNALSASDISADVANTAGESOFASTRONGCOMMITMENTTOANORGANIZATIONAFORTHEINDIVIDUAL,THATITMAYSTYMIEINDIVIDUALGROWTHANDLIMITOPPORTU
13、NITIESFORMOBILITY,ASWELLASSTIFLECREATIVITYANDINNOVATION,ANDBFORTHEORGANIZATION,THATITMAYBLINDLYDEVOTETHEINDIVIDUALSTOTHEIREMPLOYERS,ANDTHEREFOREPERHAPSWASTETHEIRTIMEANDTALENTSINJOBSTHEYDONTLIKE,MAKINGITASITUATIONTHATISUNPROFITABLEBOTHFORTHEINDIVIDUALANDFORTHEORGANIZATIONESSENTIALLYTHEN,THEUNFAVORABL
14、ECONSEQUENCESOFLOYALTYAREREDUCEDTOTHEPOSSIBLELOSSOFEFFICIENCYTHATISOBTAINEDIFANINDIVIDUALISUSEDWHEREHESHOULDNTBE,WHICHHARMSBOTHTHEINDIVIDUALANDTHEORGANIZATION,BUTMUCHMORETHEFORMERTHANTHELATTER,ANDHASTODOWITHAMISALLOCATIONOFRESOURCESTHATISRATHERANERRORINJUDGEMENTTHANAMISTAKEARISINGFROMLOYALTYITSELFIM
15、PROVERELATEDINCENTIVESINCENTIVESFOREMPLOYEESMEANSRECOGNITIONOFTHEWORKOFEMPLOYEES,WHETHERANENTERPRISETOMEETTHECORENEEDSOFEMPLOYEESLARGELYDETERMINESTHERESPECTANDRECOGNITIONOFTHECORESTAFFOFTHEENTERPRISEANDWORKATTITUDESFIRST,MATERIALINCENTIVES,IMPROVEPAYANDBENEFITSSYSTEMOFENTERPRISESANDTHEESTABLISHMENTO
16、FANEFFECTIVEPERFORMANCEAPPRAISALSYSTEM,SOTHATPAYANDREWARDKEYEMPLOYEESASMUCHASPOSSIBLEMATCHSECONDSPIRITUALMOTIVATIONFORTHECOREEMPLOYEESISMOREIMPORTANTINCENTIVEINTHISREGARD,ENTERPRISESSHOULDFULLYEXPRESSTHERESPECTANDTRUSTOFKEYEMPLOYEES,SUCHASREGULARCOMMUNICATIONWITHKEYEMPLOYEES,INTERESTINANDSOLVETHEIRP
17、ROBLEMS,GIVETHEMCHALLENGINGWORKDISTRIBUTIONANDGIVETHEAPPROPRIATEPERMISSIONSANDSOONTHEPREMISEOFTHEHERZBERGETAL1959THEORY,KNOWNASTHETWOFACTORTHEORYOFMOTIVATION,WASTHATMANAGERSCOULDUSEFACTORSKNOWNASMOTIVATORSTOENCOURAGEEMPLOYEESTOGAINSATISFACTIONAND,SUBSEQUENTLY,BETTERPERFORMANCEINTHEWORKPLACESIMILARLY
18、,MANAGERSCOULDTRYTOMINIMIZETHOSEFACTORSTHATINCREASEJOBDISSATISFACTION,HYGIENEFACTORSORHYGIENESFORSHORTMAXIMIZINGTHEMOTIVATORSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEIRJOBSCOULDENHANCEEMPLOYEESJOBSATISFACTIONONTHEOTHERHAND,IFEMPLOYEESBELIEVETHATFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHHYGIENESDROPBELOWACCEPTABLELEVELS,JOBDISSATISFACTIONGROWSA
19、NINTERESTINGPOINTOFTHETHEORYISTHATLACKOFSATISFACTIONDOESNOTEQUATETODISSATISFACTIONSATISFACTIONANDDISSATISFACTIONAREONTWOSEPARATECONTINUATHISMEANSTHATWHENEMPLOYEESDONOTPERCEIVESATISFACTIONAMONGTHEMOTIVATORS,THEYALSOMAYNOTPERCEIVEDISSATISFACTIONAMONGTHEHYGIENESEMPLOYEESMAYWELLBEINASTATEOFLIMBO,WHERETH
20、EYARENEITHERSATISFIEDNORDISSATISFIEDTHISISANUNPRODUCTIVESTATEFORBOTHEMPLOYEESANDORGANIZATIONS,ASITDOESNOTFUELGROWTH,CREATIVITYORINNOVATIONTHEREFORE,THEREISENTITYVALUEFORORGANIZATIONALLEADERSANDMANAGERSTORECOGNIZETHOSEASPECTSOFTHEJOBSWITHINTHEIRPURVIEWTHATCANPROMOTESATISFACTIONAMONGEMPLOYEESANDOPTIMI
21、ZETHEMACCORDINGTOHERZBERG1966,THEFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHWORKCONSIDEREDTOBEMOTIVATORSINCLUDEACHIEVEMENTRECOGNITIONTASKSTHEWORKITSELFRESPONSIBILITYADVANCEMENTANDPERSONALGROWTHTHEFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHWORKCONSIDEREDTOBEHYGIENESINCLUDEPOLICIESANDADMINISTRATIONSUPERVISION/MANAGERIALRELATIONSHIPSSALARYWORKIN
22、GCONDITIONSSTATUSSECURITYANDCOWORKERRELATIONSHIPSOTHERMOTIVATIONTHEORIESHAVEBEENSTUDIEDEXTENSIVELYINTHEBUSINESSLITERATURE,BUTTHEYDONOTBREAKDOWNTHECOMPONENTSOFMOTIVATIONASSPECIFICALLYASTHETWOFACTORTHEORYANDCONSEQUENTLYDONOTALLOWFORSUCHDETAILEDANALYSISFOREXAMPLE,MASLOWSTHEORYOFNEEDS1954STATESTHATINDIV
23、IDUALSREACHHIGHERLEVELNEEDSSUCHASSELFESTEEMANDSELFACTUALIZATIONONLYAFTERLOWERLEVELNEEDSSUCHASBELONGINGNESSANDSAFETYNEEDSHAVEBEENMETWHILEUSEFULINOTHERCONTEXTS,THISTHEORYISNOTGEAREDTOWARDSJOBRELATEDMOTIVATIONALDERFERSERGTHEORY1972STATESTHATPEOPLEHAVETHREECORENEEDSEXISTENCETHATPEOPLEHAVETHREECORENEEDSE
24、XISTENCERELATEDNESSANDGROWTHTHISSCHEMEDOESNOTINCLUDETHERIGIDHIERARCHYOFMASLOW,INDICATINGTHATEMPLOYEESMAYEXPERIENCENEEDSCONCURRENTLYBUTITSBROADCATEGORIESLEADTOAGENERALIZEDEVALUATIONOFMOTIVATIONMCCLELLANDSNEEDSTHEORY1961ALSOACKNOWLEDGESTHREESETSOFNEEDSACHIEVEMENTPOWERANDAFFILIATIONHISRESEARCHSUGGESTST
25、HATACHIEVEMENTNEEDS,ANDTOAESSERDEGREE,POWERANDAFFILIATIONNEEDS,ARERELATEDTOJOBPERFORMANCE,THUSLINKINGEMPLOYEEMOTIVATIONWITHJOBOUTCOMESWHILEBENEFICIALATANINDIVIDUALLEVEL,THENEEDSTHEORYDOESNOTFOCUSONTHEDYNAMICSOFGROUPLEVELMOTIVATIONADAMSEQUITYTHEORY1965EXPLAINSTHATEMPLOYEESWILLSTRIVEFOREQUITABLESITUAT
26、IONSWHENCOMPARINGTHEMSELVESTOCOWORKERSASTHEYCONSIDERINPUTSTOAJOB,LEVELOFEFFORTEXPENDEDANDJOBOUTCOMESHOWEVER,EQUITYTHEORYDOESNOTEXPOUNDUPONTHEACTUALMOTIVATORSTHATCAUSEINDIVIDUALSTOACTTHEWAYTHATTHEYDOINTHEWORKPLACETHUS,HERZBERGS1966THEORYISBESTSUITEDTOTHISSTUDYBECAUSEITCONTAINSMANYCATEGORIESFORANALYSI
27、SWHICHALLOWFORCULTURALEVALUATION,ITISTAILOREDTOTHEWORKPLACE,ANDITCONSIDERSBOTHINDIVIDUALANDGROUPLEVELMOTIVATIONHERZBERGSWORK1966ISCONSIDEREDAMAJORADVANCEMENTINTHELITERATUREBEFITTINGLY,ITHASALSOBEENUSEDRECENTLYBYRESEARCHERSINTHESTUDYOFJOBSATISFACTIONBRISLIN,MACNAB,WORTHLEY,KABIGTINGANDZUKIS2005DESHIE
28、LDS,KARAANDKAYNAK2005WITHSUPPORTFORTHETHEORYHERZBERGSWORKHASBEENEMPLOYEDTOEVALUATETRAVELLERSSATISFACTIONCROMPTON2003ANDSTUDENTSATISFACTIONCHYUNGANDVACHON2005,ILLUSTRATINGITSAPPLICABILITYTOAVARIETYOFSETTINGSYETALLTESTSOFTHETHEORYHAVENOTBEENCONFIRMATORYPARK1988ANDALMEKHLAFIE1991FOUNDPARTIALSUPPORTFORT
29、HEMOTIVATORHYGIENEDICHOTOMYWITHSAMPLESFROMKOREAANDYEMEN,WHILEWILLIAMS1992ANDTIMMRECK2001FOUNDMIXEDRESULTSUSINGUSSAMPLESINANEVALUATIONOFHERZBERGETAL1959OFTHETHAICONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,RUTHANKOONANDOGUNLANA2003FOUNDPARTIALSUPPORTFORTHETHEORYTHEYATTRIBUTEDIFFERENCESINTHELITERATURETOTHEVARYINGOCCUPATIONSA
30、NDVARIETYOFWORKPLACESINCLUDEDINTHERESEARCHDESPITETHESEMIXEDTHEORYRESULTS,MOTIVATIONHASBEENOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHJOBSATISFACTIONTHOSEEMPLOYEESWHOEXPRESSSATISFACTIONWITHTHEIRJOBSOFTENAREMOTIVATEDINTHEIRJOBSTHIERRY1998TIETJENANDMYERS1998ALSOLINKEDMOTIVATIONANDJOBSATISFACTIONUSINGTHEHERZBERG1966FRAMEWORKTH
31、EYCONCLUDEDTHATONCEMANAGERSUNDERSTOODWHATMOTIVATEDEMPLOYEES,MANAGERSCOULDFOCUSONTHEAPPROPRIATESTRATEGIESTOCREATEJOBSATISFACTIONAMONGTHOSEWORKERSTHESEVARYINGRESULTSSETTHESTAGEFORADDITIONALRESEARCHTOOCCURWITHANEWEMPHASIS,IETHEROLEOFCULTUREINTERESTINGLY,THEHOSPITALITYINDUSTRYHASBEENTHEFOCUSOFMANYJOBSAT
32、ISFACTIONSTUDIESINASTUDYOFOVER4,000HOTELWORKERS,BARSKYANDNASH2004FOUNDTHATEMPLOYEESATISFACTIONONTHEJOBWASDRIVENBYTHEEMOTIONSOFTHEEMPLOYEESANDTHEIRBELIEFSABOUTTHEIRCOMPANYAKSUANDAKTAS2005STUDIEDJOBSATISFACTIONAMONGTURKISHMANAGERSINFIRSTCLASSHOTELSTHEYDISCOVEREDTHATDESPITELONGHOURS,LOWSALARIESANDLITTL
33、ECOLLEAGUESUPPORTALLHYGIENES,THEMANAGERSWEREGENERALLYSATISFIEDWITHTHEIRJOBSDUETOTHENATUREOFTHEWORKITSELFANDTHEAUTHORITYMOTIVATORSTHATCAMEFROMMANAGINGAFIRSTCLASSFACILITYINASTUDYOFEMPLOYEEJOBSATISFACTIONAMONGTAIWANESEHOTELWORKERS,HWANGANDCHI2005FOUNDTHATINTERNALMARKETING,ORTREATINGEMPLOYEESASCUSTOMERS
34、,WASPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOJOBSATISFACTIONANDJOBSATISFACTIONWASPOSITIVELYRELATEDTOORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCESIZOO,PLANK,ISKATANDSERRIE2005DETERMINEDTHATAMONGHOTELWORKERSATFOURSTARHOTELSINFLORIDA,EMPLOYEESWITHHIGHERINTERCULTURALSENSITIVITYEXPRESSEDHIGHERLEVELSOFJOBSATISFACTIONANDSOCIALSATISFACTIONTHISFIND
35、INGINDICATESTHATCULTUREMAYINFLUENCEEMPLOYEEPERCEPTIONOFJOBSATISFACTIONALTHOUGHAGREATDEALOFRESEARCHHASBEENCOMPLETEDINTHEAREAOFJOBSATISFACTION,ANEXAMINATIONOFSOUTHAMERICANBUSINESSESREMAINSATOPICOFVALUECONSIDERINGTHECONTINENTSRAPIDLYINCREASINGECONOMICANDDEVELOPMENTSTATUSRECENTSCHOLARSHIPHASBEENPROMISIN
36、GRITTERANDANKER2002FOUNDWORKPLACESAFETYANDJOBSECURITYISSUESWEREIMPORTANTTOBRAZILIANS,WHILESPECTOR,COOPER,POELMANSANDALLEN2004FOUNDTHATLATINAMERICANSINGENERALHADHIGHJOBSATISFACTIONBARRETO2005FOUNDTHATHOTELGUESTSATISFACTIONINBAHIA,BRAZILINCREASEDWHENEMPLOYEESATISFACTIONPROGRAMMESWEREIMPLEMENTEDTHOUGHI
37、NTERESTING,THESESTUDIESDIDNOTCOMPREHENSIVELYADDRESSALLOFHERZBERGS1966FACTORSANDTHEYDIDNOTFULLYCONSIDERTHEROLEOFCULTUREINTHEWORKPLACESOURCEJOSEPMROSANASANDMANUELVELILLALOYALTYANDTRUSTASTHEETHICALBASESOFORGANIZATIONSDJOURNALOFBUSINESSETHICS,200312944译文不同层面的忠诚度在研究人类组织中的忠诚度的论题时,我们第一个面临的问题是人们对于忠诚还没有一个广泛接
38、受的定义。通常,忠诚是指采取在组织剩余时间长。但一些研究也显示,它可以有许多不同的层面。科尔(2000年),例如,该访谈采访了更多的企业客户,其200名员工组织开展的一项研究与DAVIDL斯特恩总裁的忠诚研究所,一个总部位于芝加哥的怡安咨询机构。根据这项研究,忠诚员工有如下特征(1)他是一个团队合作精神(2)愿意为公司的良好牺牲(3)对公司产品的信念(4)将建议作为其中最好的地方工作的公司,及(5)愿意留在公司未来数年,即使提供了一个温和的加薪别处(科尔,2000年)。显然,前四个致力于员工的特点远远超出了第五个,这是唯一一个与该组织其他有关并断然拒绝了排位赛还是用“温和”支付改变组织中的其余
39、事实增加其他地方。员工是企业的基本成分,他们的热情代表企业的士气,他们的工作自觉性于潜移默化中体现企业的实力。员工忠诚将大大激发员工的主观能动性和创造力使员工潜在能力得到充分发挥。忠诚是效率,员工的忠诚度提高与客户满意度的提高存在着促进的作用。企业每名员工的忠诚度提高了,企业竞争实力也就得到了提升。在现代经济发展中,员工会根据自身的个人的判断不断寻找适合自己发展的空间,人才流动成为一个普遍现象。企业作为经济组织始终处于动态发展中,员工与企业之间的文字契约。并不能保证员工与企业之间稳定关系。要想维持这种长期稳定关系,就需要构建依赖和真诚的雇佣关系,培育并提高员工的忠诚度。权力(2000年)提供了
40、一个有趣的忠诚度指标设置继续呆在公司不走了,不找工作为了完成项目而加班加点保持公司的商业机密推进公司向客户和社会坚持不严密监督规则牺牲个人的目标,以实现公司的目标不说人家闲话,撒谎,欺骗或偷窃购买公司的产品促进公司赞助的慈善机构提供改进建议参与公司的课外活动服从命令以公司财产的关心和不被浪费工作安全不滥用给政策包括病假帮助同事合作再次,该公司余下的则是一个忠诚的症状,但只有一种症状。而一个症状是一种预示,嘈杂的信号。头痛可能是一个恶性脑肿瘤的症状或视力不佳的症状。其余指标也有噪声的信号,它走的基本概念以及直观的忠诚。总之,在科尔与权力的条款的,基本的想法是,一个员工对公司的忠诚,对一个组织时,
41、他认为二种信念(1)认为,该组织正在做什么“是值得的“,即认为该公司的产品是真正解决某种类型的人的需要(2)认为,他的作品与他人(上司,下属或同级)符合,他能一起工作,和因此,愿意与他们合作,愿与有举措,是一个团队球员。有趣的是,虽然指出,在这些分析,忠诚和承诺是非常积极态度,对组织和(可能)对个人观看。在另一方面,些研究者已经注意到的忠诚和承诺的一些负面特征。兰德尔(1987),例如,作为一个坚定的承诺到组织的缺点信号为个人的,它可能会妨碍个人的成长和流动性限制的机会,以及扼杀创造力和创新,以及为组织,它可能盲目地投入到他们的雇主的个人,因此可能浪费自己的时间和工作,他们不喜欢的人才,使其成
42、为一个无利可图的情况是无论是对个人和组织。从本质上讲然后,忠实的不利后果减少到可能的效率损失,如果一个人得到使用,他不应该的,这既损害了个人和组织,但比后者的是前者,必须做的资源配置不当,而这是判断一个比一个忠诚本身所产生的错误,从错误。完善相关的激励机制。对员工的激励也就意味着对员工工作的肯定,企业是否满足核心员工的尊重与认可需要很大程度上决定了核心员工对企业与工作的态度。首先物质上的激励,完善企业的薪酬与福利制度与建立有效的绩效考评体系,让核心员工的付出与回报尽可能的匹配;其次精神上的激励,对于核心员工来说这方面的激励更重要,企业应该充分表达对核心员工的尊重与信任,比如经常与核心员工进行沟
43、通、关心并解决他们的问题、给他们分配挑战性的工作并给予相应的权限等等。该赫茨伯格等人的前提(1959)理论,作为双因素激励理论,是管理人员可以利用一些因素,比如动机来鼓励员工,使之在工作场所得到满意,同样,管理者可以尽量减少这些因素,增加就业的不满,保健因素或HYGIENES的简称。最大限度地提高他们的工作有关,会提高员工的工作满意度的激励因素。另一方面,如果员工认为,随着HYGIENES低于可接受的水平下降有关的因素,工作不满增加。该理论的一个有趣的一点是,缺乏满意并不等于不满。满意和不满意的是两个独立的连续。这意味着,当员工不认为满意度之间的激励,他们也可能无法察觉其中HYGIENES不满
44、。雇员很可能是在不稳定,他们既不是满意或不满意的状态。这是一个对雇员和组织的非生产性的状态,因为它不会刺激经济增长,创造或创新。因此,有实体的组织领导者和管理者认识到其职权范围内的工作那些方面,可以促进员工的满意度和优化他们的价值。根据赫茨伯格(1966年),被认为是激励因素与工作有关的因素包括成就,承认,任务(工作本身)的责任地位和个人成长。被认为是HYGIENES与工作有关的因素包括政策和管理监督/管理关系,工资,工作条件,地位,安全和与同事的关系。在商业文献中,其他激励理论已被广泛研究,但他们不打破动机的组件,特别是因为这两个因素理论,因此不允许这种详细的分析。例如,马斯洛的需求理论(1
45、954)指出,个人达到更高层次的需求,如自尊和自我实现只有在较低层次的需要,如归属感和安全需要得到满足。虽然有用在其他情况下,这个理论是不是面向工作有关的动机。奥尔德弗的ERG理论(1972)指出,人有三种核心需要生存相关性和增长。这个计划不包括马斯洛的层次结构刚性,表明员工可能会遇到需要同时进行。但它的两大类导致广义评价动机。麦克莱兰的需要理论(1961)也承认三套需要成就,权力和隶属关系。他的研究表明,成就需求,并在程度,权力和归属的需要,都与工作绩效,从而为员工的工作成果挂钩的动力。而在个体水平有益,需要理论并不关注组级动力的动力。亚当斯的公平理论(1965)解释该员工将努力实现公平的情
46、况比较时,自己的同事,因为他们考虑投入工作的努力和工作成果的水平。然而,公平理论阐述后,并没有导致个人行为的方式,他们要做的实际工作中的激励因素。因此,赫茨伯格的(1966)理论是最适合这个研究,因为它包含很多类别的分析,为文化评价允许,它是针对工作单位,并兼顾个人和群体水平的动力。赫茨伯格的工作(1966年)被认为是文学的重大进步。它也被用来研究人员最近在工作满意度(BRISLIN,麦纳卜,沃斯利,KABIGTING和ZUKIS2005德希尔兹,卡拉和KAYNAK2005)研究的理论支持。赫茨伯格的工作已经被用来评估旅客满意度(克朗普顿2003年)和学生满意度(CHYUNG和瓦谢2005年)
47、,说明它适用于多种设置。然而,所有测试的理论没有得到验证。公元(1988年)和ALMEKHLAFIE(1991)发现的,由韩国和也门样品动力,卫生二分法部分支持,而威廉姆斯(1992)发现使用美国的样品结果好坏参半。在一个赫兹伯格等评价。(1959年)的泰国建筑业,他们发现这个理论的部分支持。他们认为,在对不同职业和工作场所的研究,包括各种文学的差异。尽管这些混合理论成果,激励已经常与工作满意度。谁表达的雇员对工作的满意度往往是出于对他们的工作(蒂埃里1998年)。泰拿(1998)也与使用动机和工作满意度的赫茨伯格(1966年)的框架。他们得出结论,一旦管理者了解员工的动机是什么,管理人员可以
48、在适当的战略重点在那些工人创造就业的满意度。这些不同的结果集进行更多的研究会出现一个新的重点,即文化的作用奠定了基础。有趣的是,酒店业一直是许多工作满意度研究的焦点。在超过4000家酒店的工人,学习纳什(2004)发现,员工对工作满意度是由员工的情感和他们的公司他们的信仰驱动。阿克苏和阿克塔什(2005)研究之间的一流酒店管理人员工作满意度土耳其。他们发现,尽管时间长,工资低和小同事的支持,经理人普遍对自己的工作由于工作本身和权力(激励),从管理一流的设施来满足的性质。在对员工工作满意度之间的台湾酒店工人学习,黄芝(2005)发现,内部营销,为客户的员工或治疗,呈正相关,工作满意度和工作满意度
49、呈正相关组织绩效。确定在佛罗里达州之间的四星级宾馆酒店工作人员,具有较高的跨文化敏感性员工的工作表示满意和社会满意水平。这一发现表明,文化可能影响员工的工作满意度的看法。尽管大量的研究已经在工作满意的地方完成,一南美业务考试仍然是考虑的迅速增长和经济发展状况大陆价值的话题。最近奖学金看好。安高(2002)发现工作场所的安全和工作安全问题是非常重要的巴西人,而斯佩克特,库珀,发现,拉丁美洲普遍具有较高的工作满意度。巴雷托(2005年)发现,酒店客人满意在BAHIA,巴西增加时,员工满意的方案得到实施。虽然有趣的,这些研究并没有全面解决赫茨伯格的(1966)因素,而没有充分考虑他们在工作场所的文化中的作用。来源JOSEPMROSANAS和MANUELVELILLA。忠诚和信任为基础的组织的伦理研究D企业伦理杂志,2003(1)2944。