1、每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计算示例.详情咨询：QQ：29436561长 春 工 程 学 院 毕 业 设 计- 1 -文章出处：书刊名/作者(Title/Author)Richard Meier Smith House, Darien, Connecticut. 1967 House in Old Westbury,Long Is
2、land, New York. 1971/Futagawa, Yukio ed. ; Morton, David出版项(Publish Info.) Taipei/Hus Book/1983作品语言(Language) ENG稽核项(Description) 1 v.p.图书名/图书号(Series) Global architecture主题标题 (Subject) Architectural design.主题标题(Subject) Architecture - Views.原文：Smith House, Darien, Connecticut. 1967House in Old West
3、bury, Long Island, New York. 1971Key words: private residences, architectural ideas, circulation paths, bearing wall, framing system, spiral staircaseRichard Meier is something of a phenomenon in American architecture. These and other of his many projects would tell much about Meiers architecture, b
4、ut his unique and highly personal approach is perhaps best expressed in a growing body of extraordinary, single-family private residences.Because there are few mysteries in the program for a house, it can occupy a 每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图
5、纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计算示例.详情咨询：QQ：29436561长 春 工 程 学 院 毕 业 设 计- 2 -unique position in an architects work; it can, in effect, stand testament to his architectural theories and design ideas. But even though this program may be well understood, the form that resu
6、lts, as Meiers work clearly shows, may be highly intricate and complex. Two of his houses are shown here; they have emerged directly from, and are inextricably bound to, a complicated, highly personal repertoire of architectural ideas.The Smith house in Darien, Connecticut, and the much larger house
7、 in Old Westbury, New York, although quite dissimilar in many respects, find some common antecedents in the work and thought of Le Corbusier. This is perhaps most readily seen in the use of a grid system of columns that supports the horizontal planes, and thus liberates the walls of their supportive
8、 function and frees them for use only as a means of enclosure. Although bearing walls are used at the entry plane of both houses, and elsewhere in the Smith house, the ensuing clarity brought about by the column structural system allows spaces to be freely disposed within the interior volume. Conseq
9、uently, in both houses the form of the plan shifts from level as the volume shifts.In both houses the interplay of light, both inside and outside, has been of paramount concern, but particular attention has been given to the balance of interior natural light. Each house is oriented so morning sunlig
10、ht enters the bedrooms and the softer, afternoon light comes into the living areas. But the movement of the sun has further implications for these houses. Both of them are painted white, on the exterior and in the interior, to reflect the various colors of natural light at different times of the day
11、. This, Meier says, brings the houses into contrast with nature, thereby reinforcing its presence. The whiteness, he adds, also helps one to perceive the colors of nature, in all of their changing manifestations.In both houses, Meier has responded in a similar and direct manner to the clients needs
12、for a clear division between the more private, intimate and closed spaces and the large, more public open spaces. In both houses the separation between these different kinds of spaces is controlled and mediated by a complex system of vertical and horizontal circulation paths, which consequently have
13、 become the dominant organizing devices within each house. The circulation paths, in other words, no longer serve only the simple functional requirement needed for passage from one place to another; instead, they assume the much larger purpose of controlling and ordering a highly coherent and interc
14、onnected system of movement and flow throughout the various levels and zones within the 每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计算示例.详情咨询：QQ：29436561长 春 工 程 学 院 毕 业 设 计- 3 -organism of the hou
15、se.SMITH HOUSEThe Smith house was completed in 1967 for a family with two children. Its structural system is organized around wood-framed bearing walls surrounding the enclosed half of the house; in the open, living spaces a line of evenly-placed steel columns support beams at one end, which return
16、to the bearing wall for support at the other end. In the orientation of the house to the site, and within the plan and the volume of the house itself, a complicated and dynamic interaction exists in the oppositions set up between the diagonal and the orthogonal, and between the concepts of open vers
17、us that of closed. One of these pairs of oppositions cannot be discussed without considering the other, because together they form a highly disciplined conceptual framework that establishes the basic mood, organization and orientation of the house.On entering the site, progression is through a dense
18、, closed grouping of trees shielding a drive that is in diagonal relationship to the site, but which soon turns before finally terminating at the garage, which is orthogonally related to the site but which is diagonally related to the house. The garage is turned precisely 45 degrees from the house,
19、and from its walkway, which returns to an orientation diagonal to the site, one transverses the site through an open space before ending at right angle, squarely in front of the essentially solid and closed entry plane of the house. Here, the sense of enclosure and privacy is further heightened by t
20、wo large trees on each side of the entry plane; they continue the sense of the barrier and conceptually stabilize the frontal plane of the house.The house itself, which is the dominant form on the site, is placed on the diagonal. Inside the volume of the house another diagonal is established in long
21、itudinal section through the overhanging trays of the living room and library over the dining area. But while there are no diagonals actually built into the plan, the circulation paths are conceptually related to an implied diagonal that extends from the front, interior stairs to the rear, exterior
22、stairs.While the diagonal-orthogonal relationship may be a strong influence on the site and on the forms placed on it, the main influence within the house is seen in the oppositions that exist between the ideas of open and close, public and private, solid and transparent. Movement throughout the hou
23、se, and the disposition of spaces within it, are based on a strong orthogonal pattern, but the dominate idea that emerges is one of open versus closed.每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计
24、算示例.详情咨询：QQ：29436561长 春 工 程 学 院 毕 业 设 计- 4 -Movement begins at the solid, closed entry plane, followed by a zone of essentially private and enclosed rooms. Next, progression is into the transitional area of circulation, and finally out into the high, transparent living area that literally seems to e
25、xplode to the outside. But the dialogue between open and close, transparent and solid, does not stop here, for Meier has carried this opposition to the interior walls where, when vision is possible in one direction, it is not possible in the opposite direction.In fact, for every action in the house,
26、 there is a counter response. A sense of pushing and pulling has been established throughout the volume of the house, both in plan and in section. The entry, for instance, seems to push into the house. In reaction to it, the fireplace pulls out of the other side. In section, the enclosure on the roo
27、f leading to the roof garden is pulled from the house vertically in reaction to the pushing in of the entry. And in the relationship between the layering of spaces within the interior volume, an enclosed space on one plane may be met by a void on another plane.Ultimately, and somewhat incredibly, al
28、l of these concepts are coherently brought togetherthe tensions, dynamics, contrasts and oppositions that occur throughout the site and within the houseinto an astonishing richness where, Richard Meier says, “something happens in what is otherwise a fairly simple, box-like building.”HOUSE IN OLD WES
29、TBURYThe much larger house in Old Westbury, New York, was completed in 1971 for a family with six young children. Structurally, it is composed of steel columns in a rigid grid pattern, steel beams and framing system and, as in the Smith house, a bearing wall that establishes the plane enclosing the
30、private side of the house from the outside.The house has been placed deep into the gently sloping site, which was formerly used as a pasture for grazing cattle. The orientation of the house appears strange ay first; but while there may seem to be a contradiction in turning the house to face the publ
31、ic road, a dense barrier of trees shields it from the view. Furthermore, and more importantly, this orientation allows morning sunlight into the bedrooms and allows the house to take advantage of the pastoral view across the meadow to the pond.On entering the land, one first sees the house obliquely
32、, set against a dark 每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计算示例.详情咨询：QQ：29436561长 春 工 程 学 院 毕 业 设 计- 5 -background of trees, resting lightly on the edge of a natural clearing. The house is s
33、ited in a straightforward, orthogonal manner that is established by the public road and by a natural, linear plane of trees in front and in back of the house. As usual in Meiers residential work, the natural characteristics of the land were altered as little as possible; only a few trees were remove
34、d from the driveway, the pond was slightly reshaped and the grade was raised slightly to bring the living area of the house to an elevation that would overlook the pond.Because the family often entertains guests, including the childrens friends and grandparents, and because they have a stuff who liv
35、e on the premises, an unusually large number of bedroomselevenand baths were required. The nature of these repetitive elements, coupled with the familys desire to be able to maintain a sense of awareness and visual communication with each other in the large house, indicated that the main circulation
36、 route should become the major organizing element of the design. Consequently, it was given a strong linear expression. Ramps, which are rarely considered appropriate for residential use, have been effectively and intelligently used to extend the circulation into the vertical dimension, thus offerin
37、g rich visual possibilities while providing a highly coherent continuity of movement throughout the house.Conceptually similar to the smaller Smith house, the interior here is also organized according to an orthogonal pattern. Rooms of a more private nature, those with repetitive and service element
38、s, are tightly organized into a series of single-level spaces off of the main circulation axis of each level. In contrast, the public spaces on the other side of the linear axis are more freely organized into volumes of shifting heights. High, glazed walls enhance the sense of vast openness here, wh
39、ere the geometric spaces are dramatically oriented to the outside world.On the open side of the house, a garden courtyard pierces the volume to expose the entire length of the ramp, thus revealing a highly expressive, dynamic interior line of motion. At the southern end of the house, the line reappe
40、ars as an open, covered passage between the living room and pool house; its roof is an open bridge between the family room and a playroom above the pool house. At the other end of the house, the axis is continued by the main entry, which is protected under a high, cut-out portico below the third flo
41、or. Near the entry, protruding into the portico, a storage unit has been especially designed to encourage the sensation of pulling one into the house. Beyond it, an outside tool 每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全
42、部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计算示例.详情咨询：QQ：29436561长 春 工 程 学 院 毕 业 设 计- 6 -shed is designed to interact with the entry, and thus to further enhance its sense of pulling. Next to the shed, a free-standing column on the structural grid symbolically terminates the linear circulation axis while, at the same
43、 time, it signals the grid pattern of the columns within the house.Returning to the interior of the house, one finds that the living and dining rooms are connected by a spiral staircase that sweeps through the space as a beautiful, kinetic object before it disappears encased on the open roof terrace
44、 that is level with the third-floor bedrooms. At the opposite end of the house an additional set of stairs connects directly to all levels within the volume.Ultimately, the houses meaning is primarily centered around its system of circulation. The interaction between the ramps, stairs and passageway
45、s makes the experience of moving through the house one of constantly unfolding, where all movement finally returns on itself in a different path.译文：史密斯住宅/ 康尼狄克州/达润城/1967 年老卫斯伯里住宅 /纽约，长岛/1971 年关键词：在当今美国建筑界，理查德迈耶算得上是一个奇才。呈现在我们面前的这些作品，正是在向我们展示他的“迈耶式”风格的建筑。而其中最能显示出迈耶独特而高度个性手法的，便是他所设计的那些不同寻常的私家住宅，因为比起其它类
46、型的建筑，唯有在私人住宅的设计中，所谓的创意，在无碍于种种繁杂或个别要求的明快计划下，才有机会凝聚并且具体体现出来。由于住宅设计的内容并没有玄妙难解决的地方，它可能在建筑师的作品中占有独特的地位与份量，事实上，它能够鲜明的标示出建筑师的建筑理论与设计理念。然而，即使住宅设计的内容如此的清晰易解。正如迈耶的作品中明显展示出来的形态，却使住宅变得错综复杂。这里将介绍迈耶设计的两个住宅，它们都是与迈耶具有必然联系并直接产生在迈耶复杂、极端个性的建筑理念中的。位于康尼狄克州达润城的史密斯住宅，与远大于史密斯住宅的位于纽约长岛的每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资
47、料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计算示例.详情咨询：QQ：29436561长 春 工 程 学 院 毕 业 设 计- 7 -老卫斯伯里住宅，两者在各方面虽然是有明显的区别，但是却可以发现它们有一些源自柯布西耶的作品与思想中的共同之处。最明显的可能是使用了格子形排列的柱子来支撑水品的楼板，因此将墙壁在承重的功能中解放出来，使之自由并只当作围合空间的工具来使用。虽然这两个住宅的入口处以及史密斯住宅的其它地方都使用了
48、承重墙，但是由于柱网结构带来的明快感与穿透性，使内部空间可以任意安排。正是因为这样，在这两个住宅中，平面的形状随着空间的变动而一层层错移。对于室内与户外光线的相互联系，在这两个住正在的设计中，迈耶都下了相当大的功夫，他的用心尤其显示在对室内自然光的调节上。每一个住宅都仔细地对准方位，使早晨的阳光能够射入卧室，而较为轻柔的午后阳光则射入起居空间。而且，太阳的运转对这些建筑物而言还有更深的一层含义，它们从外表到内部全部是白色的，这样就能够在一天当中的不同时刻反射自然光的各种色泽。如此，迈耶说，使建筑和自然形成对比，并因此强化了建筑的存在。迈耶进一步解释说，白色有助于人们觉察自然光的千变万化。当色彩
49、被刻意的使用时，它就会因此具有更重大的含义。迈耶对色彩的运用非常谨慎，但是通常在阳光照射不到的或无法感觉自然色彩的地方，他的用色却非常强烈。由于色彩在不同的场所，因为自然光或人工光的强度照射，会呈现出不同的内含，它们的主要功能仅仅是为了营造视觉效果塑造一种情调，加强或削弱空间元素，如门窗或一些家具的空间角色，或者是加重墙面在空间中的雕塑性。迈耶在这两个住宅中以类似而直接的手法，反映出业主对诸如更具私密性、亲切而且封闭的空间，以及宽敞而且更具有社交性的开放空间等，予以清除划分的要求。同时在这两个住宅中，借着一个复杂的垂直与水平联络通道系统，来控制并调节这些不同空间的分隔状态，这个通道系统因而在每个住宅中成为主宰空间组织的角色。换句话说，连接通道绝不仅仅是只为了满足一个地方通道另一个地方的路径这种单纯的机能方面的需求。相反的，它们的存在是为了在住宅的有机组织中，贯每天更新，每天享受注册筑龙结构超爽会员 超爽 0 币、超爽 1 币资料海量资料即刻下载超爽 0 币下载 100 套超级好图，鸟巢、国家大剧院图纸免费下！超爽 1 币下载 图纸、详图、毕业设计、软件应用、经验、表格、讲义、抗震超爽 2 折下载 全部成套图纸、节点详图、毕业设计、讲义讲稿、软件应用、计算示例.详情咨询：QQ
